Deformation Risk Assessment of the Lar Dam: Monitoring Its Stability Condition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. InSAR Processing
3.1.1. TerraSAR-X Processing
3.1.2. Sentinel-1 Processing
3.2. Geodetic Data
4. Results
4.1. TerraSAR-X Results
4.2. Sentinel-1A Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Dam | Embankment |
---|---|
Year of completion | 1980 |
Dam height above foundation (m) | 107 |
Height from riverbed (m) | 105 |
Dam crest width (m) | 13 |
Dam crest length (m) | 1170 |
Total water surface area of the reservoir (Km2) | 33.5 |
Reservoir width (Km) | 1–6 |
Reservoir length (Km) | 18 |
Total reservoir volume | 960 |
Temporal Coverage | Orbit | Mode | Resolution (m) | Size | Incidence Angle | Heading Angle | Band |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.5.2018–16.8.2018 | Descending | Spotlight | 1 | 10 × 5 | 34.3 | 350 | X |
10.5.2018–17.8.2018 | Ascending | Spotlight | 1 | 10 × 5 | 32.8 | 190 | X |
Temporal Coverage | Orbit | Mode | Resolution (m) | Swath (Km) | Incidence Angle | Heading Angle | Band |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 February 2015–30 September 2019 | Ascending | IW | 20 × 5 | 250 | 34.3 | 32.3 | C |
Point Name | (mm) | (mm) | D (mm) | Az (deg) | a (mm) | b (mm) | Phi (deg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M5 (2013–2019) | −1.34 | −1.68 | 2.15 | 218 | 1 | 0.9 | 16 |
M5 (1992–2019) | 3.4 | 2.65 | 4.31 | 52 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 14 |
M6 (2013–2019) | 3.02 | −0.33 | 3.03 | 96 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 117 |
M6 (1992–2019) | −2.49 | −4.54 | 5.18 | 208 | 1 | 0.9 | 120 |
M1 (2013–2019) | 3.79 | 4.7 | 6.04 | 39 | 1 | 0.9 | 165 |
M1 (1992–2019) | −4.31 | −6.19 | 7.54 | 215 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 31 |
M4 (2013–2019) | −1.88 | −2.25 | 2.93 | 219 | 1 | 0.8 | 23 |
M4 (1992–2019) | 4.55 | 5.27 | 6.96 | 40 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 10 |
M2 (2013–2019) | 0.17 | 4.27 | 4.28 | 2 | 1 | 0.9 | 149 |
M2 (1992–2019) | −4.71 | −5.69 | 7.39 | 219 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 20 |
M3 (2013–2019) | −3.76 | −4.71 | 6.03 | 218 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 45 |
M3 (1992–2019) | 3.57 | 8.5 | 9.22 | 22 | 1 | 0.8 | 42 |
Vertical Status | Point Name | Vertical Status | Point Name | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013–2019 | 1992–2013 | 2013–2019 | 1992–2013 | ||||||||
Moved | 3/9 | −7.41 | 5.2 | −43.26 | FC1b | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | L39 |
Moved | 3/9 | −6/73 | 5.2 | −38.13 | FS1b | Not Moved | 0.3 | −0.13 | 0.3 | 0.19 | L38 |
Moved | 3.7 | 14.39 | 5.0 | −9.12 | TR7b | Moved | 3.5 | 10.79 | 4.7 | −13.49 | TS26b |
Moved | 3/8 | 13/17 | 5.1 | −14.08 | TR6b | Moved | 3.6 | 11.59 | 4.9 | −12.00 | TS25b |
Moved | 3/9 | 10/36 | 5.1 | −23.09 | TR5b | Moved | 4/1 | −4/55 | 5.0 | −24.04 | FS9b |
Moved | 3.9 | 7.11 | 5.2 | −47.82 | TR4b | Moved/not moved | 3.8 | 1.51 | 5.1 | −39.08 | FC7b |
Moved | 3.9 | 4.19 | 5.2 | −54.71 | TR3b | Moved | 3.8 | 3.59 | 5.2 | −53.82 | TS19b |
Moved | 3.9 | −0.79 | 5.2 | −61.68 | FR6b | Moved | 3.9 | 3.12 | 5.2 | −53.66 | FC6b |
Moved | 3/9 | −4/07 | 5.2 | −68.03 | FR4b | Moved | 3.9 | 0.74 | 5.2 | −62.00 | TS15b |
Moved | 3/9 | −5/27 | 5.2 | −60.80 | FR2b | Moved | 3.9 | −1.1 | 5.2 | −193.01 | FC5b |
Moved | 3/9 | −3/21 | 5.2 | −28.53 | FR1b | Moved | 3.9 | −2.95 | 5.2 | −66.96 | TS10b |
Moved | 3/9 | −7/34 | 5.2 | −32.07 | FS2b | Moved | 3.9 | −6.15 | 5.2 | −200.61 | FC4b |
Moved/not moved | 3/9 | −3/35 | 5.2 | −15.00 | TS3b | Moved | 3.9 | −7.49 | 5.2 | −457.81 | FC3b |
Moved | 3/9 | −4/79 | 5.3 | −25.60 | FS3b | Moved | 3.9 | −8.25 | 5.2 | −153.45 | FC2b |
Moved | 3/9 | −4/65 | 5.2 | −32.30 | FS4b | Moved | 3.9 | −7.17 | 5.2 | −72.87 | TS4b |
Moved | 4/0 | 16/18 | 5.4 | −19.43 | FR10b | Moved/not moved | 3/9 | 2/64 | 5.3 | −27.53 | MP5 |
Moved/not moved | 4/0 | −2/55 | 5.3 | −18.59 | MP3A | Moved/not moved | 3/9 | −1/57 | 5.2 | −35.32 | FS7b |
Moved | 4.1 | −2.97 | 5.5 | −9.48 | MP1 | Moved | 4/0 | 1/1 | 5.3 | −6.66 | TS13b |
Moved | 3/9 | −3/73 | 5.3 | −18.56 | TS1b | Moved | 3/9 | −2/47 | 5.3 | −18.94 | MP3b |
Moved/not moved | 4/0 | −3.05 | 5.3 | −15.64 | TS6b | Moved/not moved | 3/9 | −3/47 | 5.3 | −30.94 | MP4 |
Moved | 4/0 | 3/4 | 5.4 | 4.03 | FS8c | Moved | 3/9 | −0/05 | 5.3 | −47.46 | TS16b |
Moved | 3/9 | 1/67 | 5.3 | −35.78 | FS7c | Moved | 4/1 | −5/55 | 5.5 | −16.71 | TS7b |
Moved/not moved | 3/9 | −5/63 | 5.3 | −30.70 | FS2c | Moved | 4/1 | −4/55 | 5.5 | −15.24 | TS9b |
Moved | 4/1 | −4/89 | 5.5 | −13.11 | FS4Bc | Moved | 3/9 | −4/65 | 5.5 | −10.03 | FS4Bb |
Moved/not moved | 3/9 | −6/89 | 5.3 | −50.29 | FC1c | Moved | 4/0 | 3/29 | 5.4 | 1.54 | FS8b |
Moved | 3/9 | −5/07 | 5.3 | −50.51 | FC4c | Moved | 4/0 | −3/05 | 5.5 | −1.24 | FS6b |
Moved/not moved | 3/9 | 4/88 | 5.2 | −51.70 | FC6c | Moved/not moved | 3/9 | 0/33 | 5.3 | −40.09 | FC5c |
Moved | 4/1 | 15/42 | 5.5 | −12.35 | FR9b | Moved | 3/7 | 10/15 | 4.8 | 5.23 | M2 |
Moved/not moved | 4/3 | 0/96 | 5.8 | 14.5 | M3 | ||||||
Moved | 4/0 | 4/27 | 5.4 | 8.80 | M6 |
Pillar Point | Terrestrial Surveying Result (mm) | Sentinel-1A (mm) | Pillar Point | Terrestrial Surveying Result (mm) | Sentinel-1A (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ts13 | +6 | +3 | Fs4b | −5 | −14 |
M2 | +10 | +0.5 | Tr6 | +13.17 | −3 |
Fc3 | −6.33 | −17 | Fs2 | −6 | −20 |
Fc4 | −5 | −17 | Fr1 | −2.8 | −20 |
Fc5 | −1 | −8 | Tr7 | 14.39 | +2 |
Fc2 | −8 | −18 | Fs3 | −4.8 | −25 |
Ts4 | −7 | −20 | Ts1 | −3.64 | −20 |
Fr4 | −4 | −17 | Mp3b | −2.5 | −20 |
Ts10 | −3 | −6 | Mp3a | −2.5 | −30 |
Fc1 | −7.5 | −14 | Fr6 | −0.79 | −14 |
Fr10 | +16 | +2 | Ts3 | −3.35 | −20 |
Fs7 | +1.6 | +3 | Ts9 | −4.5 | −20 |
Tr5 | +4.1 | +1 | Fs8 | +3.29 | −18 |
Fs1 | −6.73 | −20 | M6 | +4.27 | −10 |
Fr9 | +1.6 | +1 | Fs6 | −7.4 | −20 |
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Ghadimi, M.; Kiani, M. Deformation Risk Assessment of the Lar Dam: Monitoring Its Stability Condition. Sustainability 2024, 16, 4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114335
Ghadimi M, Kiani M. Deformation Risk Assessment of the Lar Dam: Monitoring Its Stability Condition. Sustainability. 2024; 16(11):4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114335
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhadimi, Mehrnoosh, and Mohammadali Kiani. 2024. "Deformation Risk Assessment of the Lar Dam: Monitoring Its Stability Condition" Sustainability 16, no. 11: 4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114335