The Effects of Global Market Changes on Automotive Manufacturing and Embedded Software

Abstract

The procedures used to create modern cars require extensive thought in various relevant scientific domains. Arguably, the most challenging obstacle facing the automobile sector is the management of production facilities by integrating software production lines, continuous integration, and continuous delivery/continuous deployment (CI/CD). All this is determined by market demands, the engine of a vehicle, and the complexity of assembling the entire car and installing its corresponding embedded software. As a result, concerns about various types of global change have grown, as has the lack of the ability to use fossil fuels, creating a substantial impact on the purchase and sale of modern automobiles. The research foundation is reflected in covering strategies for the deployment and administration of software, as well as opportunities for business improvement in particular production processes. This article strives to provide a summary of a scientific investigation of original equipment manufacturers, market segmentation, and the effects of global market changes on automotive manufacturing by examining the correlation between certain changes in the purchase of a specific brand and the powertrain of a vehicle. The research examines numerous datasets from the United States of America and Washington State, based on which we estimate possible future changes in the automotive industry’s sales.

1. Introduction

The automotive sector is experiencing an exciting change around the world, driven by the need for new thinking methods that foster economic growth. One method of progress is having adequate software and technologies that comply with the most recent high-quality standards. At the same time, one of the prerequisites must be the ability to configure and distribute software appropriately.

The Russian–Ukrainian issue has directly influenced the global economy, resulting in a significant increase in crude oil prices, which has affected the automotive industry. Subsequently, the market destabilized and supply uncertainty increased, resulting in a confrontation between the two countries. As a result, global concerns about energy security, currency volatility, and economic stability have grown, and most governments are exploring alternatives to crude oil or its derivatives. The channels of economic expansion influence its dynamics and energy prices. As a result, they are very changeable and unpredictable, influenced by various conditions, and capable of causing entire production shutdowns.

For example, in similar events, WTI crude oil futures increased to USD 133.460 per barrel on 7 March 2022, while Brent crude oil futures reached USD 139.130 per barrel, the highest prices since July 2008. Understanding these complex links is critical to successfully managing the ever-changing world of geopolitics and energy markets. This awareness enables informed decision making in the face of uncertainty, helping stakeholders in the automotive sector and beyond minimize risks and capitalize on the opportunities of changing oil prices [1,2].

In terms of consequences, there is a certain instability and effect due to the restricted quantity of specific supplies on the market. We must realize the importance of a collaborative industrial strategy based on innovation and knowledge [3,4] and cutting-edge technology solutions, with opportunities for collaboration. As a major player in the automotive industry, the lack of oil resources directly affects Germany’s production and economic stability. Despite changes in the global financial landscape, Germany’s geographical location has an impact on company dynamics and logistics in manufacturing operations.

The European Union, firmly established within the continent of centuries-old civilizations, wields great power because of its inherent potential. Furthermore, by using open data collected from all over the world, decision-makers can design reliable and well-built solutions for the automotive industry infrastructure and provide results as a single or integrated decision support tool [5].

1.1. Background

The background context is multidisciplinary research that draws on concepts from energy studies, political science, and economics. This requires a thorough awareness of the complicated dynamics, as well as continuous monitoring and analysis of geopolitical developments and their impact on energy markets by all market participants who buy or sell cars.

In this context, industries, particularly mechanical and automotive engineering, show immense promise, with Italian design and German innovation taking center stage. Strong small- and medium-sized firms, as well as a few original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), are actively involved in developing greenfield initiatives that go beyond their regular scope. Geopolitical developments tend to be important drivers of market share gain or loss in debates about the evolving global automotive industry. As a result, it is critical to monitor and respond to geopolitical concerns that have a substantial impact on market dynamics, because events are associated with automotive trends and have long-term repercussions on industry operations, strategy, and sustainability initiatives.

Fostering creative ideas is a critical aspect of influencing the future trajectory of the global automobile industry with software configuration management, high-quality standards, and software compliance through the skilled use of software tools. The needs of application developers are inextricably linked to the utilization of various automobile components. Most of them can define a basic set of metrics and reliability measurements [6,7]. Manufacturers aim to meet consumer expectations, ensure product safety, and shorten product development timelines, particularly for software and the finished vehicle.

Choosing the right configuration components to estimate and forecast future demand is crucial when considering the entire logistical process, from procurement to manufacturing engineering [8]. Significant benchmarks in specific business segments are inextricably tied to the presence of critical sectors in a variety of industries, which can have an impact on the development and use of existing solutions. Most industries use roughly similar natural resources (aluminum, copper, gold, etc.) for the production of raw materials, and integration spans a wide range of industries, including aviation, shipbuilding, medicine, electronics, and automotive, resulting in a comprehensive landscape for innovation and collaboration [9,10]. Certain institutions oversee economic activity, such as the IMF’s implementation of industrial policy, and the EU which targets competitiveness in the framework of a sustainable economy.

1.2. Literature Review

Market developments and increasing customer preferences for electric and self-driving automobiles alter consumers’ behaviors and requirements, resulting in a major effect on manufacturing company operations. As a result, research theories must evolve to investigate the sustainability of financial and production issues, the integration of sophisticated technologies, and changing customer habits. That is why most organizations and industries require a broad perspective. Therefore, addressing these difficulties requires interdisciplinary approaches, such as battery efficiency, AI integration, and infrastructure development logistics or production processes.

The literature review focuses on an overview of the background in the sector, as well as opportunities for development in the dynamic environment of the automotive industry. Adapting to these developments is vital for industry participants to remain competitive and efficiently meet future market demands. This demands a detailed understanding of technological variables and the software that acts as the vehicle’s fundamental backbone.

Considering that there are numerous ways to review the literature, we believe that addressing the understanding of complexity in the automotive sector would be the most effective. In this case, combining a specialized assessment of trends with contributions is the most effective way to assess the field’s current state. This phase of the research focuses on a detailed review, separated into the following areas:

• Complex automotive systems using domain languages;
• Aspects of security inside modern vehicles;
• Business models and upgrading function on demand;
• Industrial organizations and safety issues.

1.2.1. Complex Automotive Systems Using Domain Languages

Software engineers [11], when developing software, use specialist domain languages to efficiently present a visual representation of the components of a complex automotive system using appropriate tools. The primary goal of combining the quality model and software analytics is to create clear and valuable information on the prototype, the interaction approach, and the possibilities for the user of the system [12]. The reasons why organizations choose to adopt domain languages and modeling approaches are manifested in the customers and all members of the teams working on the creation of visual knowledge of specific software or hardware products.

Today, modeling languages such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) are widely used in various industries to present the model-driven method of architecture and business requirements. In Ref. [13], the authors present the model-driven method for specifying domain-specific languages and domain-specific tools. Others [11] are working on an optical-based technique to obtain operating deflection forms of devices with complex geometries that are linked to domain languages. Workplace accidents are a significant issue in the realm of complex automotive systems, especially considering the complexities of engineering and manufacturing processes. Using domain-specific languages (DSLs) for system control introduces new safety problems, such as potential programming errors and inadequate operator training.

However, we noticed the absence of a comprehensive assessment because it did not go into individual cases or factual evidence that illustrates the scope of the safety issues. Furthermore, it does not offer solutions to identified problems, limiting its practical application in improving vehicle safety processes. A multiview 3D DIC technique is also employed and demonstrated to forecast the vibrational parameters of an automotive muffler with a complicated structure. The resulting deflection forms are stitched together in the frequency domain to provide the operating deflection shapes and resonance frequencies of the complex structure of the car body panel. To address layered problems, the system employs unique algorithms that integrate linguistic analysis and deep-domain reasoning.

The authors of [14], to show the possibilities, submit a new benchmark dataset containing genuine business intelligence queries based on an ontology derived from the FIBO and FRO finance ontologies. AUTOSAR, the de facto standard for expressing automotive system architecture, is a massively comprehensive standard that gives designers complete control over everything from the abstract system description to bare metal-level deployment.

Ensuring the review of security within automotive systems is crucial to preventing cyber threats that could compromise vehicle functionality and safety. To mitigate risks and protect workers and consumers in the automobile industry, a complete approach is required that includes safety protocols, rigorous training, and cybersecurity protections.

1.2.2. Aspects of Security Inside Modern Vehicles

In terms of security, the authors of [15] looked at practical security techniques that employ machine learning. Their objective in conducting this research was to have a better grasp of the machine learning and engineering safety requirements that software in modern automobiles must meet. Security cannot be verified without proper testing of variations in all factors that may change after the system is distributed.

To address this issue, the authors of [16] conducted an analysis that looked at the consequences of changing risk parameters, with the ultimate goal of displaying the events discovered. The significance of this study lies in the ability to retest after the update has been implemented without interfering with critical functions. Software and its capabilities and expected speeds when operating various vehicles are strongly related to innovations in the automotive industry.

1.2.3. Business Models and Upgrading Function on Demand

The authors of the study in [17] consider business approaches that promote cellular use and upgrade after the sale of function on demand (FoD). Security aspects must be very precisely regulated in this situation through the support of the necessary visible security certificates for software components. A discussion of progress in the technological aspect [9] demonstrated that certain changes have occurred in terms of development methods and their relationship to industrial requirements. The processes of assembling vehicle prototypes have changed as systems are increasingly connected electronically. Information and communication technology approaches in vehicles have enabled functionality and a greater degree of convenience for end users.

The research of the authors of [18] demonstrates their efforts in the development of the domain metamodel and the application of object-oriented programming. Successful verification is achieved through the successful connection of network blocks and the realization of the possibility of vehicle communication. One of the relevant EU projects for the automotive industry called DRIVES [19] deals with finding skills and ways to develop future cars.

1.2.4. Industrial Organizations and Safety Issues

Through the insight and analysis of relevant sources, we had the opportunity to become familiar with the research of many industrial organizations [20] who are not satisfied with the approaches presented in various scientific journals and the professional literature.

The safety issues considered by the author of [21] refer to the importance of road infrastructure, the availability of adaptive management systems, and adequate lighting and signaling within the vehicle. In Ref. [21], the standards in the automotive industry were also reviewed from the point of view of road user safety.

1.3. Research Gap and Motivation

We are motivated to cover this topic because of the crucial need to address safety concerns within complex automotive systems in the face of rapid technological advancement and increasing operational complexities. This also covers the sustainability of industrial processes and worker safety in engineering, manufacturing, and maintenance activities, highlighting the importance of this research in understanding. Consumers can use data-driven insights to make informed decisions based on criteria such as safety ratings, reliability records, and performance indicators, ensuring that they choose automobiles that meet their needs and safety priorities. This highlights the importance of continued research to improve safety standards and enable data-driven decisions in the automotive industry.

All of this is due to developments in the global market, such as variations in customer preferences and regulatory requirements across industries, underscoring the automotive industry’s constantly changing character and its impact on safety standards. In this environment, data collection and data-driven decision making are key components of the vehicle purchasing process. These are also directly related to the logistics background and its efficiency or logistical constraints, such as supply chain concerns and global industrial networks, which have highlighted the importance of strong safety standards and an understanding of global market trends.

Given the need for more stringent legal control and standardization, European norms differ dramatically from those of Asia and the Middle East. With an increasing number of electric vehicles planned for current infrastructure and future development, the European Union, which has witnessed significant growth in electric passenger vehicles over the last decade, is vital to the sustained market spread of this technology. Whether or not the European market sees an increase in industrial production, certain worldwide trends are expected to occur in the next few months. This is primarily about the scale of AI-related security problems and the availability of specific security flaws [22,23].

1.4. Challenge

This article aims to present a synopsis of a scientific inquiry into the effects of global market changes on automotive production over a certain period from 1995 to 2023, focusing on associated manufacturers and market segmentation in automobile brands. We cover a variety of data sources from which we might estimate potential future changes in the automotive industry’s sales. The selected sources focus on the United States of America and Washington State. This is one of the countries with the most developed markets for the use of different types of vehicles and their combinations of drivetrains (transmission systems).

1.5. Paper Organization

When writing our article, we followed the structure that defines the analysis of individual research sections and related forms of investigation that cover different aspects, so that the key components of the research structure are as follows: literature review, materials and methods, automotive business engineering, embedded software for modern vehicles, global challenges and Made in China 2025, a new logistic approach to issues in the automotive sector with an outline of the processes involved in supplying final products to the market, results, discussion, and conclusions.

1.6. Contributions and Novelty

This study adds to the current knowledge in automotive engineering by focusing on modern automobiles, production methods, and sales trends over a specific time frame. To be profitable, any company in the automotive sector must achieve specific standards that will eventually be reflected in the sale of the finished product of the car. The initial idea of the investigation is the goal of highlighting the potential of merging standards with integrated software systems contained within the vehicle. The success of the sale is also reflected in the happiness of the end user and client, who require a specific degree of equipment or capabilities inside the vehicle related to the software and the operational mode of starting the car.

What we consider to be certain new contributions and novel within this are the following:

• Recognizing software developers’ needs, especially in the usage of automotive components that recognize specific metrics, represents a contribution to streamlining application development. Data analysis is critical for understanding these indicators, providing useful insights into component performance, and allowing continuous application modification. Therefore, developers must have a particular level of expertise and comprehension of requirements, as well as their complexity during use, which we have tried to cover within this research. This is particularly relevant to software engineering, software-on-a-chip development, and large-scale system architecture in this industry.
• Future data-enabled purchasing approaches that emphasize the importance of configured components in logistics and procurement processes are complementary to data-driven procurement strategies. Among our contributions is the development of a new logistic method for the organization. This covers component selection for efficiency and quality through the use of novel logistic approaches for automotive challenges that explain the processes involved in the supply of finished products to the market. By enacting this new logistical strategy for automobile challenges, we have provided insight and recommendations for better software development and sustainable development in these two closely related industries: software and automotive.
• Data-driven insights describe the potential contribution of data analysis to the automobile sector. Focusing on metrics and dependability indicators shows a reliance on data-driven insights. Contributions include improving the industry’s ability to make future decisions, implementing predictive maintenance processes, and generating continuous products with improved performance. The current research findings provide a framework for decision making by indicating whether and where direct and indirect expenditures are conceivable. In addition, the distribution of vehicle drive types has a direct impact on the need to build appropriate embedded software that operates on a chip. The outcome has a direct impact on the future development of chargers, cables, smart devices, and any other device that requires immediate supervision when charging.

Incorporating data analysis into the automobile sector structure improves not only operational efficiency but also strategic decision making, ensuring that advances are anchored on practical insights derived from massive datasets. This highlights the industry’s dedication to using data as a critical asset to drive innovation and quality.

2. Materials and Methods

The foundation for the research approach is the application of the research questions and the processing of the obtained data, which are public and accessible for research purposes under applicable licenses. The research approach we have chosen is the application of hypothesis verification to data from a selected dataset, which is available under the Open Database License (ODbL). According to this license policy, the data are released for free sharing by users.

As authors of this investigation, we declare that we obtained, examined, and assessed data from the source in compliance with the standard scientific processes outlined in this experimental study and the attached source code programs. The data will not be used or transmitted for monetary or other purposes.

The datasets included in this analysis include demographic information, car types, and drivetrains, different purchasing times for specific vehicle brands, etc. The datasets mentioned cover a diverse group of automobile manufacturers and potential purchasers. We have used quantitative research and statistical techniques to evaluate the relationships between various demographic parameters, perceived benefits of electric vehicles, and purchase intentions to predict expectations for certain vehicle purchase behaviors.

The research method is provided in a series of graphically portrayed steps, along with the results. The particular characteristics and probable criteria are included in the schematic representation in Figure 1.

To confirm our established hypotheses, we followed these steps (Figure 1): identifying the problem, reviewing the literature, defining the hypotheses and collecting data, creating and predicting models with fitting models, building concepts and applying appropriate regression in models, evaluating hypotheses using a regression model, and writing a report.

We identified that many components of electric cars, such as minerals, embedded computers, microcontrollers, and batteries, are manufactured in China. The fundamental geographic position and accessibility of China influence the decision about the manufacturing location, along with the costs of the final product price. However, manufacturing in other nations would result in much higher costs, making them susceptible to local conditions at the place of production or the mining of materials. As a result, businesses aim to combine development and manufacturing. These operations are typically formed in the United States or China, with subsequent imports from one country to another. An increasing number of artificial intelligence elements are gradually implemented while developing and producing individual components. China is a good example of such an effective implementation approach [24].

The predictability of the method originates from globalization and technological improvements in the automotive sector, which are stored in the datasets. This can include the automobile production process, which includes transporting complete automobiles to final customers. Therefore, we base our reasoning on the following assumptions:

• The uneven distribution of local production or mining can have an impact on both local conditions and the expectation of market globalization.
• The lack of certain transport possibilities and restrictions can affect the success of sales, depending on the geographical location of production
• Delays in the marketing of products and the opportunity to deliver cars to different markets can damage the financial profitability of the production line of a certain vehicle model.

2.1. Selection Criteria

The selection criteria were based on a set of different keywords that were used to locate and identify relevant scholarly papers. This study employed a qualitative research approach. In this form, we applied a critical analytical to better grasp the diverse meanings and experiences. The primary selection criteria were current sector knowledge and a connection to sustainable development, as viewed via the economic aspects of the automobile industry.

The literature and data were gathered from several scientific databases and search engines. The initial literature search was performed using relevant terms from the most well-known databases, such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, Scopus, and Web of Science.

The investigation methods are within these research types:

• In the automotive industry, research should include examining technological transitions, responses to previous disruptions, geopolitical influences, and the historical context of cross-industry collaborations, as well as providing valuable insights into the industry’s adaptive strategies and long-term trends based on collected numerical and non-numerical data.
  This technique would provide a thorough grasp of the real world’s issues and triumphs. A qualitative and context-specific understanding of the challenges and triumphs in implementing software configuration management and quality standards. Using qualitative and quantitative lenses, we can explore the links between logistical environments and corporate processes.
• We use data analysis approaches to study market data and performance indicators as a research type for qualitative research and data analysis. Using qualitative and quantitative lenses, we can explore the links between logistic environments and corporate processes. This could involve analyzing industry reports, market data, and performance indicators to derive quantitative insights into the impact of software configuration and quality standards on the automotive sector.

We combine research methodologies to create a more thorough and nuanced view of the numerous topics mentioned in the research by adopting a mixed-methods research strategy. We evaluate the relationships between the adoption of various technologies and improvements in product development time, customer satisfaction, or other key performance measures that may affect future output using statistical methodologies.

2.2. Keywords

During our investigation, we have used some of the following keyword combinations:

• Future trends in global innovations and the automotive industry in China by 2025;
• Manufacturer strategies to reach customer satisfaction with safety protocols by following efficient product development;
• Global industry impact and procurement dynamics for manufacturing process.

2.3. Questions

Numerous approaches can be utilized to obtain specialized information on the research topic. In this sense, we use research questions to guide the course of this study. As a result, we identified specific questions as distinct research directions. In light of this, we would like to answer the following questions:

• What effects would the shift have on worldwide market developments in contemporary vehicle automobile manufacturing?
• How are global market changes and losses in modern automobile production determined in the numerous data sources acquired from today’s datasets?
• What are the current and historical car companies with changes in vehicle propulsion energy sources?

3. Automotive Business Engineering

To improve the automotive sector, it is vital to progress toward the sustainability of the living environment, the economic model, and the integration of novel technical solutions. This requires the integration of technical processes such as electronics, mechanical systems, and materials science, all of which are key components of the final product. Environmentally friendly cars require the use of novel materials that can decompose in the environment. This requires cooperation with chemists and researchers in the field of manufacturing certain materials that may be used during the engineering process to develop conceptual solutions [25].

Cooperation between engineering companies and leadership is required to examine the difficulties and suggest specific strategies and tools from many disciplines. It is feasible to perform an analysis based on existing data and make recommendations for the next steps by integrating engineering expertise into the economic and financial aspects of the profitability of a specific vehicle type. Automotive engineering can be divided into various areas and focuses that address certain complex processes [7,25]:

• The first relates to the creation and design of items that are intended to meet market demands while also adapting to consumer tastes and preferences. This pertains specifically to new and current automobile components, as well as their subsequent applications.
• The second focus is on cost reduction and quality assurance (QA), which can ensure a smooth business cycle with the prospect of self-sufficiency in the defined production cycle.
• The third category comprises logistics management and the procurement of critical raw materials to ensure vehicle delivery to end customers.
• The fourth element is involved with the positioning of the product and the marketing strategy. This refers especially to the sale of vehicle cleaning and maintenance equipment. Promoting and selling linked products ensures the sale of automobile interior and exterior products.
• The fifth category deals with management in terms of monitoring financial data and improving methods that optimize financial outcomes and offer impetus to long-term production growth.

Management of production procedures and infrastructure is feasible with automotive business engineering, which is required for success when building a new product such as autonomous vehicles. The automobile industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, incorporating various scientific topics and disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, and software engineering. These connect and advance research by providing business prospects and innovative ideas that may be subsequently copyrighted and capitalized on by the automobile industry.

Situations in which people drive vehicles using different systems, such as adaptive cruise control, automatic parking [25,26,27], and various vehicle signaling, represent the basis for the following legal frameworks and standardization at all levels of local and international character. Improving traffic safety requires a review and a more detailed analysis of legal regulations for driver liability issues and insurance in the event of traffic accidents [28,29,30].

Regarding the outlined agenda for sustainable living spaces, prototypes of hybrid and electric vehicles are being perfected. Successful research in automotive engineering is focused on creating greater efficiency and performance (lower fuel consumption, easier vehicle control, and safer accompanying instruments). Recognition of certain objects on the road during driving requires the use of certain machine learning techniques and automated detection, changes, and application systems during driving [31,32].

Their main task is to verify, based on the theoretical framework, the experimental methods and beliefs that have arisen in the field of automotive business engineering. In addition, it is important to achieve digital transformations in the ecological development of production. It is already possible to recognize the need for resources in human knowledge and skills, including the possibilities of developing artificial intelligence models and programming industrial robots [33].

4. Embedded Software for Modern Vehicles

Today’s vehicles have installed software that controls the various systems and functions they perform. Control of stability, powertrain, transmission, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) are elements of the vehicle system [25]. Today’s vehicle industry takes into account all elements of both infrastructure and safety for road users. Due to the aforementioned, the main challenges relate to the fulfillment of the strict requirements of the regulatory bodies in matters of reliability and safety. To respond, it is necessary to bring all systems to a perfect functional state that will not endanger road users. In addition to adequate road infrastructure, this refers mainly to improving embedded software using a thorough design and testing process. The accompanying implementation of key safety standards (ISO 26262) [25] is also necessary.

Innovative vehicles are accompanied by another challenge related to the adequate integration and connection of advanced functions based on the increasing demands of consumers. More and more demand from the complex market is expected, where various possibilities are integrated, such as the installation of smartphones and other devices that will enable practicality in driving. Based on further development, it is possible to install sophisticated software in vehicles that can process complex algorithms and large amounts of information. This enables the setting of advanced functions, such as autonomous driving, which represents assistance to drivers, making driving more practical [25,29,34].

To enable a vehicle with reliability and safety features, it is necessary to install high-quality software that will correspond to the characteristics of a modern vehicle. In the automotive industry, manufacturers use tools and techniques to improve software. Model-based testing, real-time operating systems (RTOSs), and automatic code generation are applied.

The impact of the IoT on embedded automotive manufacturing software is that it allows for real-time data interchange, predictive maintenance, and OTA upgrades. Due to the possibility of remote software updates within the car, this can have both beneficial and negative consequences. The key benefit and reason for adopting the IoT is the detection of collisions using IoT-enabled sensors, network communication, and sophisticated algorithms. This enables the compilation of specific test data collected during development in a manufacturing laboratory or test environment. Meanwhile, customizable features such as real-time road tracking and optimization of driving efficiency can improve the driving experience during tests. This encourages growth in automobile manufacturing by improving embedded software to make vehicles smarter, safer, and more efficient.

The future improvement of the automotive industry is seen in the possibilities of more active research on installed software that will develop more complete systems and functions to provide greater security, connectivity, and more advanced features [25].

4.1. Safety Standards

IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 are two software security standards [25]. The examination of the software development process’s possibilities complies with the ISO 26262 standard. The use of an appropriate workflow, which stems from the desire to improve the program, is related to the security of its use.

Analysis of the success of business processes in electronics and software development is an interstate regulation to enable the expansion of the ISO/IEC 15504 standard (Automotive SPICE 3.0, or Spice) [25]. The ISO 26262 (Road Vehicle Functional Safety) standard, which is used for the development of software and hardware, is necessary to meet the expansion requirements. The main task of enabling the support of isolated virtual electronic control units in the environment of the current time refers to the ISO 26262 automotive safety standards. They focus on the safety of vehicles and their assumptions [35].

The sensitivity of electronic requirements for vehicles relies on more complex assessments and an approximation of the ISO 26262 standard with machine learning. By using the software ’DELMIA-V5’, a robot is simulated outside of real-life conditions. Specifically, this refers to the simulation of certain actions, such as carrying loads and the possibility of catching, moving, and improving interactions between four robots. The most important simulation for the automotive industry is the welding process in spots at two or more points when joining different elements of the vehicle [10].

The key standards used in the autonomous vehicle industry are [7]:

• ISO 26262 is an international standard that covers the development of vehicle safety systems. This standard provides a set of methodologies and process procedures used to ensure the stability, safety, and dependability of these systems.
• SAE J3016 is a standard perfected by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and represents a set of technical and process procedures used for the development of autonomous vehicles. Within the framework of the standard, a certain number of automation levels is defined, which ranges from 0 to 5, where later detailed instructions are provided for testing and validating the system that should emerge from a previously designed conceptual concept.
• ISO 21448 refers to autonomous driving systems and the standardization of the development process of advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs). For the security and reliability of these systems, the implementation of process elements and techniques of this standardization is necessary.
• UNECE Regulation No. 151 is a defined set of regulations provided by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and applies to the development of autonomous vehicles. It deals with issues governing the development and design of complex autonomous vehicle systems, covering aspects of testing and validation of information transmission to drivers and passengers.

The necessity of implementing the listed standards refers to the reliability and safety of autonomous vehicles, which clearly dictates the design process and the success of the development of the aforementioned systems.

4.2. Automotive Applications

The integration of automated driving implies that the application is an engineering strategy in conceptualizing concepts and designing hardware and software solutions [25]. During the design of the engineering process and work on automotive communication systems, the Internet of Things (IoT) is included. The technological and financial challenges that must be solved in the coming period are considered. Today’s possibilities of interconnection through different instances of the Internet of Everything (IoE) create possibilities of combining automated and semi-automated systems with minimal human interaction. Communication emerges through communication and cognitive links processed by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine models. Machine models can process various voice commands [36].

The application of the IoE allows awareness of the interconnected environment and the maintenance of a direct communication network between people. General intelligence and interaction through digital assistants provide a better understanding of key information required to make decisions and move through traffic. The provision of this form of help should enable the driver to quickly identify crises and avoid accidents. As such, the IoE framework provides an appropriate environment for creating semantic solutions that are stored at a specific location within a vehicle. Specifically, this further enables the exchange of previously collected information from other vehicles and ensures the launch of the best IoE instance.

4.3. The Production of Integrated Software

Experts should collaborate to develop integrated software for autonomous vehicles. The IoT is the cornerstone for successful collaboration and business in the automobile industry. These systems work purposefully using advanced software development engineering techniques that involve linking different development methods and tools. Verification of reliability, stability, and high performance is achieved through defined processes that include the application of SPL and CI/CD.

Autonomous vehicles and connected IoT devices are based on specialized operating systems and associated application software. The software can be placed directly on a chip, creating an integrated system that can only be programmed by the factory, ensuring a high level of security. Following the development of integrated software on a chip, additional tests are required to ensure compatibility and optimal performance. The verification procedure is challenging, as it requires several teams to deal with various challenges. As part of the process, it is necessary to resolve hardware and software difficulties, team differences, and conflicts.

The methodological approach to successful integration is to use a systemic and structural approach. This involves the employment of a variety of technical solutions, primarily design approaches based on the prototype model, automatic code generation, and software delivery via the infrastructure as code (IaC). Adequate system testing includes both evaluating the complete software and analyzing the relationships between the system’s many components.

4.4. Software Product Lines (SPLs)

Implementing a software product line (SPL) allows a more efficient and cost-effective development approach by reusing existing components. Certain approaches to software development enable the incorporation of a variety of software products and technologies, while the use of an SPL eliminates the need for long software engineering customization and starting processes. When it comes to software development, security and the ability to repeat security tests with minimum error are the most important considerations. Repeating the use of standard elements in specific instances could result in omissions and influence distributed software.

For its main role, the SPL lays the foundations of security-standardized checks and uses the latest security components without containing specific weaknesses. Research teams recognize multiple possibilities for solving security problems. Some of the techniques used are penetration and fuzz testing and the use of security patterns that enable the refinement of common components. Large systems that are integrated with a large number of components are complicated for security control by SPL. Complexity can be an aggravating circumstance in recognizing and fixing security risks. For this reason, experts have implemented more effective techniques, such as security modeling, analysis, and the use of automated tools that help manage complex security operations. We can see that there are current and future issues, as well as various software engineering methodologies, that must be continuously developed. A detailed examination of the improvement of SPLs is essential to overcome future security challenges and shortcomings [37].

A high level of quality can be obtained by successfully analyzing the market and establishing specific sets of systems via SPL engineering, which can produce artifacts. The products obtained from SPLs involve the persistence of configurational attributes that can be combined without violating previously specified standards. The process of determining the compatibility of the set of engineering ideas can be used to create a business, such as a startup business that specializes in development. The motivations for establishing a separate firm are evident in the possibilities of minimizing technical debt and hiring a smaller staff to respond to the automobile company’s goals and difficulties that encourage inventive ideas.

Previous SPL assessments have evolved by seeing the challenges that arise during actual deployment. In this case, the results obtained have provoked controversy among academic and practical researchers. This allowed for the development of a new legal organizational unit capable of producing higher commercial results without endangering investors’ reputations. In light of the research findings, SPLs as the primary foundation require the use of interactive elements. Later, these can be used to verify business procedures and the relevance of current developments [38,39]. A set of different services provides the possibility of follow-up development and guaranteed delivery of functional and non-functional requirements set by the orders of organizations for standards, countries, and various legislative bodies. All this together should set certain mechanisms and propose their construction method through the possibilities of future expansion and analysis [40].

4.5. Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are critical hardware components utilized in various industries for digital function applications. FPGAs allow for reprogramming as needed, which is most commonly used for repairing or troubleshooting issues that arise during operation. The hardware mentioned above is frequently utilized in the automotive industry due to its convenience, versatility, and excellent performance [41]. The use of FPGAs in the automobile industry is mainly concerned with improving complex interconnected components that have different stages of development. The most important component of the car is the enhancement in the driver assistance system known as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) [25].

To answer why FPGAs are favored over normal CPUs, we must analyze the required characteristics and capabilities of the architecture employed in this scenario. FPGA hardware collects data from various arrays or groups of devices, such as cameras, sensors, and intelligent and smart systems. This leads to greater complexity and raises expectations regarding the speed with which replies are supplied to interfere with the synchronized and uninterrupted operation of the entire system when employing inadequate technology. Following that, FPGA and CPU technology evolved to meet the ever-increasing needs of modern computing, with one of the reasons why FPGAs are preferred over CPUs being their parallel processing capacity, making simultaneous job handling and high throughput possible, because during vehicle operation, we cannot have a bottleneck in real-time data processing from various devices in the system [42].

FPGAs are ideal for real-time applications due to their low latency and customizable logic circuits, which optimize performance and power consumption. These devices are power efficient, lowering consumption through specialized logic circuits with deterministic performance, and ensuring predictable job execution durations, which is crucial for real-time applications. Decision-making processes rely on FPGAs, whose properties are reflected in high-performance systems that allow for the transfer of enormous volumes of data and the direct application of algorithms in real time. FPGA circuits have an architecture with certain adaptations based on the application of suitable standards, which may be related to security and physical security elements [41]. To modernize user functions and meet the complicated safety criteria of engineering systems throughout the design, applicable rules and standards must be reviewed and harmonized.

Furthermore, they excel at hardware acceleration, outsourcing CPU duties to dedicated circuits for improved performance. Although they offer advantages in certain cases, concerns such as programming complexity and higher initial costs should be considered during their selection and use in other cases [43]. Additionally, the activation of some component systems can have a direct impact on vehicle driving abilities. A further justification for the use and applicability of FPGAs in the automotive industry is their ability to regulate electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains. Within the framework of their capabilities and safety assurance, they monitor the state of the battery in hybrid vehicles, the efficiency of the car, and the management of all drive systems.

Methods for estimating the rate of inadequate design rely on a methodological approach that is directly included in the FPGA SoC. This refers to a type of integrated chip used by many brands. This type of FPGA SoC introduced a direct implementation of a system on a chip that is faster than traditional architectures, where the system is located in external memory [44].

4.6. Modern Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Complex use cases and applications within today’s system design and automotive engineering require the use of modern integrated circuits (ICs). During the historical period, the IC was expanded with an increasing degree of functionality and other built-in components that became an integral part of this chip. The comprehensive functioning of the system is unstable due to the complexity and impossibility of testing the constituent components at a deep level [45].

ICs are widely disseminated and used in a variety of sectors and devices as vital components of microelectronic devices with specific functionality. Their application can be found in cell phones, automotive systems, computers, and radio transistors. ICs are made up of diodes, resistors, transistors, and components with very little physical pressure, all in the form of a single chip made of silicon and other bonding materials.

The main reasons for their application are reflected in certain disadvantages and advantages of modern ICs [45]:

The advantages include the following characteristics:

• The first characteristic and the main reason is the small size of the chip itself and the possibility of use in limited spaces with support for a wide range of electronic devices that rely on the characteristics of a modern IC.
• Another important and deciding factor in the automotive industry is the high performance and data-transfer capabilities of integrated circuits in fractions of seconds. To achieve an optimal use value, more dynamic information processing is required because of the need for fast reactions.
• The third advantage, and the reason for the decision to use a modern IC, is reflected in the relatively low price due to the possibility of serial production. From the perspective of economies of scale, this significantly reduces production costs and the time required to obtain the final product. Today’s ICs feature high design levels, safety, and durability.

Deficiency: The main disadvantage is the complex architecture of the modern IC, and it can be said that due to this characteristic, it is impossible to repair, which leads to delayed design and production in cases when certain faults are detected during serial production. Another problem related to modern ICs is sensitivity to physical damage, which includes heat, physical shocks, the influence of external factors, and a high dependence on rare minerals. Some of the most commonly used materials that are in very limited supply on the global market include neodymium, indium, and gallium.

The production of ICs requires the presence and use of the aforementioned materials due to their specific characteristics that cannot be found in other minerals and are, therefore, not suitable for the production process. The list of rare materials that are necessary due to their characteristics is as follows:

• Indium; and its characteristic is that it possesses the characteristics of the flexibility of the metal structure. The reason for using this metal lies in its ability to be a good conductor inside the transistor, which is a very thin film, along with other components. The material mentioned is relatively rare at the world level of reserves. It can be estimated that only few thousand metric tons are available worldwide.
• Gallium belongs to metals and is a basic material for power electronics in the form of gallium nitride (GaN). This metallic element is used in IC manufacturing as a substrate material.
• Europium is a rare substance with semiconductor characteristics that is used as a dopant in targeted bonding to achieve electrical conductivity. It is added to materials during purposeful chemical processes to change their properties and produce new ones.
• Neodymium is rare and, like the previously mentioned material, is used as a dopant in the production of ICs and the creation of semiconductor materials.

Logistical challenges in providing all the mentioned materials can significantly complicate the necessary time in the procurement and production of ICs, which may lead to a permanent stoppage of the production process of all vehicle devices since they are closely dependent on this component. Understanding the challenges in the creation and production of practical tools within the industry requires connecting the research on software and hardware aspects. It is necessary to test for different challenges and loads, which can be carried out using a specific hardware tool such as an FPGA [45,46,47].

4.7. Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)

More dynamic development of software applications is enabled using programming languages such as Python and C#. These languages can automatically eliminate program code from memory, which increases software productivity, stability, and dependability. Higher-level language is used to meet the needs of diverse applications on mobile, desktop, and server devices that require real-time responses.

One of the reasons for the necessity of using this type of programming language is reflected in the requirements during network communication, which is sensitive and uses time-sensitive networking (TSN). TSN initiates road debates for the adoption of safety requirements within certain standards that are relevant for automotive embedded systems. The primary reason for their consideration and frequent discussion is the dependency on TSN, which serves as the foundation for communication with other systems. When providing integration solutions that involve TSN, direct implementation using the Integrated Hardware Garbage Collector (IHGC) is recommended. The IHGC is well suited for processes and actions that are in a continuous state of execution and that need to be directly accessible during use [48,49].

TSN is designed as a set of network technologies that support real-time communication using Ethernet networks. This set of communication technology approaches is necessary for the processes of connecting communications within the automotive industry and connecting software lines for several reasons that we will state:

• The most important real-time communication is the creation of interactivity by the user with control capabilities inside the vehicle. After this, a critical set of data is exchanged using the TSN. The initiated process of sending and receiving data requires high reliability and a very low delay when the communication channel is established. The mentioned communication channel is of essential importance for the automotive industry because all components and connected systems must now have the possibility of coordination. In cases of delays and slow data processing, security may be violated and commands may not be executed in real time.
• Interoperability has the ability, together with TSN, to communicate independently with different hardware/software platforms. The importance of interoperability is in the smooth functioning of systems and components used within the automotive industry regardless of the use of components created by different manufacturers.
• Scalability, in conjunction with TSN, allows networks used for various devices and systems to be expanded without compromising their features, capabilities, and dependability. This is critical for the building of car prototypes, since the networks must support all systems and components. These include adaptive cruise control and advanced driving assistance systems (ADASs).
• Together with TSN, the security function comprises authentication and encryption to protect against potential cyber threats. The dependability and safety of the installed components are critical in the automotive sector.

TSNs and software product lines (SPLs) capable of real-time communication, scalability, interoperability, and reliability over network protocols are examples of technological advances in the automotive sector. The restrictions of built-in car systems are driven by rigorous time constraints and required reaction intervals from the system to the end user. Proving the given time frames requires suitable design thinking and logic. The purpose is to effectively examine and demonstrate compliance with the required requirements. Time intervals are used to prevent cyber attacks on communication components. They ensure that the attacker does not have enough time to carry out the attack, estimate the algorithm, or communicate effectively [49,50].

4.8. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

In the industrial markets of goods and services, the question of the relationship between producers and customers arises. If there are no alternative options to purchase goods and services, consumers are directed to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). They represent the founders of the production processes and the cycle of the creation of final products. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the production system on a global level, including logistics, suppliers, contract manufacturers, and OEMs. For the automotive industry, the functioning of the OEM’s work is an important factor and an irreplaceable screw. Its irreplaceability is due to the following facts [51,52]:

• OEM manufacturers help achieve savings, i.e., lower total vehicle production costs. They produce more efficient automotive components at lower prices than other manufacturers.
• The prerequisites for achieving high product quality include tighter control over all OEM manufacturers’ components. This ensures a consistent degree of quality, as well as the ability to replicate previously achieved results while increasing quality, procedures, and engineering methodologies.
• OEM manufacturers must adjust their existing solutions in response to fluctuating needs and a highly competitive market for the implementation of emerging technology. The objectives pertain to the achievement of optimal results in the competition. The alignment of features and design of original equipment in response to market needs occurs effectively to preserve worldwide dominance or share.
• The specialization of vehicle components and parts is correlated with global industrial growth in vehicle production. This refers to the use of innovative ideas, intelligent design, renewable materials, and efficiency in the optimal use of energy sources.

The most essential aspect of the automotive industry is related to the existing OEM base, which represents the certainty of profitability and efficient production through the application of high-quality standards. The presence of OEMs on the worldwide market influences the creation and evaluation of criteria for optimal vehicle characteristics in the design and guaranteed prices of new goods.

In light of the research findings of the accompanying scientific literature, we discovered that the adoption of certain methodological approaches and design recommendations can present some obstacles. The main obstacle is found in the verification process, including a survey analytical approach in which a certain focus group is asked a series of questions through a series of interviews. In certain cases, this process is implemented in focus groups composed of inspection and quality assurance institutions, service providers, and OEMs [51,52].

The data gathered allow for the evaluation and segmentation of the present market structure, which is the product of prior research. From an economic point of view, it is possible to correctly identify the desired characteristics and challenges that manufacturers can solve to directly obtain financial profit [53].

4.9. Additive Manufacturing (AM)

Adaptable production using 3D techniques and the ability to print (3DP) multiple casts from various materials is becoming increasingly important. Because it dramatically alters the method of thinking while designing a concept product, additive manufacturing (AM) presents a one-of-a-kind production possibility. The 3D model of the software can be checked using the physical model created. Direct quality assurance is achieved within the software throughout vehicle manufacturing by using actual materials in finished products.

AM investigates the compatibility of industrial needs and is a significant part of the verification process when discovering and using new types of materials. It eliminates some challenges and obstacles encountered during the implementation of 3D printing by performing double verification via 3D scanning, allowing for the subsequent direct adjustment of the 3D model in real time.

The additive manufacturing process is used to make spare parts and has the potential to significantly enhance their delivery to end consumers. Due to the intricacy of the parts and the required precision in terms of deviations stated in micrometers, the technology is typically employed in the automotive and aerospace sectors. The goal is evident in the early detection of machine industry barriers, where parts must match exactly in terms of deviations. Deviations from the measurements required for spare and original parts may result in high financial expenditure and the inability to install parts in cars [54].

Business engineering within the automotive industry and the previous sections explain some of the required techniques, where a close connection to AM can be seen when producing complex physical geometric shapes. The main part of the connection is reflected in the areas of engineering that deal with business and the durability of materials that are created using the 3DP printing technique. After the realization of castings created in sand using regular methods and 3D printing, scanning and 3D data collection is performed, based on which certain decisions can be made. The resulting castings are tested for various aspects such as durability, load capacity, breaking point, thermal changes, and the possibility of returning to the original state due to bending [55].

4.10. Modern Vehicles

The primary components of looking at current vehicles refer to previous research in this area and published work, which serve as a foundation for further investigation of the complexity of automotive engineering. This research focuses on understanding the way hardware and software interact during industrial development. As part of innovation, there is a significant movement in the field of communication systems, which are integrated and disseminated over numerous parts of today’s modern automobiles. Specifically, this refers to being equipped with various wireless communication technologies that provide uninterrupted interactivity without cables, as well as interaction communication with other vehicles and IoT devices located on the road infrastructure. Technologies used for communication purposes are Bluetooth, wireless, LoRa, and others [29].

By opening such communication channels, the range of cyber attacks on vehicles increases, because there is a greater number of protocols that now need to be protected appropriately. For these reasons, the distribution of a certain version of software and the possibilities provided by the application of innovative techniques that have not been sufficiently tested and verified by researchers are abandoned [1,56,57,58]. Realized research efforts have contributed to simpler management using an electronic control unit (ECU). A modern vehicle has the possibility of direct communication with software functions and realizes a specific connection through a network with special hardware such as sensors, actuators, and various radar systems.

One of the most prevalent methods for collecting data inside modern automobiles is the use of cameras that identify and discriminate various types of objects, allowing the vehicle’s embedded computer to make real-time decisions.

5. Global Challenges and Made in China 2025

The Republic of China represents the largest economy in the world market, and it is growing. It plans to implement the strategic plan MIC 2025 (Made in China 2025) by the end of 2025 to cancel the presence of foreign technology in its market and integrate the growing technological potential at the global level [59].

Considering that there is competition in the field of highly sophisticated technologies and innovations in the world, it has implemented several important national strategies such as “Made in China 2025” [60]. The strategy direction of MIC 2025 refers to manufacturers’ transition from low- to high-quality products. The administrative body applies pressure on the implementation of these processes through a thorough program and directions for technological advancement based on analyses and initiatives. All of this is related to the car sector, as the majority of the components are manufactured in or imported from China. The key ties are shown in vehicle manufacturers’ reliance on Chinese or Asian-produced parts.

Each state aims to achieve continuous economic growth to compete with other world-leading industries that rely on Chinese products. This refers to the concentration of manufacturing capacity alongside the rise of digital technology production. One of the key backbones is the railway and its speed and transport capabilities, and the establishment of competition in sectors such as high-speed rail lines. By setting ambitious goals, China improves its technological skills and reduces its dependence on foreign superior technologies. At the world level, most countries and their governments are aware of the size of the Chinese market and the problems if they do not create their products and markets within their territory. The main reason is that China, as one of the drivers of the economic market and a huge market of more than a billion consumers, has a great influence at the global level to dictate product trends and prices. In addition, several manufacturers import components directly or indirectly from China or work in the United States of America.

The agenda of the “Made in China 2025” strategy reflects the German plan “Industry 4.0”. Analyzing the approach of other leading industrial countries, such as Japan, the United States, and Germany, using MIC 2025 constantly raises the bar of standards, with the goal of becoming the most dominant manufacturing industry in the world [59]. The state plans to support this initiative by providing financial support to research conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology (China). Industrial technological research and training are carried out in the fields of intelligent and additive manufacturing, innovative resources, biomedicine, and the new generation of information technologies. The main task is to perfect industrial transformation such as industrial robots, equipment for additional production, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, cloud systems, machines that learn, cybersecurity, and automation.

Industrial transformation represents a clear agenda for China’s “Belt and Road” or “New Silk Road” initiative. Serious ambitions are evident in the substitution of component assemblers, i.e., replicating trademarks for the Western market and placing them in Europe and North America, as well as the export of high-quality products to the rest of the world by Chinese titans. The MIC 2025 development strategy aims to refer to transforming the clear role of the Republic of China and elevating it to the position of world leader in industrial production. As a result of this fact, multinational corporations (MNCs) and foreign companies will face many obstacles that may jeopardize future free trade.

The world’s production of vehicles is increasing, but the list of exporters is gradually changing. The growing export of Chinese automakers producing electric vehicles has been on an upward trend for a long time [61]. Tesla has also started to manufacture its vehicles in China [62]. In the future, an increase in the production of electric vehicles is also expected [63]. In a globalized space, production conditions, policy changes, or the demand for fuel for classic cars are transmitted practically all over the world.

6. Logistics Problems

The automotive industry and the supply of final products to the market are spread all over the world because there is a great demand for them. For the success of small businesses that control supply chains worldwide, it is necessary to implement business modes that include telecommunications technologies, software platforms, and commercial transactions that operate outside of border frameworks. Effective control and management of vehicle supply chains is possible thanks to technological solutions, such as modern information systems that are available to companies with the help of cloud computing [64].

Profitability and efficiency are necessary for the vehicle placement market. The key provision of these preconditions is made by business management, whose role is to create an environment for the reduction of supply chain links, which will shorten the delivery time of the final products. For a good approach in the processes of business coordination and the success of the step of supplying raw materials, a strategy is necessary that refers to each of the stages of the production of goods and the provision of services. In this way, producers will minimize barriers to business and achieve higher profits.

The construction of vehicle transportation forms, which allowed internal and external logistic operations to be achieved, served as the foundation for automotive engineering. A more efficient alignment with actual market requirements is achieved by taking into account the economic and logistical aspects. Logistical issues and final product marketing can indicate success or failure for certain producers due to insufficient material planning during manufacturing cycles.

The logistics of product supply are becoming more complex due to the needs of companies on a global level and the presence of various new market requirements [65].

New Logistic Approach for Issues in the Automotive Sector with an Outline of the Processes Involved in Supplying Final Products to the Market

Optimizing the supply of finished automotive goods to the market requires strategic innovation. For starters, modern machine learning and predictive analytics allow accurate demand forecasting, which guides scheduling for manufacturing and inventory management. Second, constructing multi-tier distribution networks, which include regional distribution hubs, lowers transportation costs while increasing delivery efficiency. Third, the integration of direct-to-consumer sales avenues and car subscription services simplifies the supply chain, resulting in better customer service and better inventory control [7].

To ensure the success of just-in-time manufacturing concepts, which align production with demand, resulting in shorter lead times and lower inventory holding costs, a background logistics process of collaborative logistics relationships with service providers and technology suppliers must be established. This process optimizes end-to-end supply chain operations, increasing visibility and service quality. Including sustainable transportation choices, such as electric or hydrogen vehicles, reduces carbon emissions and aligns with environmental goals. Using these strategies, automotive companies can improve supply chain efficiency, meet consumer demands, and remain competitive in a turbulent market.

Due to the great demand for automobile components, they are manufactured all over the world. To be successful, small businesses with global supply chains must use business models that combine computer platforms, communication technologies, and cross-border commercial activity. Comprehensive administration and control of vehicle supply chains is now possible thanks to technological solutions such as modern information systems [64].

The whole process can be explained through steps 1–6 presented in Figure 2, where the displayed legend shows the entry and exit processes of the movement of goods, starting from the original producer to the end customer (6.2).

The vehicle placement market requires profitability and efficiency. The primary provision of these preconditions is made by business management, whose responsibility is to establish an atmosphere conducive to the reduction of supply chain links, hence shortening final product delivery time. For a good approach to business coordination processes [66] and the success of the raw material supply step, a strategy is necessary that refers to each of the stages of goods production and services provision. In this way, producers will minimize barriers to business and achieve higher profits.

The construction of vehicle transportation forms, which allowed internal and external logistic operations to be achieved, served as the foundation for automotive engineering. By taking into account the economic and logistical aspects, a more efficient alignment with current market requirements is achieved. Logistical issues and final product marketing might indicate success or failure for particular companies due to insufficient material planning during manufacturing cycles. The logistics of product supply are becoming more complex due to the needs of companies at the global level and the presence of various new market requirements [65].

7. Results

As proof of the relationship within the data, the study’s conclusions should highlight the data processing process utilized to detect multiple unanticipated changes that resulted in increased purchases or a significant drop. Given the conclusion and the ability to apply it immediately, we utilized appropriate hardware resources that constitute the foundation of computer systems.

We prioritized the appropriate hardware resources for successful extraction, transformation, loading (ETL), data model training, and data analysis. For these operations, we used a CPU that allows efficient execution with adequate RAM to handle many operations at once. When GPU resources become available, we may improve our performance for GPU-accelerated jobs in AI training and standards compliance. Multi-core computers and efficient cooling should improve processing efficiency even further.

To deliver a highly resilient and high-performance development and deployment environment, we must align these resources with the deployment scale. We evaluated the new dataset created from the mentioned sources [67,68] and performed the associated analyzes using an i5-5250U processor with 8.00 GB RAM and a 64-bit Windows 10 Pro version 22H2 operating system.

7.1. Dataset Collection and Analysis

To test our hypothesis, we used data [67,68] to check the following changes in a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and a hydrogen-powered vehicle on public roads in Washington. Together, after cleaning, we had approximately 855,916 (rows) individual vehicles available with the following representation of drive sources, which are contained in

Table 1. Statistical distribution of the number of vehicle drive types in the data obtained from [67,68]. Source: author’s contribution.

	Battery Electric	Plug-in Hybrid Electric	Hydrogen Powered
Data	73.9153%	26.0843%	0.0004%

.

The code shown in the code Listing 1 was used to calculate and achieve the results displayed in the table below.

The recorded sales transactions of the investigated vehicles fall into the 2010–2023 period, with a clear increase in sales (Table 1 and Listing 1). If we look at the year of manufacture of individual vehicles, we also see a certain volume of vehicles manufactured since 1992. However, they make up a smaller part that cannot be neglected. That is why hydrogen-powered vehicles have a value of $3.5\times {10}^{-6}$ (0.0000035)%, where rounding to four decimal places gives a value of 0.0004%. The number of transactions can be seen in Figure 3.

Listing 1. Statistical distribution of the number of vehicle drive types in data obtained from [67,68]. Source: author’s contribution.

If we look closer at the box plot (Figure 4a), we can see that half of all vehicles sold were vehicle models built from 2015 to 2021, with a median of 2018. We attribute such results to two basic possibilities. First, the best models with ideal parameters were created in these years. Second, our data mainly capture this period, when there was a boom in electric mobility all over the world, and thus, the total number of vehicles is larger in this period.

From the boxplot diagram of model years, it is possible to take the impression that individual vehicles change hands practically immediately after production. However, this is not the case, as we see in the box plot in Figure 4b, where we plot the distribution of the data in the dataset according to the age of the vehicle at the time of sale. This shows us that these were partially older vehicles, with a median age of 5 years. Where future predictions can be seen in the Figure 5.

7.2. Data Preprocessing

Using the regression model through the popular Python library Seaborn in version 0.12.2, we created a model (Figure 5) to predict the prices of vehicles with alternative types of fuel, among which we also include vehicles with electric drive. The prediction was performed by applying the code found in the Listing 2.

Listing 2. Source code to generate a model for predicting the prices of alternative fuel vehicles. Source: author’s contribution.

We obtained the model shown in Figure 5 using the “seaborn.Implot” function, the use of which we see in Listing 3.

Listing 3. Source code to generate an OLS Regression model for predicting the prices of alternative fuel vehicles. Source: author’s contribution.

Linear regression is used in various applications because it is a powerful and versatile technique for dealing with regression difficulties [69]. Based on our study and considerations, we concluded that a linear regression model provides the best match following basic visualization. In addition, linear equations are easy to learn because they involve only fundamental arithmetic ideas. The basic linear regression relationship is shown in Equation (1).

$${\widehat{Y}}_i=\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}\times X_i$$

(1)

Subsequently, we show the resulting regression model in Figure 5 and the specific values of the variables can be seen in Equation (2), with the standard error for the constant 1.81 $\times {10}^4$ and for the coefficient b with the value 8.957.

$${\widehat{Y}}_i=\left(-4.822\times {10}^6\right)+2394.9418\times X_i$$

(2)

When using linear regression, we did not take into account individual types of vehicles, which differ in price within the group. The prediction of future costs and the price of the vehicle itself is expressed in US dollars (USD), as shown in

Table 2. Prediction of the average price of vehicles with the researched drive in the state of Washington, USA, by 2025 with a probability of 95%. Source: author’s contribution.

	2023	2024	2025
Prediction from data in USD	22,967,261	25,362,203	27,757,145

.

Using the linear model, we assume an annual growth rate of 10.43%. In addition to inflation values and the development of the world economy, the resulting increases are also affected by the current price of fuel for motor vehicles and the exchange rates of the individual currencies in which alternatively driven vehicles are sold [70].

7.3. Classification of Individual Brands

In Figure 6, we see the proportional representation of the vehicle models of individual brands in our data. It is clear from the data that the most represented type of vehicle is Tesla, with a significant numerical advantage over vehicles from Nissan.

7.4. Identifying Events of Interest and Analysis Windows

In the context of automotive manufacturing, identifying events of interest and building analysis windows require selecting relevant events and time intervals for careful examination. We can focus more on assessing significant achievements by providing a comprehensive view of the historical background and patterns in automotive production by identifying certain study windows and pinpointing events of interest. With our current understanding gained through study, we may give perspectives and knowledge that we have not had the opportunity to acquire or view before. A specific response can be found in the need to monitor political developments and progress in the development of cheaper and longer-lasting electric vehicles, as well as their combinations shown in Figure 7.

8. Limitations of the Study

Because limitations are fundamentally only one aspect of the investigation in our research investigation, we were able to summarize the following limitations:

• The scope of the investigation provides an overall picture of the evolution, innovation, and integration of the automobile industry with other sectors through the use of new technology. However, because the focus was on the accessible data inside the dataset itself, it does not go further into individual case studies of companies, detailed ratings, or locations.
• One of the limitations is the limited data analysis investigation because the research does not cover other regions of the world; therefore, a more complete examination of the EU and other parts of the world would be beneficial. A comparative analysis could be useful to investigate how geographic location impacts logistical setups and commercial operations in the automotive industry. This technique will eventually provide insight into regional disparities in industry dynamics. This would create a clearer picture of the differences in how data analysis is integrated into decision-making processes, as well as its specialized contributions to the automotive sector.
• Geographical specificity refers broadly to the global automotive industry, but does not specify geographical nuances or variations. A more nuanced analysis, considering regional differences, regulations, and market dynamics, would offer a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing different parts of the industry.

Addressing these limitations will enable future research to provide a more nuanced, thorough, and contextually rich picture of the developments, challenges, and contributions of the global automobile industry.

9. Discussion

The statistical results collected serve as an excellent starting point for a discussion. This allows for a wide range of analytical conclusions and arguments concerning the intricacies of the automotive industry. Looking at the data gathered during the investigation, we discovered several significant breakthroughs that will lead to increased production of electric and hybrid automobiles. The discussion contributes to new perspectives and insights gained from the data by offering a complete understanding of the negative repercussions and effects of global market changes.

There is a continuous trend of discourse on the use of new energy sources that could meet the needs of vehicle electrification and increased consumption of electricity. It is necessary to analyze the real facts regarding the justification of complete electrification or the application of hybrid methods in vehicle starting.

Based on the defined questions, we obtained the following results:

9.1. RQ 1

We managed to see the historical evolution of global market changes in automotive manufacturing from 1995 to today, which has been transformative. Key milestones include the introduction of the Tesla assembly line in 2012, with the first Model S rolling off the assembly line at our factory in Fremont, California, and the integration of digital technologies.

We managed to see and learn that the 21st century witnessed a paradigm shift with the rise in electric vehicles, reshaping industry dynamics and emphasizing sustainability. Predispositions to solving modern production problems will involve leveraging historical insights, embracing emerging technologies, and navigating the accelerating transition to electric or hybrid vehicles in the ever-evolving global automotive landscape.

9.2. RQ 2

We were able to see a diverse network of data sources incorporated into the current datasets that are used to calculate global market changes and losses in modern car manufacturing. Sales and market reports provide quantitative insights into consumer preferences and market dynamics, as well as a snapshot of sales volumes and trends.

9.3. RQ 3

After examining the concerns, we were able to examine the benefits and drawbacks of using specific materials during the development of a prototype modern automobile. There is a steady trend in debates about the use of new energy sources that could meet the needs of vehicle electrification, and electricity use is increasing. To justify complete electrification or the use of hybrid technologies to start the vehicle, the facts must be examined.

Future research will necessitate the development of a discourse on the complexities of designing automotive systems. Increased consumer preferences result in the development of more inventive solutions. When it comes to new technology, technical skills and examples of good practice in transferring knowledge can lead to success and problem solving.

9.4. Open Questions

These open questions highlight areas where additional historical research could contribute valuable insights, shedding light on trends, patterns, and factors that have influenced the development of the automotive industry over time. Previous studies on cross-industry integration have consistently highlighted the potential effectiveness of collaborations between diverse sectors.

These studies show that effective collaborations in the past have significantly helped advance industrial advancements and create an environment of creativity and adaptation, with an emphasis on the benefits of knowledge transfer, resource sharing, and innovation for future perspectives. The capacity to harness complementary skills, technology, and views from multiple domains appears to be the basis of cross-industry integration efficacy and the production of synergistic results.

• How can we shape the long-term future of the automotive industry based on past technological revolutions and historical events?
• What are the effectiveness and historical success aspects of cross-industry integration?
• How do geopolitical and economic factors affect the automotive industry, and how have these factors affected industry dynamics?

The working hypothesis, in line with these points of view, suggests that the historical success of cross-industry collaborations has had a long-term impact on the automotive industry. This means that the industry’s present integration strategies will likely be affected by previous successful models and long-term relationships characterized by innovation and durability.

10. Conclusions

The global automotive industry is under major change due to the need for long-term innovation and development. These changes include solid software configuration management, adherence to high-quality standards, and clever use of modern software tools. Manufacturers stress safety while striving for more efficient product development timelines. The importance of carefully chosen and configured components cannot be overemphasized, since they constitute the foundation of procurement and manufacturing processes. These components, which may recognize a small number of metrics and dependability measurements, must adapt to the changing needs of application developers in a fast-paced environment.

Collaboration between industries not only enhances the effectiveness of solutions but also creates a diverse environment for invention. As the automotive sector faces worldwide market problems, it relies on adaptability, durability, and technological developments. Considering we are at the forefront of revolutionary change in automotive engineering, we have condensed the fundamental techniques required by the current industry. Manufacturing development is dependent on precise measurement tracking and process consistency. Our findings demonstrate the synergy between actual applications and market dynamics that play a significant role in the development of modern motor vehicles. Software solutions in particular stand out as critical, acting as the foundation for merging top-tier engineers’ creative prowess and knowledge into intelligent networked vehicle systems.

The results provided are crucial decision-support tools for stakeholders who define the dynamic automotive scene on regional and global scales. These findings, which apply to both private and public transportation, including electric vehicles, benefit decision-makers in developing reliable services and manufacturing infrastructure. In addition, insights explore the obstacles given by rugged terrains, as well as an early assessment of investment requirements for nations considering partnerships and new industrial techniques.

In our initial investigation, we found that it is possible to use linear regression to predict vehicle prices based on the current trend while maintaining an increase in production volume and inflation-driven price increases in an uncertain global market. The forecast is that by 2025 they will be bought at 120.86% of the current average price valid for 2023. As a result, it is possible to assume that there will be even more support in the future for production and market developments. The knowledge gained through this research should create a foundation for future research within the current body of knowledge.

In future research, we encourage validation and enhance our projections in light of the current inflation rate while covering the limits on particular enterprises’ production capacity and the lack of manufacturing resources. The alternative option is to change the predicted price and include a study of the options of the national government. This should provide them with the ability to intervene and influence changes in ownership, taxation, and other issues. We believe that young people will become active participants in current development trends by developing new modern ideas that include new means of transport.