Exploring the Dual Potential of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content in the Esthetic Reproduction and Sustainable Innovative Design of Ming-Style Furniture

Abstract

The present research aims to explore the dual potential of artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology in the esthetic reproduction of Ming-style furniture and its innovative design while promoting sustainable practices and cultural heritage preservation. For this purpose, a combination of methodologies integrating the principles of grounded theory, empirical research, sustainable design, and design practice and evaluation techniques is employed. The results are as follows: First, the three-level coding method in grounded theory is used to construct a multi-dimensional esthetic feature library of Ming-style furniture, including 6 esthetic feature dimensions and 102 groups of esthetic elements. Second, a set of databases specifically for Ming-style furniture is developed based on the Midjourney platform. The AIGC exclusive toolkit for furniture (MFMP) contains a language package of 61 keywords and a basic formula for Ming-style furniture design. The MFMP toolkit accurately reproduces Ming-style furniture esthetics through empirical validation. Finally, combined with sustainable design principles, a new path is explored in order to utilize the MFMP toolkit for the sustainable and innovative design of new Chinese-style furniture. The research results demonstrate that AIGC enhances traditional and modern furniture design, offering tools for industry growth in a sustainable way and preserving cultural heritage.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology has sparked a revolution in the fields of art creation and design [1]. By simulating the human creative process, AIGC can autonomously generate artistic works in various forms, including music, text, and images [2]. The evolution of this technology not only provides artists and designers with new creative tools but also offers new possibilities for the preservation and innovation of traditional cultures [3,4].

As an essential part of Chinese cultural treasures, Ming-style furniture has been famous for its simple and elegant lines, reasonable structure, and exquisite craftsmanship since the Ming Dynasty [5]. This furniture style reflects the esthetic concepts and life philosophy of ancient Chinese society [6] and its design principles—focusing on the harmony of function and form and the natural beauty of materials—which coincide with modern sustainable design concepts [7]. However, although the design philosophy of Ming-style furniture continues to serve as an essential source of inspiration for modern designers, due to the historical distance and technological changes, it remains a challenging task to integrate these traditional esthetics fully into the contemporary design context.

At present, the design world is facing the dual challenge of maintaining the cultural identity and heritage of design while meeting the needs of modern society in terms of sustainability and innovation. On the one hand, restoring and reproducing the classic esthetics of Ming-style furniture requires deep cultural understanding and exquisite skills [8]. On the other hand, modern design pays more attention to the sustainability of materials, the environmental impacts of production processes, and the functionality of products [9]. In addition, in pursuing innovation, designers often need to break through the limitations of traditional design and find new sources of inspiration and design methods [10]. In the new era, the use of modern technology—especially artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology—to bridge the gap between tradition and modernity, esthetics, and sustainability has become a question worthy of in-depth discussion [11]. This article takes Ming-style furniture as an entry point and profoundly explores the following three core issues:

• Q1: What are the core features of Ming-style furniture esthetics, and how can AIGC technology be applied to reproduce these features accurately?
• Q2: How does AIGC technology help designers to inherit and promote the traditional esthetics of Ming-style furniture in modern furniture design?
• Q3: How does AIGC technology promote innovation in furniture design methods and guide furniture design towards a more environmentally friendly and sustainable future?

Our research is a unique endeavor that not only seeks to safeguard and promote the traditional esthetic culture of Ming-style furniture but also strives to discover sustainable and innovative design methods through AIGC technology. This novel approach is poised to revolutionize design practice and offer fresh perspectives to the development of design theory. In addition, this study hopes to encourage the design community to transcend the constraints of traditional thinking and accept and apply advanced technological tools and cutting-edge design theories with a more open and compatible mind, thereby promoting continuous innovation and sustainable development in furniture design.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Overview of AIGC Technology

Artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology, which leverages deep learning and generative models, allows for the automated creation of diverse types of content. With advancements in deep learning and neural networks—particularly breakthroughs in generative adversarial networks (GANs) and variational autoencoders (VAEs)—AIGC has made significant progress in recent years. This technology is capable of producing high-quality multimedia content, including text, images, and audio. Moreover, it can simulate human creativity and imagination, introducing new possibilities in the realms of creation and design [12].

In design, AIGC technology has been extensively applied in creative generation, automated design, and esthetic reproduction. AIGC models can assimilate content featuring diverse styles and characteristics through training on large-scale datasets, generating highly creative and distinct design works [13]. For instance, researchers have utilized the use of AIGC technology to create artworks [14], product designs [15], and architectural plans [16], underscoring its capacity for creative generation and design innovation.

However, despite its immense potential in the design sector, AIGC technology is not without its challenges and limitations. One significant concern is the potential for a lack of originality and human esthetic discernment in the generated designs, which could lead to a dearth of uniqueness and emotional resonance, thereby posing a challenge to the role of human designers [17]. Additionally, AIGC technology grapples with issues such as data bias, model instability, and ethical concerns [18], all of which require continuous research and resolution.

2.2. Research on the Esthetics of Ming-Style Furniture

As a significant subfield within furniture design, the esthetics of Ming-style furniture has garnered extensive academic interest. Originating during China’s Ming Dynasty, Ming-style furniture is distinguished by its pursuit of simplicity, balance, and harmony alongside exquisite craftsmanship [19]. The esthetic attributes of Ming-style furniture typically include simple lines, elegant proportions, rustic materials, and delicate wood carvings [20]. These features reflect the core tenets of Chinese classical esthetics, which emphasize the unity of nature and humanity, the intrinsic beauty of nature, and a sense of restraint and subtlety [21]. The esthetic value of Ming-style furniture transcends its physical design, extending to its cultural significance and the esthetic emotions it evokes [22]. In contemporary furniture design, the influence of Ming-style esthetics remains substantial, often viewed as both a homage to and a critique of the modern lifestyle [23]. Despite its enduring appeal, Ming-style furniture esthetics confront significant challenges in terms of esthetic reproduction and its dynamic heritage. These challenges include adapting to contemporary life requirements and esthetic preferences while preserving traditional esthetic qualities and achieving innovation and breakthroughs in furniture design methods. Thus, studying Ming-style furniture esthetics is crucial for understanding and perpetuating traditional culture, offering vital insights and guidance for contemporary furniture design.

2.3. Research on Sustainable Design Theory

Sustainable design is a theoretical and methodological framework predicated on principles that minimize resource consumption, reduce environmental impacts, and extend the lifespan of products [24]. In furniture design, sustainable design theory has increasingly garnered attention from designers and manufacturers. A literature review reveals that the theoretical framework of sustainable design encompasses several pivotal aspects. In particular, sustainable design primarily prioritizes the selection and utilization of materials. Scholars, including Ljungberg L.Y. [25], have highlighted the significance of using environmentally friendly, renewable, or recycled materials in furniture manufacturing as a critical approach to achieving sustainability. Moreover, sustainable design plays a pivotal role in balancing esthetic, functional, and environmental considerations in furniture design. It emphasizes the optimization of production processes, as has been argued by researchers such as Sujova A. [26]. Adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated by refining production techniques and reducing energy consumption, emissions, and waste generation.

Additionally, sustainable design underscores the importance of product life cycle management. According to Yang D. et al. [27], furniture designers should consider aspects such as maintainability, disassemblability, and recyclability during the design phase to prolong the product’s life and minimize waste production. In essence, sustainable design theory provides essential guiding principles and methodologies for furniture design, aiding designers and manufacturers in striking a balance between esthetic, functional, and environmental considerations and fostering a more sustainable trajectory within the furniture industry.

In summary, integrating AIGC technology with Ming-style furniture esthetics and sustainable design theory is still in the nascent stages of exploration. Our study is a significant step towards the esthetic preservation of Ming-style furniture. By thoroughly exploring the dual potential of AIGC technology, we aim to boost design efficiency, advocate for the use of eco-friendly materials, and streamline production processes, all while tackling existing technical challenges. This research is expected to contribute fresh insights and innovative ideas for the sustainable development of the furniture design field.

3. Research Design and Methods

3.1. Research Framework Design

This research was guided by the double diamond theoretical model, a systematic research methodology that enhances the research process. This model was employed to explore the potential of AIGC technology in terms of both the esthetic reproduction and the sustainable innovative design of Ming-style furniture. The double diamond model [28] facilitates a two-phase research comprising “discovery” and “confirmation” stages, which ensures the comprehensiveness and reliability of our findings. The fundamental process framework of this study, developed based on the double diamond model, is depicted in Figure 1.

First, the “Discovery” phase of the double diamond model involves an in-depth study of the traditional esthetic elements of Ming-style furniture. Through an extensive literature review and systematic data collection, we aimed to comprehensively understand the esthetic characteristics and deeper meanings associated with Ming-style furniture.

Second, the “Definition” phase within the double diamond model focuses on constructing a multi-dimensional feature model and an esthetic feature library for Ming-style furniture. Utilizing the three-level coding method of grounded theory, we analyzed the curated data to identify and codify the classic esthetic features of Ming-style furniture, thereby establishing a multi-dimensional feature model and esthetic library. These resources provide a theoretical foundation and data support for subsequent experimental research.

Third, the “Development” phase in the Double Diamond model is dedicated to developing and refining the AIGC toolkit, in order to achieve accurate esthetic reproduction and expert validation of Ming-style furniture designs. This phase is central to the research, involving the continuous optimization and iterations of the AIGC toolkit to tailor it specifically to the esthetic needs of Ming-style furniture. Concurrently, the toolkit was integrated with sustainable design principles to innovate contemporary Chinese furniture design practices and promote the development of furniture design towards environmental sustainability.

Finally, the “delivery” phase in the double diamond model encompasses design practice, inspection, evaluation, and a summarization and discussion of the research findings. This stage involved a critical review and analysis of the entire research process, utilizing the research outcomes in design practice to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of the study. Additionally, the findings are discussed, and recommendations and future research directions are proposed to enhance the overall research framework.

3.2. Research Methods

Grounded theory: Grounded theory, a qualitative research method, was introduced by American sociologists Glaser and Ansel Strauss in the 1970s [29]. The data collection and analysis process of grounded theory is iterative. Researchers start by conceptualizing the initial data through open coding to identify key concepts, attributes, and dimensions within the data [30]. Next, using axial coding, they connect the concepts with central phenomena and explore their causal relationships [31]. Finally, researchers apply selective coding to integrate all categories and create a theoretical framework. Theoretical sampling is a critical strategy in grounded theory as it involves collecting new data based on existing analysis results to develop further and refine the theory in progress. This ongoing data collection and analysis cycle continues until theoretical saturation is achieved [32]. This study uses grounded theory’s basic three-level coding process to investigate the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture. Through the systematic collection and analysis of relevant documents and data, we identify the core elements and characteristics of Ming-style furniture esthetics and establish a multi-dimensional model of these characteristics.

Empirical research: Rooted in positivism, empirical research methods focus on validating theoretical hypotheses or testing research questions through collecting and analyzing objective data [33]. These methods are widely used in various disciplines, including social sciences, engineering, medicine, and management [34]. By integrating empirical research methods into the study, researchers can generate robust evidence to support their findings and recommendations, thereby enhancing the credibility and validity of the research outcomes [35]. This study applies empirical research methods to thoroughly investigate the effectiveness of AIGC technology in enabling the esthetic preservation and innovative design of Ming-style furniture. Empirical research employs a structured and systematic approach to gathering evidence and testing hypotheses, allowing researchers to draw reliable conclusions based on empirical data [36]. Through the careful design and iterative development of the MFMP toolkit for Ming-style furniture, systematic experiments and data collection are conducted to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility and practicality of the design solutions generated by AIGC.

Life cycle assessment (LCA): LCA is a scientific methodology designed to comprehensively analyze and quantify the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle [37]. In this project, LCA ensures that each step of the new Ming-style sustainable, innovative design strictly adheres to the principles of environmental sustainability, thus minimizing the environmental impact of the developed products.

Design practice and evaluation methods: As a bridge between theoretical research and practical application, these methods validate the rationality and effectiveness of designs through actual testing and evaluation [38]. This approach not only emphasizes the application of theoretical knowledge, but also focuses on the impact feedback provided by practical operations. In this study, design practice and evaluation methods are used, and the research results are applied for the esthetic reproduction design of Ming-style furniture. The effectiveness of the design solutions is comprehensively evaluated through expert user surveys and other means, thereby ensuring the practicality and reliability of the research results.

4. Specific Experimental Process

4.1. Construction of a Theoretical Model of Multi-Dimensional Esthetic Elements of Ming-Style Furniture Based on Grounded Theory

4.1.1. Determination of the Research Object—Ming-Style Table Furniture

Due to the rich diversity and complex system of Ming-style furniture, which presents substantial challenges for research, it was determined that the most appropriate focus for this study was a single, specific type of furniture: table furniture. Therefore, this study focuses on Ming-style tables as the core research object, due to their distinctive design styles and characteristics and their central role in the overall structure of Ming-style furniture [39]. Ming-style table and case furniture not only serve indispensable functions in daily life, but their practicality and functionality have also gained wide recognition [40]. Furthermore, given the considerable growth potential of Ming-style table and case furniture in contemporary markets, investigating this category is significant in terms of both preserving and advancing traditional culture.

4.1.2. Grounded Theory Research Process Design

Guided by the principles of grounded theory, this study employed a rigorous and scientific methodology to examine and organize the esthetic elements of Ming-style furniture in depth. The research process included the following stages:

• Data collection and organization;
• Data analysis (including a three-level coding process);
• Construction and optimization of theoretical models;
• Integration of the Ming-style furniture esthetic element library.

These four interconnected links constitute a comprehensive and rigorous research framework focused on the esthetic elements of Ming-style furniture, as illustrated in Figure 2.

4.1.3. Specific Research Process

Data Collection and Integration. A systematic literature search was employed to investigate the esthetic characteristics and underlying significances associated with Ming-style furniture in depth. Firstly, we employed the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, utilizing the keyword ‘Ming-style furniture’ to identify relevant literature. Secondly, we employed citation and download metrics to identify critical articles within the field. Furthermore, bibliometric analysis tools like CiteSpace were employed to annotate and analyze the core literature, focusing on prominent monographs of Ming-style furniture. Subsequently, we conducted in-depth readings to select the most relevant monographs, both in print and electronic formats, from online platforms such as Amazon and Taobao. Finally, a meticulous review of the selected monographs was conducted using the predefined inclusion criteria to ascertain their suitability for research purposes.

The research team selected 19 monographs directly pertinent to Ming-style furniture through leveraging resources from online libraries, offline bookstores, and e-book platforms. Clear inclusion criteria were established beforehand, in order to ensure relevance to the research topic (details provided in

Table 1. Ming-style furniture research data collection table.

S/N	Inclusion Criteria	Number of Non-Compliance	Total Number of Non-Compliance	Total Collection
Criterion 1:	Closely related to Ming-style furniture and able to find physical books or full-version e-books;	0	11	19
Criterion 2:	The book covers the content of Ming-style furniture and table sections, not a simple description;	6
Criterion 3:	The introduction of table furniture in the book includes case picture display;	1
Criterion 4:	The introduction of table furniture in the book contains the text description of the case;	3
Criterion 5:	The introduction of table furniture in the book includes the introduction of the whole body size of most cases;	0
Criterion 6:	Monographs by different authors (to avoid too many duplicate cases).	1
Match Total				8

). A meticulous screening process based on the criteria above led a panel of esteemed experts, including three university professors specializing in traditional furniture research and one expert in the craftsmanship of Ming-style furniture, to select eight representative and authoritative monographs. From these, five monographs published over various years were randomly chosen for initial coding analysis. The remaining three monographs were utilized as backup materials in subsequent saturation tests, ensuring the rigor and stability of the research outcomes.

Three-level coding and construction of the theoretical model. According to the basic process of grounded theory research, the researchers organized and coded the research data on Ming-style furniture tables and cases. This process mainly included four stages: open coding, axial coding, selective coding, and saturation testing. First, in the open coding stage, the researchers systematically organized all the information related to Ming-style furniture tables and cases in the monograph and extracted key concepts and codes in a sentence-by-sentence manner. In total, 3050 original concepts were identified and sorted from the 332 cases. Subsequently, 365 preliminary concepts closely related to Ming-style furniture tables and cases were formed through integration. The researchers then proceeded to the axial coding stage, where the logical relationships between these preliminary concepts were further analyzed and summarized into 48 sub-categories and 5 main categories. These categories encompass a range of aspects, including production technology, decorative features, material selection, shape design, and variety classification. In the selective coding stage, the results of the first two coding stages were carefully synthesized, and the precise quantitative analysis of the “size ratio” data was employed to successfully summarize the six esthetic characteristic dimensions of Ming-style furniture tables and cases.

Construction of a multi-dimensional esthetic feature library. A critical aspect of this study was the development of a comprehensive esthetic feature library for Ming-style table and case furniture. As detailed in Figure 3, this library is grounded in a thorough understanding and meticulous analysis of the multi-dimensional esthetic features characteristic of Ming-style furniture. This feature library was developed with the aim of establishing a robust foundation for applying AIGC technology in the esthetic reproduction of Ming-style furniture.

When constructing the esthetic feature library, the research team identified six primary esthetic dimensions specific to Ming-style table and case furniture: variety classification, production techniques, decorative features, material selection, shape design, and size proportions. These dimensions stem from a pre-established theoretical model of multi-dimensional esthetic features. Each dimension incorporates a subsidiary model that meticulously documents its respective attributes and their logical relationships. The team employed the grounded theory methodology, which involved open, axial, and selective coding, to conduct an in-depth analysis of a vast array of collected literature. This analysis aimed to extract core keywords that aptly represent the esthetics of contemporary table and case furniture. These keywords were subsequently integrated with corresponding images and descriptive data, in order to construct the feature library.

This esthetics feature library was used as the original sample data for the AIGC experiments. Through accurately inputting these filtered and structured data, AIGC technology can more efficiently reproduce the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture in subsequent experiments and provide innovations based on these characteristics. Furthermore, this feature library is a valuable resource for designers and researchers when designing new or reproducing traditional Ming-style furniture. It ensures that the design of new products is faithful to tradition while also meeting modern needs.

4.2. Creation of an Exclusive Toolkit for Ming-Style Furniture AIGC

4.2.1. Experimental Design of Language Package for Esthetic Characteristics of Ming-Style Furniture

Artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology can automatically generate text, images, and other forms of content [41]. The research team selected ChatGPT4.0 and Midjourney as experimental tools [42] in this study, due to their specialized capabilities. ChatGPT4.0, renowned for its sophisticated language processing capabilities, was selected to assess the potential of AI in comprehending and generating language related to Ming-style furniture esthetics. Midjourney, a deep learning-based artificial intelligence platform, is dedicated to exploring and generating new visual arts and designs [43]. It exemplifies the application of AIGC technology through advanced algorithms to automate the creative process and enhance design efficiency and innovation.

Given that Midjourney’s operational characteristics primarily involve generating images from text instructions (prompts), constructing accurate, precise, and standardized prompts is paramount. Consequently, this experiment leveraged the Ming-style furniture esthetic feature library developed earlier as the initial dataset for the language package. These data were meticulously processed through a standardized testing procedure, in order to develop a language package of Ming-style furniture esthetic features that Midjourney can accurately interpret. The specific experimental testing process is depicted in Figure 4. This methodology ensures that the generated images faithfully reflect the esthetic designs of Ming-style furniture, effectively supporting subsequent design and research activities.

STEP 01: Initial Language Package Recognizability Test

The recognizability of the initial language package prompt words was tested by sequentially inputting them into Midjourney for image generation. A prompt word was retained if Midjourney could generate an image corresponding to the described feature. If the generated image does not relate to the intended feature, the prompt word is deemed unrecognizable and requires adjustment. For instance, consider the recognizability test for the leg feature prompt word, as illustrated in

Table 2. Initial language package recognition test sample.

S/N	Input Command	Generated Image	Retain/Adjust
1	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Square Straight legs, white background, 3/4 angle		Retain
2	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Round straight legs, white background, 3/4 angle		Adjust
3	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Triskelia legs, white background, 3/4 angle		Adjust
4	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Board straight legs, industrial design, white background		Adjust
5	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Three spandrels to one leg, white background, 3/4 angle		Adjust
6	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Convex apron and bulging legs, white background, 3/4 angle		Adjust
7	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Kang-table with extended legs, white background, 3/4 angle		Adjust

. The complete command entered into Midjourney—“/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Square Straight legs, white background, 3/4 angle”—and led to an image output, and the prompt word would be retained if “Square Straight Legs” can be accurately recognized and depicted in the image. Following this protocol, any leg feature prompt words that repeatedly failed to generate recognizable images after several attempts were subject to further adjustments.

STEP 02: Utilization of ChatGPT 4.0 for Feature Prompt Extraction

In this step, ChatGPT 4.0 analyzed images of classic Ming-style furniture, focusing on their esthetic characteristics from a product design perspective. This analysis included examining the shape, material, craftsmanship, and structure of the Ming-style furniture depicted in the images. Descriptive words were extracted from the annotations of corresponding parts. The words were then subjected to a recognition test using the Midjourney platform. Those successfully recognized led to updates in the initial language package, while those not recognized were discarded.

Consider the feature prompt word extraction for ‘Cabriole legs’ within the category of Ming-style furniture tables as an example (refer to

Table 3. ChatGPT 4.0 Aids in Extracting Feature Prompts Sample.

Input Command	Input Image	Answer Output (Focus on Leg Description)	Extract Words	Command Input	Generate Image	Retain/Adjust
Please describe this image from a product designer’s point of view.		The table shows sturdy cabriole legs which not only contribute to the overall style but also promise stability.	Cabriole legs	/imagine prompt: Ming Furniture, Table, Cabriole legs, white background, 3/4 angle		Retain

). Utilizing ChatGPT 4.0 to facilitate the extraction of feature prompts, we successfully identified three distinct feature prompts for the legs of Ming-style furniture while excluding ‘Board straight’, ‘Convex apron and bulging legs’, and ‘Kang-table with extended legs’, which Midjourney could not recognize. Ultimately, four cue words describing the leg shape characteristics of Ming-style furniture were successfully extracted and identified. Similarly, all feature words were systematically screened and tested.

STEP 03: Development of a Language Package for Ming-style Furniture Esthetic Characteristics

Following repeated screening tests described in previous steps, the final language package for the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style table and case furniture was developed using the Midjourney platform. This comprehensive language package encompasses 61 groups of prompt words tailored explicitly to the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style table and case furniture, including 14 groups of primary directional keywords, 29 groups of secondary core keywords, and 18 groups of tertiary detail keywords. The research team coded all keyword groups to demonstrate the actual generation effect of the characteristic keywords contained in the language package. Subsequently, for each group of keywords, a corresponding image sample was generated to visually represent the effectiveness of the prompts, as illustrated in Figure 5.

4.2.2. Development of Exclusive Prompts Formula Cards for Ming-Style Furniture on the Midjourney Platform

Utilizing the core operational manual of Midjourney and data from previous language package experiments, a foundational design model for Ming-style furniture was established on the Midjourney generation platform. The design formula is structured as follows:

• /imagine prompt: Subject + Subcategories + Shape Characteristics + Decoration Features + Material Features + Background + Product Perspective.

Following this, leveraging the basic design formula for Ming-style furniture developed on Midjourney, an Exclusive AIGC Prompts Formula Cards specific to Ming-style furniture was devised, as depicted in Figure 6.

In summary, a specialized AIGC toolkit for Ming-style furniture was developed utilizing the Midjourney platform, which has been designated as the ‘Ming-style Furniture Midjourney Prompt’ (MFMP). This toolkit comprises two main components: the AIGC esthetic characteristics language package for Ming-style furniture and the Exclusive AIGC Prompts Formula Cards, which are tailored to Ming-style furniture. On the Midjourney platform, users can input keywords from the Ming-style furniture AIGC esthetic feature language package, following established basic design formulas to generate furniture design solutions that authentically reflect traditional Ming-style esthetics.

4.2.3. Usability Test of AIGC Exclusive Tool Kit for Ming-Style Furniture

In this study, the research team designed and implemented an exhaustive user questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness and usability of the AIGC-specific toolkit for Ming-style furniture. This survey involved a total of 18 participants, including designers, Ming-style furniture enthusiasts, and Ming-style furniture experts. However, during the data cleaning process, it was determined that two participants lacked sufficient knowledge of Ming-style furniture and were unable to provide effective feedback. Consequently, their questionnaires were considered invalid and eliminated. Finally, a total of 16 valid questionnaires were collected.

To ensure the reliability of the survey data, the SPSS Statistics 24.0 software was used to conduct a reliability analysis on the questionnaire. As demonstrated in

Table 4. Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis.

Number of Items	Sample Size	Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient
16	16	0.876

, the Cronbach reliability coefficient was 0.876, exceeding the minimum threshold of 0.8, thereby confirming the high credibility of the research data and their suitability for further analysis and decision making.

In the questionnaire, the researchers asked participants to evaluate the different feature schemes of Ming-style furniture generated using the Ming-style furniture AIGC toolkit. The evaluation criteria were based on a series of pre-defined esthetic attributes of Ming-style furniture, such as smooth lines, exquisite decoration, materials, and craftsmanship. Participants rated each option on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 representing the lowest and 5 representing the highest level of agreement with the attribute in question. Subsequently, the average score of each generated solution in the valid questionnaire was analyzed through the SPSS software. A scheme is considered to be more in line with the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture if the average score was greater than or equal to 4 points. Conversely, a scheme with an average score of less than 3 points was deemed to have obvious flaws, and cannot accurately reflect the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture in some aspects.

As demonstrated by the SPSS software analysis presented in

Table 5. Assessment scores for the AIGC toolkit specialized in Ming-style furniture esthetics.

No.	Description	Average Score
1	The waist design in the following image matches the Ming-style waist feature	4.000
2	The stretcher design in the following image matches the Ming-style luoguo stretcher feature	3.938
3	The yazi design in the following image matches the Ming-style tooth-like ornamentation	3.875
4	The leg design in the following image matches the Ming-style triple-curved leg feature	3.750
5	The foot design in the following image matches the Ming-style inward-curving horseshoe foot feature	3.813
6	The panel design in the following image matches the Ming-style square ji panel feature	3.875
7	The carving decoration in the following image matches the Ming-style auspicious beast pattern decoration	3.500
8	The lacquer decoration in the following image matches the Ming-style lacquer ash decoration	3.563
9	The material in the following image matches the Ming-style rosewood material feature	4.000
10	The desk type in the following image matches the Ming-style kang desk feature	3.813
11	The yazi structure and carving decoration in the following image matches the Ming-style design and decoration features	3.875
12	The leg design and material in the following image matches the Ming-style round wood straight leg and huanghuali wood feature	4.000
13	The following image’s generated Plan A possesses Ming-style furniture esthetic features	2.375
14	The following image’s generated Plan B possesses Ming-style furniture esthetic features	3.875

, the combinations featuring item 1, “waist shape”, item 9 “mahogany material”, and item 12 “leg shape + huanghuali material” each garnered a score of four points. This high rating emphatically confirms that these elements align closely with the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture. Scores for other configurations ranged from 3 to 4 points. Notably, the average scores for item 7 “carving decoration” and item 8 “paint decoration” were 3.500 and 3.563, respectively, which were marginally lower than those for other items. While the Ming-style furniture designs generated by Midjourney possess certain typical esthetic features, there are still aspects of esthetic recognition and generation that are less pronounced and require further enhancement. In conclusion, there is considerable scope for further improvement in Midjourney’s ability to generate solutions in the Ming style.

Furthermore, a series of comparative tests were conducted by the research team. Two graduate design students, who were familiar with the Midjourney image generation technology but wished to be better-versed in Ming-style furniture, were selected for the study. Following Plan A, the first student randomly generated designs based on their personal ideas, whereas the second student followed Plan B, and utilized a specialized toolkit provided by the research team. Expert evaluations indicated that the designs generated by Plan A, as shown in Item 13 of Table 5, received an average score of 2.375 (i.e., below the threshold of 3 points). This result indicates the need to better capture the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture. Conversely, Plan B, evaluated in item 14 of another group, achieved an average score of 3.875, thus approaching 4 points and indicating a more comprehensive incorporation of the Ming-style esthetic. Furthermore, experts noted that Plan B aligns more closely with the esthetic criteria of 16 Ming-style furniture elements defined by Wang Shixiang [44], a renowned contemporary Chinese master of Ming-style furniture. These elements include conciseness, purity, solemnity, heroism, robustness, calmness, luxuriance, gorgeousness, delicacy, toughness, softness, ethereality, exquisiteness, elegance, and freshness. These results are detailed in

Table 6. Comparative evaluation of generated Ming-style furniture designs.

Description	Option	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Which of the following design plans aligns more closely with the sixteen esthetic taste requirements of Ming-style furniture as proposed by Wang Shixiang, a renowned contemporary Chinese expert on Ming-style furniture?	Plan A	1	6.25
	Plan B	15	93.75

. The evaluations indicated that, while the Ming-style furniture designs generated on the Midjourney platform using the MFMP toolkit initially captured the unique esthetic charm of Ming-style furniture, there remains potential for further optimization and enhancement.

4.3. Integrating Sustainable Design Theory and Developing Innovative Design Methods for New Chinese-Style Furniture

In the context of the global trend towards sustainable design, the core objective of this study is to examine specific practical methods that integrate sustainable design principles with the creation of new Chinese-style furniture. The utilization of artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology—particularly the Ming-style furniture special toolkit (MFMP) offered by the Midjourney platform—enables designers to efficiently simulate and evaluate multiple design alternatives for new Chinese-style furniture without the need for physical resources. This approach significantly reduces the carbon footprint associated with the design process. By employing these technological tools, designers can thoroughly explore and reproduce the esthetic elements of Ming-style furniture while innovating functionality and form to meet the demands of modern living environments.

4.3.1. Importance of Sustainability and Design Principles

In the current global context, marked by climate change and the depletion of natural resources, sustainability has emerged as an indispensable core concern within the design discipline. This trend has compelled designers to reflect deeply on and re-define the criteria for “quality design” [45]. In furniture design, these shifts imply the integration of new dimensions in the pursuit of esthetics and functionality and the imperative for designers to proactively engage in environmental stewardship through their creative endeavors [46]. The innovative realm of new Chinese furniture design, which melds the essence of traditional culture with modern esthetic principles, offers a distinctive opportunity and platform to implement sustainable design practices.

Sustainable design principles have advanced from the well-established “3R principle” [47] to the more comprehensive “7R principle” [48]. This shift signifies a deepening and broadening commitment to environmental protection. The 7R framework not only upholds the traditional 3R concepts of reduce, re-use, and recycle, but also expands its scope to offer a more thorough and systematic approach to guide the environmental sustainability of both product and process design.

• Reduce: this principle prioritizes raw materials and energy consumption during manufacturing processes to alleviate environmental impacts and decrease waste production.
• Re-use: this principle encourages the maximal re-use of products or their components before the end of their lifecycle, thereby minimizing waste.
• Recycle: when products cannot be re-used, adherence to the recycling principle ensures materials’ effective recovery and re-use, promoting resource circularity.
• Recovery: beyond material recycling, it is crucial to recover energy from waste products or production processes to enhance energy efficiency.
• Repair: designs should facilitate easy repair, allowing timely repairs that prolong the lifespan of the product.
• Refuse: to safeguard environmental and human health, the design phase should reject the use of environmentally harmful or unsustainable materials and processes.
• Re-design: this principle emphasizes the importance advocating for integrating environmental sustainability considerations throughout the product design and development stages. This integration is believed to facilitate the fulfilment of sustainable development goals.

These principles are interconnected and mutually reinforcing, forming the foundational framework of sustainable design. Considering a product’s entire lifecycle—from design through production, usage, and eventual recycling and re-use—this framework encourages businesses and consumers to make more environmentally conscious decisions. Such a holistic approach fosters the development of a circular economy and supports the harmonious advancement of economic, social, and environmental objectives [49]. Consequently, this study delves into the innovative design methods of new Chinese-style furniture in a manner that is grounded in the 7R principles.

4.3.2. Sustainable Innovation Design Process of New Chinese-Style Furniture

As a type of furniture that combines traditional elements and modern esthetics, new Chinese-style furniture has become the focus of the industry’s efforts to achieve innovation while maintaining sustainable development. Based on the principles of sustainable development and combined with AIGC generative tools, a new sustainable innovation design model was successfully constructed, providing an innovative path for new Chinese-style furniture design (see Figure 7 for details). The design process encompasses six principal stages, commencing with “design object research” and “marketing promotion and follow-up services”. Each stage is guided by environmental responsibility, centered on user needs, and pursues innovation and perfection in design.

STEP01: Design Object Research

This initial stage is crucial in the design process, encompassing three key components: background analysis, user needs research, and sustainable standards development. Given the focus on “new Chinese style” sustainable innovation design paths, the foundation of this step involves a comprehensive analysis of the historical context and cultural significance of Ming-style furniture. It is coupled with an assessment of modern living environments and consumer preferences, in order to balance traditional craftsmanship and contemporary lifestyles.

STEP02: Concept Design and Creative Development

At this stage, the design team is engaged in extensive brainstorming to foster diverse thinking and deeply investigates the innovative amalgamation of traditional esthetic elements with modern trends. Utilizing the Ming-style furniture AIGC exclusive toolkit—MFMP—the team integrated the innovative ideas generated during brainstorming to produce preliminary conceptual design sketches. This toolkit is instrumental in helping designers to precisely capture the traditional esthetic essence of Ming-style furniture and adeptly weave these elements into a modern design context through style evolution. Following meticulous deliberation and ongoing refinement, a design scheme that preserves the classic esthetic attributes of Ming-style furniture while aligning with contemporary esthetic norms was formulated.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the practical application effect of new Chinese-style furniture in the conceptual design stage of the sustainable innovation design process, the research team selected the “Bamboo Forest Table” as the design core based on the innovative design theoretical framework, carefully planned and launched two sets of unique design solutions, namely Plan A and Plan B. The specific details are shown in Figure 8.

Subsequently, we had the privilege of engaging 3 esteemed senior Ming-style furniture experts, 10 highly respected senior professors in product design, and 20 talented elite college students majoring in design. Their in-depth, detailed, and multi-angle evaluation of these two sets of design plans, as detailed in the records in

Table 7. Multi-dimensional comparison and evaluation table between design plan A and plan B.

No.	Description	Average Score of Plan A	Average Score of Plan B
1	Correlation between exterior design and design theme “bamboo table”	3.97	2.18
2	Correlation between inner artistic conception and design theme “bamboo table”	2.76	2.91
3	Correlation between exterior design and design style “new Chinese style”	3.68	2.79
4	Correlation between inner artistic conception and design style “new Chinese style”	2.61	3.88
5	Creativity of exterior design	4.26	3.36
6	Creativity of inner artistic conception	3.48	3.97
7	Compliance with basic design requirements	4.48	4.61

and

Table 8. Expert preference assessment for design plan A and plan B.

Description	Option	Frequency	Percentage (%)
From the perspective of Ming-style furniture research, which design do you think is more in line with the characteristics of Ming-style furniture?	Plan A	13	39.39%
	Plan B	20	60.61%
From the perspective of contemporary furniture esthetics, which design do you prefer?	Plan A	10	30.30%
	Plan B	23	69.70%

, brings a wealth of credibility to our findings. The comprehensive analysis reveals that Plan A excels in the fit and creativity of the appearance and design theme, particularly in the appearance of the “Bamboo Forest Table” theme and the “New Chinese” style. On the other hand, option B outshines the relevance and creativity of the inner artistic conception and design theme, especially in showcasing the inner connotation of the “new Chinese style” style. The score is significantly higher than that of Option A. Moreover, Option B slightly edges out in meeting the basic design requirements.

Furthermore, from the perspective of Ming-style furniture research, Plan B is more in line with the characteristics of Ming-style furniture, accounting for 60.61%. From the perspective of contemporary furniture esthetics, plan B is also more popular, accounting for 69.70%. Although Plan A has lower scores from these two perspectives, a considerable proportion of respondents still believe that its design aligns with the characteristics of Ming-style furniture (39.39%) and has the esthetics of contemporary furniture (30.30%).

Summing up, both sets of design solutions have showcased a high level of feasibility and innovation in multiple key dimensions. Plan B, in particular, has excelled in conforming to the characteristics of traditional Ming-style furniture and the esthetics of contemporary furniture, and has been widely recognized by the respondents. Moving forward, we suggest incorporating the design elements and style of Plan B, and leveraging the advantages of Plan A to create a design that better aligns with user expectations and needs.

STEP03: Sustainable Design Integration

This stage forms the central part of the design process. Innovative design for new Chinese-style furniture involves integrating the 7R principles—reduce, re-use, recycle, recovery, repair, refuse, re-design—into the overall design process to achieve resource conservation and environmental friendliness. Initially, the selection of environmentally friendly materials emphasizes respect for natural resources, focusing on the life cycle of materials; prioritizing renewable, low-carbon, and non-polluting options; and ensuring sustainable material supply while avoiding resource depletion [50]. The second strategy involves optimizing energy efficiency by improving energy utilization, reducing carbon emissions, considering the energy efficiency of furniture, optimizing its structure, enhancing production technology, and exploring new green energy applications [51]. The third approach—recyclable design—aims to extend product service life, enhance resource utilization, focus on durability and maintainability, increase recycling rates, and minimize environmental waste impacts [52]. The fourth element includes conducting a life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impact of furniture thoroughly, identify high-impact stages, and optimize to minimize environmental effects throughout the product’s life cycle [53]. The fifth strategy improves the production efficiency through process optimization, energy and pollution reduction, advanced equipment, increased production automation, and strengthened internal management for greener production [54]. Finally, integrating social responsibility involves promoting green consumption, enhancing environmental awareness, aligning consumer needs with environmental protection concepts, and fostering a green consumer market [55]. Implementing these six design strategies drives the sustainable and innovative development of the new Chinese furniture industry, revitalizes the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese furniture culture, and boosts the industry’s global image and status.

STEP04: Prototyping and Testing

This phase encompasses three primary activities: 3D printing of prototypes, physical testing, and user feedback evaluation. Initially, 3D printing technology is employed to swiftly translate design concepts into physical prototypes for performance evaluation. However, to address concerns regarding the structural integrity of the prototypes, advanced techniques such as finite element analysis (FEA) [56] and stress testing [57] are utilized to assess robustness and identify potential weak points. The prototypes then undergo rigorous testing in various real-world environments to assess durability, safety, and utility. Emphasis is placed on simulating extreme conditions, such as high and low temperatures, humidity, and mechanical stress, to ensure reliable performance under diverse scenarios. Structural stability and component integrity are further evaluated through disassembly and reassembly processes, identifying areas for improvement. User feedback, a valuable resource, is collected and analyzed during prototyping and testing phase. This feedback plays a pivotal role in guiding design modifications, leading to enhancements in usability, comfort, and overall satisfaction. The integration of comprehensive structural analysis into the prototyping and testing phase is a strategic move [58]. It ensures that potential issues are identified and addressed proactively, paving the way for the development of high-quality products that meet user needs and performance standards.

STEP05: Intelligent Manufacturing and Production Optimization

This stage leverages intelligent manufacturing technologies and production optimization strategies to enhance the efficiency and environmental sustainability of furniture production. Implementing automated machinery, intelligent sensing technology, and advanced data analytics can significantly boost resource utilization efficiency and environmental friendliness. Key initiatives include integrating automated production lines, intelligent monitoring systems for quality control, and rigorous product inspection processes. Additionally, adopting green logistics and environmentally friendly packaging methods further reduces the ecological footprint of production activities. These advancements improve the efficiency and quality of furniture production and establish a solid foundation for the market introduction of new Chinese-style furniture, aiding enterprises in developing sustainable competitive advantages.

STEP06: Marketing and Follow-up Services

This final stage encompasses brand positioning, marketing strategy development, and establishing a recycling system and maintenance service plan. Brand positioning for new Chinese-style furniture emphasizes its unique design, superior craftsmanship, and commitment to environmental sustainability. This phase involves thorough research on the target market to grasp consumer preferences and craft precise marketing strategies, which may include a blend of online and offline promotions, strategic alliances, and themed events aimed at expanding market presence. Establishing a recycling system minimizes resource wastage and environmental pollution, bolstering consumer recognition of the brand’s eco-friendly initiatives. This system facilitates waste recycling, dismantling, and re-use through partnerships with cooperative organizations, encouraging consumer participation in sustainable practices. Comprehensive maintenance service plans are also formulated to protect consumer interests and enhance customer satisfaction, encompassing pre-sales consultations, in-sales guidance, and extensive after-sales services.

5. Results and Discussion

This section discusses the research results, focusing on the construction of a multi-dimensional feature library of Ming-style furniture esthetics, applying AIGC technology to preserve traditional esthetics, and its effectiveness in fostering innovation and sustainable design methods.

Result 1: Construction of a Multi-dimensional Esthetic Feature Library for Ming-style Furniture.

This project established a comprehensive esthetic feature library for Ming-style furniture. This library encapsulates the detailed descriptions of furniture design elements from multiple perspectives, including various classifications, production techniques, decorative features, material selection, form design, and size proportions. Each element was meticulously curated and structured. These data serve not only as precise original samples for AIGC experiments, but also significantly enhance the efficiency of such experiments. Through these structured data, AIGC technology can accurately replicate the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture and initiate innovative designs based on these traits. Moreover, the feature library provides a valuable resource for designers and researchers, aiding them in crafting new designs or reproducing traditional Ming-style furniture.

Result 2: Reproduction of Traditional Esthetics in Ming-style Furniture Using the Ming-style Furniture AIGC Exclusive Toolkit (MFMP)

The development of the Ming-style furniture AIGC exclusive toolkit (MFMP) directly addresses the challenge of preserving the traditional esthetics of Ming-style furniture in the context of modern furniture design using AIGC technology. The creation of the MFMP offers a viable and practical pathway for inheriting and safeguarding these traditional esthetics. By employing the MFMP, designers can rapidly capture and understand the esthetic essence of Ming-style furniture, allowing for the seamless integration of these traditional elements into contemporary furniture designs. This integration not only enhances the diversity and style of modern furniture, but also preserves its traditional allure, thereby fostering innovative design concepts.

Result 3: Innovation in Design Methodology and Sustainable Development

The utility of AIGC technology extends beyond mere esthetic restoration; it also facilitates innovative design methodologies, steering furniture design towards environmentally sustainable practices. This study developed a sustainable and innovative design model for new Ming-style furniture that marries traditional elements with modern esthetics while adhering to sustainable development principles. The design process is methodically segmented into six stages, including thorough design object research, conceptual design, and creative ideation using the AIGC toolkit MFMP. It progresses to integrating sustainable design principles, specifically applying the 7R principles to enhance the environmental compatibility of the designs. Subsequent stages include prototyping and user testing, in order to ensure alignment with user needs, advancing to intelligent manufacturing and optimization of production efficiency. The final stage involves market acceptance validation through strategic marketing and service initiatives.

Compared with the traditional furniture design model (see

Table 9. Comparison of traditional furniture design and sustainable innovation furniture design model.

Comparison Dimension	Traditional Furniture Design Model	Innovative Furniture Design Model (This Study)
Design concept	Mainly based on traditional crafts and manual skills, emphasizing the continuation of history and culture	Combining A1GC technology, integrating traditional esthetics with modern innovative elements
Material selection	Mainly using natural materials, such as wood and bamboo, focusing on the natural properties of materials	Prioritizing the use of environmentally friendly, renewable and low-carbon materials, emphasizing the sustainability of materials
Design tools	Traditional design tools, such as hand-drawn sketches and hand-made models	AIGC toolkit (MFMP) based on the Midjourney platform to achieve intelligent design
Production process	Hand-made and small-scale production, complex and time-consuming	Intelligent manufacturing and automated production to improve production efficiency and reduce energy consumption
User participation	Low user participation, designers dominate the design process	User feedback and demand research throughout the design process, emphasizing user-centered design
Environmental impact	Great impact on the environment, obvious pollution problems in material consumption and production process	Applying the 7R principle (reduce, re-use, recycle, recovery, repair, refuse, redesign) to minimize environmental impact
Life cycle management	Less attention paid to product life and maintainability	Focusing on the full life cycle management of products, including design, use, recycling, and re-use
Marketing and service	Relying on traditional channels and word-of-mouth communication, the service system is not sound	Establishing a complete marketing strategy and customer service system, and attaching importance to brand building
Innovation and sustainability	Lack of innovation, mainly relying on traditional design inheritance	Emphasis on innovative design and sustainable development, promoting the modernization of new Chinese furniture

), the innovative furniture design model developed in this study has shown significant improvements and upgrades in the design concept, material selection, production process, user participation, environmental impact, life cycle management, marketing and service, and innovation and sustainability. This comprehensive process proposes a sustainable, innovative design model for new Ming-style furniture and validates its practical efficacy, offering robust support for the modern transformation and sustainable evolution of traditional furniture.

6. Conclusions

This study successfully established a multi-dimensional esthetic feature library through integrating artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology with traditional Ming-style furniture esthetic elements. This integration furnished valuable reference materials for contemporary furniture design while ensuring the practical preservation and inheritance of traditional esthetics. Utilizing the Ming style furniture AIGC exclusive toolkit (MFMP), this study illustrated how traditional esthetics can be synergistically combined with modern technology, fostering innovative design and sustainable development.

The findings reported in this study confirm the efficacy and practicality of AIGC technology in reproducing and innovating traditional furniture designs. Through accurately rendering and enhancing the esthetic characteristics of Ming-style furniture, AIGC technology bolsters designers’ creative inspiration and augments the efficiency and sustainability of design processes. Moreover, the developed Ming-style furniture esthetic feature library offers future designers rapid access to traditional design elements, significantly enriching the diversity and cultural depth of novel designs. Moreover, advancing eco-friendly and sustainable design methodologies for new Chinese-style furniture encourages the industry to pursue more environmentally conscious and sustainable practices.

In conclusion, this research has made significant contributions to the field of reimagining Ming-style furniture esthetics and sustainable innovative design. These achievements offer new insights and pathways for the Ming-style furniture industry and drive the integration of traditional craftsmanship with modern technology, advancing progress in related fields. Nevertheless, this research faces several limitations. First, the scale and diversity of the dataset need to be improved, potentially curtailing the comprehensiveness and depth of the Ming-style furniture language package. Second, while the AIGC toolkit aids design, its ability to reproduce complex and nuanced traditional craft features requires further enhancement. Moreover, although this study established a sustainable and innovative design trajectory for new Chinese-style furniture, constraints such as the study’s duration and the project’s phased implementation preclude a comprehensive demonstration of practical effects within this paper. Future research is anticipated to delve deeper into this field, continuously advancing design innovation and development, thus contributing towards the creation of a better living environment.