Beneficial Use of Water Treatment Sludge with Stabilizers for Application in Road Pavements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- Few studies have evaluated the replacement of soil with sludge in combination with stabilizing materials;
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- Most research is limited to a single material, restricting analysis to comparisons between mixtures;
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- Many studies lack standardization or specifications for the pre-treatment of incorporated WTS;
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- There is no specific legislation governing the use of sludge.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Analysis Methods
2.2.1. Physical and Chemical Characterization
2.2.2. Geotechnical Characterization
2.2.3. Mechanical Viability Analysis of Mixtures
- Subgrade materials must exhibit a swell of 2% or less, as measured in the CBR test, and have a CBR of at least 2%.
- Materials for subgrade reinforcement must have a CBR greater than that of the subgrade and a swell of 1% or less.
- Sub-base materials must have a CBR of at least 20% and a swell of 1% or less.
- Base materials must have a CBR of at least 80% and a swell of 0.5% or less.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil and WTPS Characteristics
3.2. Geotechnical Characterization of Soil and WTPS
3.3. Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures
4. Conclusions
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- The physical and chemical analysis of the WTS and soil indicated that the resulting composites, when mixed for road construction, do not pose environmental risks.
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- Geotechnical analysis revealed that WTS and silty sand soil share similar particle sizes. However, while the silty sand exhibited a liquid limit of 26.42% and a plasticity index of 2.68%, the WTS was classified as non-plastic.
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- Mechanical testing demonstrated that soil–sludge mixtures, when augmented with stabilizing agents, meet Brazilian standards for various pavement layers. The optimal composition was determined to be CP5 (92% soil + 5% WTS + 3% cement), achieving a CBR of 41.50%. With the addition of lime, the most favorable results were obtained for CP9 (82% soil + 15% WTS + 3% lime), yielding a CBR of 21.25%.
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- Increasing the WTS content in cement mixtures resulted in decreased CBR values due to the rise in fine particles, which hindered interaction with the cement.
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- Conversely, augmenting WTS content in lime mixtures led to increased CBR values, as lime exhibited a more effective interaction with fine particles.
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- This study solely assessed mixtures with dried WTPS, silty sand soil stabilizers, and stabilizers (cement and lime). Future research could explore the utilization of other soil types with stabilizers, incorporate fibers into the mixes, evaluate the long-term performance of the pavement structure, and examine the economic and environmental feasibility of this beneficial application.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mixing Components with WTS | Type of Sludge Aluminum/Iron (A/I) | Pre-Treatment of Sludge | Evaluated WTS Incorporation Percentages (%) | Percentage of Most Suitable WTS (%) | Use for Geotechnical Applications | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clayey sand soil and sandy soil | A and I | Drying in thermal equipment (150 to 180 °C) | 25; 50 | 25 e 50 | Embankment | [4] |
Sandy soil | I | N.S. | 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 22 | 18 | N.S. | [33] |
Clayey soil | A | N.S. | 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 | 8 | Road infrastructure | [34] |
Clayey sand soil, clayey soil, hydrated lime and granite–gneiss rock powder | A and I | N.S. | 3.4; 4.2; 4.5; 5.6; 5.7; 7.0; 7.4; 7.5; 8.5; 9.3; 10.0; 11.3; 13.9; 14.3; 20.0; 22.2; 25.0; 28.6 | 7.4 | Daily and intermediate covers of waste landfills, and other applications with low soliciting stresses | [35] |
Collapsing soil | N.S. | Oven drying at 105 °C | 4; 8; 12; 16 | 10 | Road construction | [36] |
Sandy silt | Al | N.S: | 5; 10; 15; 20 | 15 | Liner material | [37] |
Clayey soil | I | Oven drying at 105 °C | 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12 | 10 | Construction of roads, particularly with lower-traffic loads, lowered airfields, and non-structural applications, such as subfloors, blocks, non-load bearing walls, sidewalks, and residential floors | [38] |
Nomenclature | Composition | Description |
---|---|---|
CP1 | S | Soil (100%) |
CP2 | S + 3%CEM | Soil (97%) + cement (3%) |
CP3 | S + 3%LIME | Soil (97%) + lime (3%) |
CP4 | S + 10%WTS | Soil (90%) + WTS (10%) |
CP5 | S + 5%WTS + 3%CEM | Soil (92%) + WTS (5%) + cement (3%) |
CP6 | S + 8%WTS + 3%CEM | Soil (89%) + WTS (8%) + cement (3%) |
CP7 | S + 10%WTS + 3%CEM | Soil (87%) + WTS (10%) + cement (3%) |
CP8 | S + 10%WTS + 3%LIM | Soil (87%) + WTS (10%) + lime (3%) |
CP9 | S + 15%WTS + 3%LIM | Soil (82%) + WTS (15%) + lime (3%) |
CP10 | S + 20%WTS + 3%LIM | Soil (77%) + WTS (20%) + lime (3%) |
Parameter | WTS | Silty Sand Soil | QRV |
---|---|---|---|
Dry solids content (% w/w) | 78.1 | 95.7 | NE |
Organic matter (% w/w) | 36.8 | 0.05 | NE |
Iron (mg/kg) | 36,500 | 12,400 | NE |
Aluminum (mg/kg) | 93,300 | 44,400 | NE |
Cadmium (mg/kg) | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.5 |
Barium (mg/kg) | 57.2 | 62.0 | 75 |
Lead (mg/kg) | 4.45 | 6.45 | 17 |
Chromium (mg/kg) | 11.4 | 5.22 | 40 |
Mercury (mg/kg) | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.05 |
Manganese (mg/kg) | 1330 | 1 | NE |
Copper (mg/kg) | 366 | 1 | 35 |
Nomenclature | OMC (%) | DUWmax (g/cm3) | Swell (%) | CBR (%) | Applicability in Paving [60] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP1 | 14.40 | 1.68 | 0.88 | 14.44 | Subgrade reinforcement |
CP2 | 14.20 | 1.72 | 0.36 | 92.33 | Base |
CP3 | 13.00 | 1.74 | 0.39 | 8.11 | Subgrade reinforcement |
CP4 | 18.60 | 1.42 | 0.24 | 14.87 | Subgrade reinforcement |
CP5 | 11.00 | 1.66 | 0.22 | 41.50 | Subbase |
CP6 | 13.20 | 1.62 | 0.64 | 26.65 | Sub-base |
CP7 | 15.00 | 1.51 | 0.35 | 28.68 | Sub-base |
CP8 | 18.10 | 1.60 | 0.40 | 12.89 | Subgrade reinforcement |
CP9 | 19.30 | 1.58 | 0.22 | 21.25 | Sub-base |
CP10 | 21.00 | 1.52 | 0.37 | 20.13 | Sub-base |
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Takao, T.W.; Bardini, V.S.; de Jesus, A.D.; Marchiori, L.; Albuquerque, A.; Fiore, F.A. Beneficial Use of Water Treatment Sludge with Stabilizers for Application in Road Pavements. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135333
Takao TW, Bardini VS, de Jesus AD, Marchiori L, Albuquerque A, Fiore FA. Beneficial Use of Water Treatment Sludge with Stabilizers for Application in Road Pavements. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135333
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakao, Túlio W., Vivian S. Bardini, Amanda D. de Jesus, Leonardo Marchiori, Antonio Albuquerque, and Fabiana A. Fiore. 2024. "Beneficial Use of Water Treatment Sludge with Stabilizers for Application in Road Pavements" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135333