Model Predictive Controlled Parallel Photovoltaic-Battery Inverters Supporting Weak Grid Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Problem Statement
1.4. Article Novelty
- A novel FCSMPC controller approach is presented in this paper for hybrid PV-battery parallel three-level NPC inverters. The proposed FCSMPC provides a flexible digital means for achieving multiple objectives simultaneously without the need for cascaded controllers.
- The FCSMPC-based algorithm facilitates the response to achieve multiple functionalities simultaneously, including MPPT control, ESS charging/discharging, weak grid support, LVRT control, and management of unbalanced grid voltage conditions. In contrast to classical controllers, FCSMPC eliminates the need for complex design procedures involving cascaded controllers.
- Additionally, economic management has been achieved in the system by employing the feed-in tariff (FiT) during the reference current generation.
- Real-time simulation HiL setup using the OPAL-RT platform is presented for implementing the proposed hybrid PV–ESS system with the FCSMPC algorithm.
2. Model of the System
2.1. System Description
2.2. Three-Level NPC Operation
2.3. Mathematical Discrete Modeling of NPC Inverter
3. Proposed Method
3.1. PV MPPT Control
3.2. MPC Algorithm
3.3. Control Mechanism
3.4. FiT Mechanism
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Response to a Dramatic Drop in Grid Voltage
4.2. Investigation under Conditions of Unbalanced Grid Voltages
4.3. The System’s Behavior under Dynamic Change in PV Power
4.4. The System’s Behavior under Dynamic FiT
- At high FiT conditionThe system’s economic benefits are augmented by its adaptable power injection, which is activated by dynamic adjustments to the FiT. Figure 10 illustrates the observed system’s behavior and response at high FiT conditions. The FiT-MF has been noted to rise from 1 to 1.2, as shown in the figure. This implies a relationship between injecting grid power () and increasing earnings. Consequently, the ESS undergoes discharge, as indicated by the elevated ESS current (), aimed at boosting power delivery to the grid, and hence resulting in a positive value of ESS’s Power (). Consequently, grid current () experiences a rapid upsurge, indicating an increase in exported power to the grid. In contrast, the PVA operates under stable conditions with no variations in (), (), or (). Additionally, there are no discernible effects on DC-link capacitor voltages (, , , ) for both converters and load power ().
- At low FiT conditionAn examination of the response to a transition toward a lower FiT-MF of 0.2 is depicted in Figure 11. Currently, an economical energy source is available for supplying power to loads and recharging the ESS system. Consequently, the current flowing into the grid () is reversed, indicating the absorption of power from the grid, as evidenced by the grid power () signal reversing its direction. As for the ESS current (), it is inverted, signifying the process of ESS charging. Subsequently, the power generated by the PV system () is reduced. Concerning the capacitor voltages (, ) of the PV converter, they exhibit a slight decrease, influenced by the decline in PV power (), while there is no corresponding change in the ESS converter for (, ) voltages. The potential energy stored in the ESS system can be harnessed to enhance returns during periods of high FiT-MF.
4.5. Effect of Parameters Variations and System Uncertainties
4.6. Comparing the Performance of the System Utilizing the MPC Approach with That of the Traditional PI Control
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Considered Structure and Control Methodology | Performance Metrics Comparisons | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. | Contribution | Inverter Topology | No. of Stages | Control Scheme | Control Complexity | Control Functions | PV Power LVRT | Reactive Power LVRT | FIT |
[37] |
| 3P-4W VSC | Two stages | AL-BP + Hysteresis PWM+PI EES converter | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
[33] |
| 1P- VSC | Single stage | PR controller + harmonic compensator | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
[48] |
| 3P- VSC | Two stages | Cascaded PI controller | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
[34] |
| 3P- VSC | three stages | PI controller | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
[35] |
| 3P- VSC | Two stages | PI+STFCL and PI/SD+ BTFCL | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Proposed |
| 3P-NPC VSC | Single stage | FCSMPC | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
State | Output | Switching Signals | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | ON | ON | OFF | OFF | |
O | 0 | OFF | ON | ON | OFF |
N | OFF | OFF | ON | ON |
PV Array | |
---|---|
Maximum array power () | 800 kW |
Voltage at maximum power () | 1050 V |
Current at maximum power () | 730 A |
DC-link capacitors (, ) | 25 mF |
weighting factor () | 5 |
Grid | |
Power of the grid () | 800 kW |
Grid voltage () | 320 V |
Fundamental frequency of grid () | 50 Hz |
System sampling frequency () | 5 kHz |
Filter resistance () | 0.5 m |
Filter inductance () | 1 mH |
ESS | |
ESS voltage () | 1160 V |
ESS capacity () | 1000 Whr |
DC-link capacitors (, ) | 25 mF |
weighting factor () | 5 |
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Selim, F.; Aly, M.; Megahed, T.F.; Shoyama, M.; Abdelkader, S.M. Model Predictive Controlled Parallel Photovoltaic-Battery Inverters Supporting Weak Grid Environment. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177261
Selim F, Aly M, Megahed TF, Shoyama M, Abdelkader SM. Model Predictive Controlled Parallel Photovoltaic-Battery Inverters Supporting Weak Grid Environment. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177261
Chicago/Turabian StyleSelim, Fatma, Mokhtar Aly, Tamer F. Megahed, Masahito Shoyama, and Sobhy M. Abdelkader. 2024. "Model Predictive Controlled Parallel Photovoltaic-Battery Inverters Supporting Weak Grid Environment" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177261