Multi-Faceted Analysis of Airborne Noise Impact in the Port of Split (III)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Settings
- The A-weighted sound pressure level measurement (LAeq) of the initial state of port noise in the absence of cargo-handling operations (and other port-related sources);
- The A-weighted sound pressure level measurement (LAeq) of total residual noise, including the cargo-handling operations (and other port-related sources);
- The maximum sound level with A-frequency weighting and fast time weighting during the measurement period (LAFmax), considering the noise emitted from diverse conditions of working processes realized in port (selected scenario) during night periods (Lnight);
- The A-weighted sound pressure level measurement (LAeq) during night (Lnight) of an open working process (selected scenario) considering two specific conditions:
- The setting of an acoustic cover or enclosure implementation to the existing cargo-handling equipment;
- Repositioning the conveyor system for handling bulk cargo inside the warehouse while conducting loading procedures.
3.2. Definition of the Noise Measurement Area
3.3. Individual Features of the Working Process in the Port of Split
3.4. Situational Analysis of Noise Measurement in the Examined Area
4. Research Results
4.1. Noise Measurement at the Receivers’ Position
4.2. The Effects of Mitigation Actions on the Noise Levels in the Port
5. Discussion
5.1. Interpretation of the Research Results
5.2. Comparison of the Research Results with the Datasets Generated from the Previous Research
5.3. Recommendations for Improving Noise Management and Application of Noise Mitigation Measures in the Port Area
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Ship Type | Meteorological Conditions | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Wind Direction | Wind Speed | |||||
D | E | N | D | E | N | ||
Scenario 1 | 32 °C | 29 °C | 25 °C | SW | 6 km/h | 4 km/h | 4 km/h |
Scenario 2 | 34 °C | 30 °C | 23 °C | SE | 5 km/h | 8 km/h | 2 km/h |
Scenario 3 | 33 °C | 28 °C | 26 °C | SW | 8 km/h | 5 km/h | 5 km/h |
Scenario 4 | 35 °C | 32 °C | 27 °C | NW | 10 km/h | 4 km/h | 3 km/h |
Scenario 5 | 33 °C | 29 °C | 23 °C | NW | 5 km/h | 5 km/h | 5 km/h |
Scenario 6 | 34 °C | 30 °C | 26 °C | SW | 3 km/h | 8 km/h | 4 km/h |
Scenario 7 | 32 °C | 27 °C | 24 °C | SE | 7 km/h | 10 km/h | 8 km/h |
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Zone | The Highest Permissible Rated Noise Levels LR,Aeq [dB (A)] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lday | Levening | Lnight | Lden | |
Zone of mixed, predominantly residential use | 55 | 55 | 45 | 57 |
Industrial zone and zone of port areas | The noise level originating from noise sources within this zone and at the border with the nearest zone (e.g., residential or mixed zone), where the highest emission noise levels are expected; the noise must not exceed the permitted noise levels at the zone border. |
Berth | Ship Type | Cargo Handled (Most Dominant) | Working Process |
---|---|---|---|
Berth 1 | Oil/Chemical tanker | bitumen | closed * |
Berth 2 | Bulk carrier, General cargo vessel, MPV | scrap metal, yacht/catamaran | open ** |
Berth 3 | Bulk carrier, General cargo vessel, MPV | petroleum coke, calcium, coal | open ** |
Berth 4 | Bulk carrier | bulk slag, salt | open ** |
Berth 5 | Bulk carrier, General cargo vessel, MPV | iron (wire, bars), copper concentrate | open ** |
Berth 6 | General cargo vessel | grain, corn, other coarse grain | open ** |
Ship Type | Cargo Type | Cargo Operation | Dwt * [t] | Loa * [m] | Beam [m] | Duration of Stay | Working Process |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oil/chemical tanker | Bitumen | Unloading | 6180 | 110 | 18 | 5 days | Closed |
Bulk carrier | Bulk slag | Unloading | 55,446 | 188 | 32 | 6 days | Open |
Bulk carrier | Calcium | Loading | 39,090 | 180 | 30 | 3 days | Open |
General cargo | Copper concentrate | Loading | 27,263 | 180 | 27 | 2 days | Open |
Bulk carrier | Bulk slag | Unloading | 55,847 | 190 | 32 | 7 days | Open |
General cargo/MPV | Yacht | Unloading | 4432 | 112 | 17 | 1 day | Closed |
Bulk carrier | Scrap metal | Loading | 44,314 | 183 | 32 | 6 days | Open |
Scenario | Cargo Handled | Berth Number | Distance from the MICROPHONE (in m) | No. of Cranes in Operation | Dominant Noise Sources on Berth | Working Hours (Cargo-Handling Ops) | Other Port-Related Noise Sources | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S * | NW ** | S * | NW ** | ||||||
Scenario 1 | Bitumen | Berth 1 | 305 | 300 | N/A | AE and VO | AE and VO | 9:00–19:00 | Bitumen tank trucks |
Scenario 2 | Bulk slag | Berth 3/4 | 340 | 560 | Two cranes | Crane | Crane | 00:00–24:00 | HGV *** |
Scenario 3 | Calcium | Berth 4/5 | 360 | 740 | One crane + conveyor | Crane | Crane | 00:00–24:00 | Background noise |
Scenario 4 | Copper concentrate | Berth 4/5 | 360 | 740 | One crane | Crane | Crane | 00:00–24:00 | Background noise |
Scenario 5 | Bulk slag | Berth 3/4 | 300 | 560 | Two cranes | Crane | Crane | 00:00–24:00 | HGV *** |
Scenario 6 | Yacht | Berth 2 | 360 | 400 | N/A | AE and VO | AE and VO | 9:00–19:00 | HGV *** |
Scenario 7 | Scrap metal | Berth 2 | 360 | 400 | One crane | Crane + cargo | Crane + cargo | 7:00–23:00 | Background noise |
Day (Lday) [dB (A)] | Evening (Levening) [dB (A)] | Night (Lnight) [dB (A)] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S * | NW * | S * | NW * | S * | NW * |
44.2 | 45.3 | 42.7 | 42.2 | 41.3 | 40.4 |
Cargo Handled | South from the Cargo Terminal (Brda District) | Northwest from the Cargo Terminal (Vranjic Peninsula) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Evening | Night | Day | Evening | Night | |
Bitumen | Heavy * | Medium * | Low * | Medium | Low | Low |
Bulk slag | Medium | Heavy | Medium | Low | Medium | Medium |
Calcium | Medium | Low | Low | Low | Medium | Low |
Copper concentrate | Heavy | Medium | Medium | Heavy | Medium | Low |
Bulk slag | Low | Low | Medium | Medium | Low | Low |
Yacht | Medium | Medium | Low | Medium | Low | Low |
Scrap metal | Heavy | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Ship Type | Cargo Handled | Residual NoISE [dBA] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day (Lday) | Evening (Levening) | Night (Lnight) | |||||
S * | NW * | S * | NW * | S * | NW * | ||
Oil/chemical tanker | Bitumen | 56.7 | 56.8 | 52.7 | 53.4 | / | / |
Bulk carrier | Bulk slag | 53.5 | 51.3 | 50.1 | 48.7 | 49.1 | 48.0 |
Bulk carrier | Calcium | 52.6 | 50.1 | 50.9 | 50.2 | 47.3 | 43.9 |
General cargo | Copper concentrate | 50.8 | 52.1 | 49.6 | 47.5 | 46.6 | 44.5 |
Bulk carrier | Bulk slag | 49.1 | 52.1 | 48.2 | 47.3 | 47.5 | 46.5 |
General cargo/MPV | Yacht | 46.5 | 45.8 | 46.0 | 44.1 | / | / |
Bulk carrier | Scrap metal | 54.1 | 54.7 | 50.7 | 49.3 | / | / |
Cargo Handled | Crane—Stand BY | Crane IN Operation—Slewing | Crane—Horizontal Load Movements | Operations—Two Cranes | Operations—Conveyors | AE and VO | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S * | NW * | S * | NW * | S * | NW * | S * | NW * | S * | NW * | S * | NW * | |
LAFmax [dBA] | 47.4 | 45.8 | 49.5 | 47.2 | 52.5 | 49.4 | 53.5 | 50.4 | 48.3 | 47.6 | 53.6 | 54.5 |
Scenario 3 | Mobile Quay Cranes–Enclosure Implementation | Conveyor Belt System–Respositioned in a Warehouse | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
S * | NW * | S * | NW * | |
LAeq [dBA] | 46.6 | 43.5 | 43.7 | 42.3 |
Sound Pressure Level (LAeq) * | Day (Lday) | Evening (Levening) | Night (Lnight) |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline conditions–measurements | 44.8 dB | 42.5 dB | 40.9 dB |
Residual noise–measurements | 51.9 dB | 49.2 dB | 46.7 dB |
Residents’ perception–assessment | 74 dB | 62 dB | 58 dB |
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Vukić, L.; Slišković, M.; Fredianelli, L. Multi-Faceted Analysis of Airborne Noise Impact in the Port of Split (III). Sustainability 2024, 16, 7282. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177282
Vukić L, Slišković M, Fredianelli L. Multi-Faceted Analysis of Airborne Noise Impact in the Port of Split (III). Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7282. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177282
Chicago/Turabian StyleVukić, Luka, Merica Slišković, and Luca Fredianelli. 2024. "Multi-Faceted Analysis of Airborne Noise Impact in the Port of Split (III)" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7282. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177282