Place Attachment Expressed by Hosts and Guests Visiting Friends and Relatives and Implications for Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Place Attachment and Regional Sustainability
2.2. Place Attachment and Its Contribution to Sustainable Tourism Destinations
2.3. Place Attachment in Visiting Friends and Relatives Tourism and Its Contribution to Sustainability
3. Materials and Methods
4. Findings
4.1. Hosts’ Place Attachment and Its Impacts on the Sustainable Destination in the Context of Hosting
4.1.1. Hosts’ Place Attachment in the Context of Hosting and Impacts on Sustainability
I think public places are very clean, including the bathrooms. Um, unfortunately, I think the countryside is kind of dirty. Like, I’m not used to that, in comparison to the United States. I wish there was more space here. I’m used to more space from the United States. I think people tend to be very kind. Foods are rather expensive, like fruit, meat, and stuff… Um, I’m very happy to be here. I think it’s very pretty. I think the language is beautiful… yeah, I like it.
Korea has given me a lot of experience, education, everything. So, this is like my second home. I want many people to come here and explore Korea, and when they go back, they have good memories of Korea.
I’m thinking of two ways. One is going to grad school. One is getting a job, because I want to get an F-visa [i.e., F-2 or F-5, (pre)permanent residency] in Korea. But … if you wanna get an F-visa, actually if you graduate from ‘Daehagwon’ [i.e., graduate school], then you can apply for the F-visa like, directly. You don’t have to wait, but if you get a job. You need to hold the working visa for, like, three years to get the F-visa. So, I’m still thinking.
If I am hosting somebody, and when they come here, they also bring some dollars and other currencies. So, it is also bringing some amount of money into Korea. And this is also a way of our contribution [to the Korean economy].
They (the guests) go back to their countries, and they inspire many other people. “Oh, I enjoyed Korea a lot, so you should also visit”. So, when they (my guests) come here (to Korea), others can also come, and more and more people will come, like a chain.
4.1.2. Hosts’ Place Attachment as Outcomes of Hosting and Impacts on Sustainability
Before I came to Korea for college, I rarely traveled in Korea, but this time, when my family came to visit, I went once a month or my parents asked me to go, so we traveled together and I got to know those places that I didn’t know… I found out that there are so many things to see and play in Korea… and I think it was more fun to travel together while seeing the food that represents that region of Korea or some stories that have been passed down before.
Originally, I didn’t think much about it, but since I’ve been traveling so much, I think I’ve been thinking that I want to go to more places together and that it would be nice to live in Korea.
I’m someone who didn’t like Korea that much originally, but it’s gotten so much better, to the point where I was willing to join the military, and I did because I see so many positive things about it. Also, first of all, I always see Korea through my own eyes and now that I’m an adult and I’ve had so many good experiences, they tell me a lot of good things that I didn’t see when I saw Korea through their eyes. For example, convenience or fast delivery and there are so many other things and now I always think about that when I was hosting abroad and I was living in Korea and then I was living abroad and then I was living as an adult and it’s a little different, so from there, I realized the advantages of my country and I realized it while talking to them when they came, so I think I got attached to it. I just realized that my country is so good.
4.2. Guests’ Place Attachment about Visiting and Its Impacts on the Destination Sustainability
4.2.1. The Role of People–People Interaction That Facilitates Place Attachment
I think, if I came alone to Korea, it would be just another destination. But having been with the hosts and friends, I think it became more of a personal connection and it sparked more curiosity. It sparked more of an interest in the place.
It’s always nice to see my family. I cannot see my family forever. I feel thankful enough that I can visit Korea and see my mother while she is alive. She is still connected to my emotions towards my hometown. My mother and my hometown are the source of appreciation for me. That’s why I’m so emotional.
I converse more frequently with my immediate family… However, in the case of my two grandmothers, cannot use messaging apps… and we only occasionally talk on the phone, usually when my parents visit them and arrange a call. When we meet, I provide a lot of updates about how I’ve been and also listen to their updates… After these conversations, I feel more intimate because we share stories we couldn’t share before. I often feel alone as I live abroad without any immediate family members, but that feeling tends to fade whenever I visit Korea. I always feel better and have a greater sense of belonging.
4.2.2. Affective Attachment
When you go to Korea, it feels very different. It’s more like being moved emotionally, and you want to share the feelings. Everyday life is more about funny or sad things. So, when you go to Korea, you have these emotions because you see something you’d missed or something very different from what you knew, so you get surprised. It’s more about these emotions or impressions.
4.2.3. Local, Non-Touristic Experiences Facilitating Place Attachment
I feel like I belong here than that I’m just visiting some country and moving on. And it feels more like home? I don’t have to see every tourist attraction because I think I want to understand more about Korean culture. And kind of, blend with people.
I would have had some unusual experiences in an unfamiliar tourist destination, but when I visited my hometown in Korea, I didn’t have any unusual experiences that I hadn’t had before. I was very familiar with the people, places, and my mother’s food—the things I cannot buy while living here [in the United States] even if I pay for it. I feel like I’ve received a lot more psychological stability and came back this time.
4.2.4. Place Memory
I met people while doing IFCC (International Friendship & Culture Club) activities together at the university in the past… Now all are back in their country, but they often talk about wanting to go to Gyeonggi-do when I DM [direct message] on Korean Instagram. I think it’s a memory of the old days. It seems that they miss the moment because they have the affection and memories they felt in Korea in the past.
Although I’ve been away from Korea for a long time, my room is still the same as the one I used in middle and high school at home. So, I felt like I really came back to ‘my house’. I am moving once every two or three years to the country I live in, so I can’t think of it as my heart’s hometown or home yet. So, when I go to that space, the room I used during my school days is almost preserved as it is, and there are old pictures, and when I go there, I feel like I’m going back to that time, and it gives me a lot of stability psychologically.
4.2.5. Place Identification
I intentionally didn’t change my Korean nationality after moving to Germany. Because it’s where I am from, where I grew up, and where I as a person was formed. Even if I change my citizenship, I can’t be a person from that country… So, for me, my relationship with my country is in progress. Whenever I visit Korea, I witness the development of my country so much… I feel ‘recharged’ to see the progress of the country, which is similar to a sense of recharge when I feel at ‘home’ in my hometown. I feel glad to have a sense of pride… and I am fascinated to tell others about the development of Korea after returning from visiting home.
4.2.6. The Dynamics of Feeling ‘At Home’ and Feeling ‘Energy Recharged’
I learned a lot since I came to the United States that the ability to communicate language determines a person’s scope of experience and how one can feel comfortable. I tend to get stressed out when I feel I shouldn’t make mistakes abroad. On the other hand, it’s so convenient to go to Korea because I can understand everything and quickly notice and solve problems without taking out a dictionary. I started to feel I don’t want to go to another [a third] country more since I came to America than when I was in Korea. It is because I feel uncomfortable when I can’t communicate. It feels like my available scope of experience in the United States is narrower than when I was in Korea.
I used to think of my hometown as a place where I could get my energy recharged. So, when I had a hard time abroad and when I needed consolation, I thought ‘If I go home, I feel I can get some energy and feel I will be able to do things better [after the recharge] when I am back here [Germany]”. Home used to be always the source of energy recharge.
Now that I have a family… I’ve already accumulated more energy [in Germany] than my hometown. There’s not much that my hometown can give me anymore… so, I don’t need the emotional support of my hometown anymore. But now my home remains an object of appreciation. I am thankful. I was able to accumulate a lot of experience by having a good time at home. It’s firmly established as an object of appreciation.
4.2.7. Future Expectations
I don’t have any intention of settling down in Korea in the future. So, every time I visit, I think this is the last time. I think, “This must be the last place I’m coming to”, and that gives me a stronger attachment. So, even when I go with my friends, I try to remember each moment and take many photos to capture as much as possible.
4.2.8. Place Attachment, Behavioral Intention, and Implications for Sustainability
Actually, I want to take my husband and children to a small island in the South. For example, Haenam Ttangkkeut Village… It is quiet, calm, and authentically natural. I wanted to travel with them to such hidden places in Korea, but I haven’t done it yet. But I’m going to do it someday.
5. Discussion
6. Limitation and Future Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | |
---|---|---|
Age group | ||
21–25 | 5 | 31.25 |
26–30 | 3 | 18.75 |
31–35 | 2 | 12.50 |
36–40 | 3 | 18.75 |
41–45 | 0 | 0.00 |
46–50 | 1 | 6.25 |
51–55 | 2 | 12.50 |
Gender | ||
Female | 10 | 62.50 |
Male | 6 | 37.50 |
Country of origin | ||
Belgium | 1 | 6.25 |
Greece | 1 | 6.25 |
China | 1 | 6.25 |
Korea | 9 | 56.25 |
Malta | 1 | 6.25 |
Pakistan | 1 | 6.25 |
Turkey | 1 | 6.25 |
USA | 1 | 6.25 |
Occupation | ||
Student | 5 | 31.25 |
Non-student | 11 | 68.75 |
Highest level of education completed | ||
Secondary school | 6 | 37.50 |
Undergraduate | 6 | 37.50 |
Master’s | 2 | 12.50 |
Ph.D. | 2 | 12.50 |
Total | 16 | 100.00 |
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Rokni, L.; Choi, S.-h. Place Attachment Expressed by Hosts and Guests Visiting Friends and Relatives and Implications for Sustainability. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177325
Rokni L, Choi S-h. Place Attachment Expressed by Hosts and Guests Visiting Friends and Relatives and Implications for Sustainability. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177325
Chicago/Turabian StyleRokni, Ladan, and Suh-hee Choi. 2024. "Place Attachment Expressed by Hosts and Guests Visiting Friends and Relatives and Implications for Sustainability" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177325