Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sand–Clay Mixtures with Different Mass Ratios
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sample Preparation and Test Method
2.1. Test Device and Test Procedure
2.2. Sample Preparation and Saturation
2.3. Test Scheme
- (1)
- Triaxial shear test
- (2)
- Vibration triaxial test
3. Shear Mechanical Properties of Mixed Soil
3.1. Shear Mechanical Properties of Samples with Different Clay Content
3.2. Influence of Confining Pressure on Sample Strength and Static Liquefaction Characteristics
4. The Dynamic and Liquefaction Characteristics of the Mixed Soil
4.1. Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Sand–Viscous Mixed Soil
4.2. Hysteretic Curve of Liquefaction Process of Sand–Viscous Mixed Soil
4.3. Liquefaction Resistance of Sand–Clay Mixture
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- According to the results obtained from the triaxial shear test, it is observed that the sample with a clay content of 30% exhibits the lowest values for both tangential modulus and peak strength. However, an increase in clay content within the soil leads to a reduction in liquefaction resistance under static loading conditions. Increasing confining pressure in the triaxial shear tests resulted in higher tangential modulus and larger peak deviating stress values. For a clay content of 20%, there was no significant change in pore water pressure. However, at a clay content of 40%, higher confining pressures led to larger peak values of pore water pressure.
- (2)
- Based on the results of vibration triaxial testing, it is evident that the dynamic shear modulus of the sample decreases with increasing shear strain, while the damping ratio initially increases and then decreases. Moreover, the dynamic shear modulus decreases as clay content increases, whereas the damping ratio decreases with an increase in clay content. Among samples tested, those containing 30% clay content exhibited the most rapid increase in pore water pressure, the lowest shear modulus, and experienced fewer cyclic loading cycles until failure occurred. Enhancing soil gradation and adjusting the sand–clay ratio can effectively increase soil strength and enhance its resistance against liquefaction.
- (3)
- In this study, the sample containing 30% clay content exhibits the lowest liquefaction strength, shear modulus, and fastest rising rate of pore water pressure, as well as the highest damping ratio. It is important to note that soil strength and liquefaction resistance are influenced by various factors, necessitating further investigation into their combined effects.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Case Number | Clay Content | Moisture Content | Confining Pressure |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 20% | saturated | 50 kPa |
T2 | 30% | saturated | 50 kPa |
T3 | 40% | saturated | 50 kPa |
T4 | 50% | saturated | 50 kPa |
T5 | 20% | 10% | 50 kPa |
T6 | 30% | 10% | 50 kPa |
T7 | 40% | 10% | 50 kPa |
T8 | 50% | 10% | 50 kPa |
T9 | 20% | saturated | 20 kPa |
T10 | 20% | saturated | 100 kPa |
T11 | 40% | saturated | 20 kPa |
T12 | 40% | saturated | 100 kPa |
Case Number | Clay Content | Confining Pressure | Cyclic Stress Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
V13 | 10% | 50 kPa | Step loading |
V14 | 20% | 50 kPa | |
V15 | 30% | 50 kPa | |
V16 | 40% | 50 kPa | |
V17 | 10% | 50 kPa | 1 |
V18 | 20% | 50 kPa | 1 |
V19 | 30% | 50 kPa | 1 |
V20 | 40% | 50 kPa | 1 |
Clay Content | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pore pressure at 10% strain | 30.69 kPa | 34.90 kPa | 36.14 kPa | 44.21 kPa |
Clay Content | Liquefaction Strength | Modulus | Damping | Pore Pressure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results of this paper | 20~50% | 30% minimum | 30% minimum | 30% maximum | 30% fastest |
Reference [18] | 0~30% | 6% minimum | consistent | / | / |
Reference [19] | 50~80% | increases with the increase in particle size | / | / | decreases with the increase in powder particles |
Reference [20] | 3~21% | 9% minimum | / | / | decreases with the increase in powder particles |
Reference [21] | 0~78% | / | / | / | decreases with the increase in powder particles |
Reference [26] | 5~15% | 10% minimum | / | / | / |
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Cheng, Y.; Yang, J. Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sand–Clay Mixtures with Different Mass Ratios. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177343
Cheng Y, Yang J. Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sand–Clay Mixtures with Different Mass Ratios. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177343
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Ye, and Jinghu Yang. 2024. "Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sand–Clay Mixtures with Different Mass Ratios" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177343