The Influence of Three-Dimensional Building Morphology on PM2.5 Concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area and Monitoring Stations
2.2. The PM2.5 Concentration Data
2.3. The 2D and 3D Building Morphology
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Spatial Characteristics of PM2.5 Concentrations and Building Structures
3.2. The Impact of 2D and 3D Building Characteristics on PM2.5 Concentrations
3.3. The Relative Contribution of Building Morphology on PM2.5 Concentrations
4. Discussion
4.1. The Relationship between PM2.5 Concentrations and Urban 2D/3D Morphology
4.2. Relative Importance of Urban 2D/3D Morphology on PM2.5 Concentrations
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metrics (Abbreviation) | Definition | Formula (Unit) |
---|---|---|
Patch density (PD) | The density of building patches in the buffer | |
Percentage of patch (PLAND) | Percentage coverage of buildings in the buffer | |
Largest patch index (LPI) | The proportion of the area of the largest building within the buffer | |
Mean patch size (MPS) | Average size of building patches within the buffer | |
Patch size standard deviation (PSSD) | Variability in the size of building patches within the buffer | |
Mean shape index (MSI) | The mean value of the shape index of the building patches within the buffer. | |
Contagion index (CONTAG) | Degree of agglomeration of different building types | |
Building density (BD) | The density of buildings within the buffer |
Metrics (Abbreviation) | Definition | Formula |
---|---|---|
Average building height (AH) | Mean building height within the buffer | |
Building height density (BHD) | The building height on unit area within the buffer | |
Building volume density (BVD) | The congestion of buildings in 3D space within the buffer | |
Highest building index (HBI) | The proportion of height of the tallest building in the buffer | |
Building otherness (BO) | Coefficient of variation in building height within the buffer | |
Building height range (BHR) | The range of building heights within the buffer |
City | PD | PLAND | MPS | AH | BHR | BO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hangzhou | 1.72 | 15.14 | 0.09 | 15.45 | 129.00 | 1.03 |
Hefei | 1.62 | 15.59 | 0.12 | 18.09 | 114.67 | 1.31 |
Jiaxing | 1.62 | 16.15 | 0.08 | 12.32 | 97.50 | 1.25 |
Jinhua | 2.04 | 15.93 | 0.07 | 12.62 | 117.00 | 1.29 |
Nanjing | 2.78 | 16.16 | 0.06 | 12.51 | 93.86 | 1.10 |
Nantong | 3.80 | 15.81 | 0.05 | 9.88 | 167.00 | 1.20 |
Ningbo | 1.65 | 17.37 | 0.10 | 16.01 | 139.50 | 1.48 |
Shanghai | 2.83 | 19.58 | 0.07 | 17.36 | 228.38 | 0.84 |
Shaoxing | 1.94 | 13.56 | 0.07 | 10.42 | 87.00 | 1.33 |
Suzhou | 2.94 | 18.78 | 0.07 | 10.49 | 146.63 | 1.03 |
Taizhou | 1.69 | 13.53 | 0.08 | 13.96 | 177.00 | 1.53 |
Wenzhou | 2.01 | 15.67 | 0.08 | 13.76 | 175.00 | 1.14 |
Wuxi | 3.03 | 16.60 | 0.06 | 11.36 | 141.00 | 1.44 |
Wuhu | 1.51 | 11.26 | 0.08 | 13.75 | 120.00 | 1.03 |
Xuzhou | 3.11 | 15.52 | 0.05 | 8.74 | 166.00 | 0.98 |
Yangzhou | 2.14 | 19.59 | 0.09 | 10.80 | 94.50 | 1.43 |
Time | Variables | Estimate | SE | t | p | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual | Intercept | 80.71 | 18.53 | 4.36 | <0.001 *** | 0.16 0.61 |
BHR100 | −0.08 | 0.03 | −2.68 | 0.009 ** | ||
HBI100 | 22.15 | 6.88 | 3.22 | 0.002 ** | ||
CONTAG1000 | −0.11 | 0.06 | −2.00 | 0.049 * | ||
MSI5000 | −21.09 | 12.37 | −1.71 | 0.093 | ||
Spring | Intercept | 59.01 | 5.68 | 10.40 | <0.001 *** | 0.30 0.50 |
BD100 | −7.58 | 5.46 | −1.39 | 0.169 | ||
BHD300 | −417.84 | 155.74 | −2.68 | 0.009 ** | ||
CONTAG1000 | −0.13 | 0.06 | −2.09 | 0.041 * | ||
MPS5000 | −4.05 | 1.51 | −2.69 | 0.009 ** | ||
PSSD100 | 4.59 | 2.15 | 2.14 | 0.037 * | ||
Summer | Intercept | 40.63 | 5.90 | 6.88 | <0.001 *** | 0.26 0.58 |
BHR3000 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −4.48 | <0.001 *** | ||
CONTAG3000 | −0.16 | 0.07 | −2.25 | 0.028 * | ||
HBI500 | 169.69 | 41.45 | 4.09 | <0.001 *** | ||
PSSD100 | 1.36 | 1.02 | 1.33 | 0.189 | ||
MPS500 | −1.67 | 0.63 | −2.64 | 0.011 * | ||
Autumn | Intercept | 60.37 | 17.93 | 3.37 | 0.015 * | 0.21 0.70 |
MPS2000 | −5.81 | 1.56 | −3.73 | <0.001 *** | ||
BHR100 | −0.08 | 0.03 | −2.94 | 0.005 ** | ||
HBI100 | 26.64 | 6.28 | 4.24 | <0.001 *** | ||
LPI100 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 2.21 | 0.032 * | ||
MSI5000 | −20.89 | 11.88 | −1.76 | 0.131 | ||
Winter | Intercept | 156.48 | 55.68 | 2.81 | 0.008 ** | 0.27 0.43 |
BHR5000 | −0.04 | 0.03 | −1.50 | 0.138 | ||
CONTAG1000 | −0.27 | 0.13 | −2.01 | 0.049 * | ||
HBI100 | 60.97 | 16.34 | 3.73 | <0.001 *** | ||
LPI100 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 1.25 | 0.217 | ||
MSI5000 | −62.04 | 36.83 | −1.68 | 0.099 |
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Zhang, J.; Zhu, W.; Dong, D.; Ren, Y.; Hu, W.; Jin, X.; He, Z.; Chen, J.; Jin, X.; Zhou, T. The Influence of Three-Dimensional Building Morphology on PM2.5 Concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7360. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177360
Zhang J, Zhu W, Dong D, Ren Y, Hu W, Jin X, He Z, Chen J, Jin X, Zhou T. The Influence of Three-Dimensional Building Morphology on PM2.5 Concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7360. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177360
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jing, Wenjian Zhu, Dubin Dong, Yuan Ren, Wenhao Hu, Xinjie Jin, Zhengxuan He, Jian Chen, Xiaoai Jin, and Tianhuan Zhou. 2024. "The Influence of Three-Dimensional Building Morphology on PM2.5 Concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7360. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177360