The Influence of Legislative and Economic Conditions on Romanian Agritourism: SWOT Study of Northwestern and Northeastern Regions and Sustainable Development Strategies

Abstract

Agritouristic guesthouse expansion in Romania has been influenced by the interaction between legislative and economic conditions. In this comparative study, we examine the northwestern and northeaster development regions through a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) in order to gain insight into how these factors affect the expansion of agritourism. The objective is to measure the impact of regulatory frameworks and economic landscapes on the establishment and evolution of agritourism businesses. Final findings reveal distinct regulatory environments, accessibility of finance, and market dynamics across regions. On the practical level, this research highlights the importance of legislative and economic conditions in stimulating or hindering the development of agritourism. The findings provide strategic insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to enhance sustainable growth in the agritourism sector, focusing on targeted responses adapted to regional challenges and opportunities.

1. Introduction

Agritourism, a form of rural tourism that integrates agricultural activities with hospitality services, has emerged as a significant driver of economic development and social revitalization in many regions worldwide. A relevant illustration of the situation is the case of Montiferru, Italy, which is a less favored area of Sardinia but where agritourism has been shown to improve the economic performance of farms. Despite regulatory constraints that limit the dominance of agritourism over primary agricultural activities, it has emerged as a crucial supplementary income source. A study found that agritourism helps diversify farm income, supports local traditions, and mitigates the economic challenges faced by family farms in this hilly region [1]. Furthermore, a significant issue that caught our attention is a comparative study between Romania and Austria, the results of which highlight that tourism, including agritourism, is a key driver of rural development. The study suggested that while Romania’s northeastern regions have not fully capitalized on EU membership benefits for tourism, there is a positive trend in tourism activities, boosting rural economies. This reinforces the idea that agritourism can significantly impact demographic stability, business environment improvements, and overall quality of life in rural areas [2].

Furthermore, in the context of our research, in addition to Italy and Austria, we also mention the case of the Republic of Moldova, which we consider a relevant model of good practice. The Republic of Moldova has adopted a strategy of integrating cultural elements into agritourism in order to attract a wide range of tourists. The results of research that highlight the role of cultural heritage in enhancing tourism experiences and promoting local patrimony, leading to the development of agritourism, are clear evidence of this strategy [3].

Simultaneously, it is important to mention a study performed in Bukovina, Romania, which demonstrated that agritourism significantly contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas. The study highlights that agritourism leverages the region’s authentic resources to create unique tourist experiences, which, in turn, fosters local economic growth, preserves cultural heritage, and enhances community welfare. The study emphasized the role of agritourism in promoting sustainability by creating economic opportunities while conserving traditional agricultural practices and local biodiversity [4]. These studies collectively illustrate that agritourism not only provides a viable economic alternative for rural communities but also plays a critical role in preserving cultural heritage and promoting sustainable development practices across different European regions.

Our paper explores the development and expansion of agritourism in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania. By focusing on key areas such as legislative familiarity, financial accessibility, market dynamics, and economic conditions, this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing agritourism in these regions. The study compares the northeastern and northeastern regions to uncover regional discrepancies and assess their impact on the agritourism sector. The following table outlines the research objectives, corresponding questions, and hypotheses guiding this investigation (see

Table 1. Objectives, research questions, and hypotheses with respect to agritourism development in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania.

Objective	Research Question	Hypothesis
Objective 1: Analyze the discrepancies in familiarity with the regional legislative framework for agritourism development between the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania and assess the perceived strengths and weaknesses of each region’s framework.	How does the level of familiarity with the regional legislative framework for agritourism development differ between stakeholders in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania?	Stakeholders in the northwestern region are more familiar with the regional legislative framework for agritourism development than those in the northeastern region.
Objective 2: Compare the accessibility of financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania and evaluate the types of financial support received and their impacts on accessibility.	How does the accessibility of financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses differ between the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania?	Financial resources are more accessible for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses in the northwestern region than in the northeastern region of Romania.
Objective 3: Investigate the distinct tourist market dynamics and visitor preferences in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania, focusing on tourist sources, key attractions, and seasonal variations.	What are the differences in visitor preferences and seasonal variations between the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania?	Visitor preferences and seasonal variations differ significantly between the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania.
Objective 4: Assess the impact of regional economic conditions on agritourism expansion in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania by examining the perceived economic climate and its influence on business decisions and policy effectiveness.	How do regional economic conditions influence the expansion of agritourism in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania?	Regional economic conditions have a greater positive impact on the expansion of agritourism in the northwestern region compared to the northeastern region of Romania.

Source: authors’ elaboration in alignment to the research objectives.

).

The table above outlines the research objectives, questions, and hypotheses designed to investigate key aspects of agritourism in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania. The anticipated results aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the following areas.

Familiarity with Legislative Frameworks: It is expected that stakeholders in the northwestern region will demonstrate a higher level of familiarity with the legislative framework for agritourism development than their counterparts in the northeastern region. This could suggest more effective dissemination of information or more proactive engagement with regulatory bodies in the northwestern region.

Accessibility of Financial Resources: This research aims to reveal that financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses are more accessible in the northwestern region. This would indicate regional disparities in financial support systems, potentially influenced by economic development levels, infrastructure, or regional policies.

Tourist Market Dynamics and Preferences: This study is expected to uncover significant differences in visitor preferences and seasonal variations between the two regions. This could highlight distinct tourist behaviors and preferences, influenced by regional attractions, marketing strategies, and seasonal tourism patterns.

Impact of Economic Conditions: The results are anticipated to show that regional economic conditions have a greater positive impact on agritourism expansion in the northwestern region. This finding would suggest that a more favorable economic climate in the northwestern region encourages agritourism development, affecting business decisions and the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting this sector.

Overall, we consider that the results could provide valuable insights into the regional disparities affecting agritourism in Romania, informing policymakers and stakeholders about the strengths and weaknesses of each region. This, in turn, can guide targeted interventions to foster agritourism development more effectively across the country.

Understanding the interaction between legislative and economic factors is fundamental in promoting sustainable growth in all sectors of development, including the agritourism sector in Romania [5]. This research addresses a critical gap in current knowledge by providing a comparative analysis of regional disparities. Ultimately, the findings of this study offer valuable strategic guidance for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to create a more enabling environment for agritourism development, fostering regional competitiveness and ensuring the long-term viability of this sector.

2. Theoretical Framework

This section examines the existing literature on the expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Romania, with a specific focus on the influence of legislative and economic conditions. We started with a bibliometric analysis, which serves as a valuable tool for understanding the current research landscape and highlighting the growing interest in this topic. At the same time, we employed the following two key search terms: “Expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Europe” and “Expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Romania”. This comparative approach provided valuable insights into the research landscape for this topic.

2.1. Analysis of Bibliometric Data on “Expansion of Agritourism Guesthouses in Europe”

The provided bibliometric data (see Figure 1) present a detailed examination of publication trends concerning the “Expansion of Agritourism Guesthouses in Europe” over the past decade. This analysis highlights the number of relevant publications, offering insights into the research activity and interest in this area during this period.

The data show an overall increasing trend in the number of publications on the topic of “Expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Europe” over the last 10 years, with a significant rise from 2020–2021 to 2022–2023, followed by a decrease in 2023–2024. Below, we consider a possible explanation for these trends considering the COVID-19 pandemic.

The decrease in 2023–2024 can be attributed to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry [6]. During 2020–2021, the pandemic caused widespread travel restrictions, lockdowns, and health concerns, leading to a substantial reduction in tourism activities, including agritourism. While there was an initial surge in research output in subsequent years, reflecting the delayed publication of studies initiated before the pandemic or in its early stages, the later decline in 2023–2024 suggests a lag in the research and publication cycle. The initial disruption likely led to fewer new research projects being started during the peak of the pandemic, resulting in a noticeable dip in publications a few years later as the effects of those disruptions were fully realized in academic outputs.

Explanations for the increases:

-

EU Policies and funding: Increased support and funding from the European Union for rural development and tourism initiatives likely spurred academic interest [7].

-

Sustainability trends: A growing global focus on sustainability and sustainable tourism practices contributed to increased research [8,9].

-

Pandemic impact: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in interest in rural and outdoor tourism as people sought safer travel options, driving research in this area [8].

Explanation for the decrease in 2023–2024:

-

Shift in research focus: Academics may be shifting their focus to other emerging topics or responding to new trends in the tourism sector.

-

Funding reductions: Possible reductions in funding for agritourism research could lead to fewer publications.

-

Saturation: The research field might be reaching a saturation point where major foundational studies have already been conducted, leading to fewer new publications.

The bibliometric data reflect an overall increasing trend in research interest in the expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Europe over the past decade, with significant growth driven by sustainability trends and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2.2. Analysis of Bibliometric Data on “Expansion of Agritourism Guesthouses in Romania”

The provided bibliometric data illustrate the number of publications related to the topic of “Expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Romania” over the past decade, as sourced from the Google Scholar platform. These data encompass a comprehensive analysis of the academic research output, highlighting trends, patterns, and the overall scholarly interest in this subject area within the specified time frame (see Figure 2).

The increase from 2014–2015 to 2020–2021 corresponds to the burgeoning interest in agritourism on a global scale in recent years. Romania, with its burgeoning agritourism sector, likely echoed this trend, witnessing a surge in research dedicated to the expansion of agritourism guesthouses. As Romania emerged as a prominent player in the agritourism landscape, fueled by its picturesque rural landscapes and authentic cultural experiences [10], researchers likely sought to explore the implications of this growth, ranging from its socio-economic impact on local communities to strategies for sustainable development.

However, the decrease in 2023–2024 can be attributed to the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector globally. The implementation of travel restrictions, lockdowns, and heightened health concerns during 2020–2021 resulted in a notable decline in agritourism activities and subsequent research endeavors. This downturn likely reflects a broader trend of reduced travel and tourism-related academic pursuits as scholars and practitioners grappled with the immediate challenges posed by the pandemic. Furthermore, the decrease in publications observed in 2023–2024 may signify a lag in publication cycles, wherein research initiated before the pandemic’s full onset took several years to culminate in published works. As the tourism industry gradually adapts to the evolving landscape shaped by the pandemic, it is expected that research output in agritourism will similarly rebound, albeit potentially with a revised focus reflecting the sector’s post-pandemic trajectory.

Explanations for the increases:

-

Government and EU policies: Increased support and funding from the Romanian government and the European Union for rural development and tourism initiatives likely spurred academic interest [11].

-

Sustainability and local development: Growing focus on sustainable tourism and local economic development contributed to increased research [12].

-

Pandemic impact: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in interest in rural and outdoor tourism as people sought safer travel options, driving research in this area [13].

Explanation for the decrease in 2023–2024:

-

Shift in research focus: Academics may be shifting their focus to other emerging topics or responding to new trends in the tourism sector.

-

Funding reductions: Possible reductions in funding for agritourism research could lead to fewer publications.

-

Saturation: The research field might be reaching a saturation point where major foundational studies have already been conducted, leading to fewer new publications.

The bibliometric data portray a consistent upward trajectory in research attention towards the proliferation of agritourism guesthouses in Romania throughout the last decade. This rise is notably influenced by governmental initiatives, sustainability movements, and the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the steep decrease observed in 2023–2024 signals a probable alteration in scholarly focus or funding patterns, underscoring the necessity of deeper exploration into the factors behind this downturn.

2.3. Strengths, Limitations, and Conclusions of the Bibliometric Analysis

This research employed a bibliometric analysis to investigate the expansion of agritourism guesthouses in both Europe and Romania. While this approach offers valuable insights, it is essential to acknowledge its strengths and limitations, as well as the key conclusions derived from the analysis.

Strengths

• Provides a quantitative overview: Bibliometric analysis offers a quantitative perspective on research trends. By examining publication volume over time, we gained a clear picture of the increasing interest in agritourism guesthouse expansion in both Europe and Romania.
• Highlights research focus: The analysis identified a consistent rise in publications until 2020, followed by a decrease in 2023–2024 for both regions. This trend likely reflects the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry and related research activities.
• Informs comparative analysis: By analyzing data for both Europe and Romania, we established a basis for a comparative study. This allows us to explore potential differences in research focus and publication trends between the broader European context and the specific case of Romania.

Limitations

• Limited scope: The analysis focused on the past 10 years, potentially overlooking earlier research that laid the groundwork for the current interest. A longer time frame could provide a more comprehensive picture.
• Focus on quantity, not quality: Bibliometric analysis does not assess the quality or content of the research itself. The data do not reveal the specific focus (e.g., economic, social, or environmental impact) of the publications. Further investigation into individual studies is necessary for a deeper understanding.
• Database dependence: Our findings are limited by the data available in the Google Scholar database. Other academic databases might reveal additional publications and, potentially, different trends.

Conclusions: Despite these limitations, the bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights. We observed a growing research interest in agritourism guesthouse expansion in both Europe and Romania, potentially driven by the increasing popularity of agritourism experiences. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have caused a temporary decrease in research output in both regions. This comparative analysis conducted using bibliometrics serves as a strong foundation for our further investigation into the influence of legislative and economic conditions on the expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Romania’s Northwestern and Northeastern development regions. By acknowledging these limitations and building upon the strengths of the bibliometric analysis, we can move forward with a more comprehensive understanding of the research landscape surrounding agritourism guesthouse expansion in Europe and Romania.

2.4. Justification for Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria in the Bibliometric Analysis

In conducting the bibliometric analysis for the terms “Expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Europe” and “Expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Romania”, specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to ensure the relevance and quality of the collected data. The inclusion criteria mandated that studies directly address the expansion of agritourism guesthouses, with a focus on Europe and Romania, to ensure that the analysis is pertinent to the research objectives. Only articles published within the past 10 years were considered, as this time frame captures recent trends and developments, reflecting the current state of research and practices. Peer-reviewed journals were prioritized to uphold the reliability and validity of the research findings, and only English-language papers were included due to the predominance of English in international academic discourse, which enhances accessibility and understanding.

Conversely, papers that did not specifically address agritourism guesthouses or focused on unrelated aspects of agritourism were excluded. Studies published more than 10 years ago were omitted to avoid outdated information and to ensure the analysis reflects recent advancements. Additionally, articles not subjected to peer review, including those from non-academic sources lacking rigorous review processes, were excluded to maintain high research standards.

The 10-year range was chosen to balance recent developments with historical perspective, allowing for the identification of trends, ensuring relevance to contemporary issues, and providing a comprehensive overview of the evolution of agritourism guesthouses. Google Scholar was selected exclusively for this study due to its wide coverage of the academic literature across various disciplines, the accessibility of a broad array of papers, and its citation-tracking capabilities. Although other databases may be valuable, Google Scholar’s breadth and accessibility make it particularly suitable for this analysis.

The decision to include only English-language papers was based on English being the predominant language for international academic communication, which ensures global accessibility and relevance to international research discussions. Furthermore, many high-quality studies are published in English, making it a practical choice to obtain comprehensive and relevant data. This approach ensures a focused and relevant examination of the expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Europe and Romania, providing valuable insights for the research study.

2.5. The Purpose of the Research

Our research is focused on the influence of legislative and economic conditions on the expansion of agritourism guesthouses in Romania, closely exploring the complex interaction between these areas. The main objective underlying our research effort is to demonstrate the essential role of legislative and economic conditions as a driving factor in the development of agritourism guesthouses while clarifying the bidirectional nature of this relationship. This scientific approach aims to achieve a pragmatic clarification regarding the impact of legislative and economic frameworks on the establishment of guesthouses in Romania through a comparative study of the northwestern and northeastern development regions on the basis of a SWOT analysis, followed by a formulation on specific policies adapted to the complexity of the Romanian agritourism landscape.

The reasoning that guided the selection of the main research objective was based on an analysis comprising a series of specific objectives that were designed to outline the research directions, leading to a logical scheme of research objectives and hypotheses.

3. Data and Methodology

The objective of this study is to elucidate the significance of legislative frameworks and economic conditions in the development of agritourism guesthouses in Romania. To achieve this, a comparative analysis was conducted focusing on two distinct development regions, namely the northeastern and northwestern regions. The selection of these regions for comparative analysis is predicated on several considerations, including their differing levels of economic development, distinct legislative environments, and varied historical and cultural contexts. By examining these regions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how regional disparities in economic policies and legislative support impact the growth and sustainability of agritourism enterprises. Additionally, this research seeks to identify specific legislative and economic factors that either facilitate or hinder the development of agritourism guesthouses, thereby offering insights and recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders interested in promoting rural tourism and economic development in similar contexts.

The selection of the northeastern and northwestern regions for this comparative analysis is based on several key considerations.

1. Regional diversity:

• Economic disparities: The northeastern and northwestern regions of Romania differ significantly in terms of economic development. The northeastern region is generally less economically developed than the northwestern region, which can provide contrasting scenarios in terms of how economic conditions affect agritourism [14].
• Agricultural practices: There might be variations in agricultural practices and the type of agritourism activities that can be developed, offering a broader perspective on the influence of local conditions [15].

2. Legislative differences:

• Implementation and interpretation: While national legislation applies uniformly, regional and local authorities may interpret and implement these laws differently. Comparing the two regions can reveal how local governance impacts the development of agritourism guesthouses [16].
• Regional policies: There may be specific regional policies or incentives aimed at promoting agritourism that differ between the northeastern and northwestern regions, providing insights into the effectiveness of these policies [17].

3. Socio-cultural factors:

• Cultural heritage and tourism appeal: The cultural heritage, traditions, and tourism appeal of the regions may differ, influencing the type and success of agritourism guesthouses. A comparative analysis can highlight how these factors interact with legislative and economic conditions [18].
• Community engagement: Levels of community involvement and support for agritourism might vary, affecting the development and sustainability of such enterprises [19].

4. Geographical and environmental conditions:

• Natural resources and landscapes: The natural environment, including landscapes and biodiversity, can vary between the regions, affecting the type of agritourism activities that can be developed and their attractiveness to tourists [20].
• Accessibility and infrastructure: Differences in infrastructure and accessibility can influence the viability and success of agritourism guesthouses, providing additional layers of analysis [21].

5. Comparative approach:

• Best Practices and challenges: By comparing the northeastern and northwestern regions, we can identify best practices and common challenges in the development of agritourism guesthouses. This can lead to more targeted recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders [22].
• Impact measurement: A comparative analysis allows for a more robust assessment of the impact of legislative and economic conditions by providing a broader context and a basis for cross-regional learning.

Overall, comparing the northeastern and northwestern regions of Romania provides a comprehensive framework to understand how different legislative frameworks, economic conditions, and regional characteristics influence the development of agritourism guesthouses. This comparative approach can yield valuable insights and contribute to more effective policymaking and strategic planning in the agritourism sector.

3.1. Research Methods

This section presents a comprehensive exposition of the research design and methodological underpinnings employed to examine the multifaceted influence of legislative and economic factors on the evolutionary trajectory of agritourism guesthouses in Romania. By elucidating the intricacies of the research framework, this paper aims to contribute to the scholarly discourse surrounding the intersection of policy dynamics and economic imperatives in shaping the landscape of agritourism within the Romanian context.

3.1.1. Data Collection Methods

Triangulation was employed to gather data from multiple sources, enhancing the research’s validity and reliability. The specific methods used within this approach are outlined as follows:

Statistical analysis: Data from the National Institute of Statistics of Romania (Institutul Național de Statistică-INSE) were utilized to analyze trends in agritourism guesthouse development and tourist arrivals. The analysis focused on a specific time frame (2013–2023), examining the evolution of both metrics in the northwestern and northeastern development regions. Statistical tabulation techniques were used to organize and present the data in a systematic manner (i.e., tables and charts).

Questionnaire method: The questionnaire pool included responses from a total of 435 participants out of the 600 questionnaires distributed, with 213 responses from the northeastern region (N-E) and 222 from the northwestern region (N-W). By using stratified random sampling, we ensured that the sample accurately represented diverse household managers in both regions during the 6-month time frame prior to March 2024. Questionnaires were employed to gather in-depth information on the following two key aspects:

• Legislative framework: The questionnaires aimed to capture details regarding the legislative environment for agritourism in each region, including regulations, permits, and support programs.
• SWOT analysis: To perform the SWOT analysis of agritourism development, stakeholders were interviewed according to a systematic approach to disclose strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats relevant to their specific regions. The survey targeted a cross-section of household managers in the northeastern and northwestern regions, using a stratified random sampling method to ensure a representative sample. The collected data were then analyzed to uncover the critical factors influencing the development of agritourism. This analysis provided a detailed and nuanced understanding of unique regional challenges and opportunities, providing valuable insight into local dynamics affecting agritourism. By identifying these key drivers, the study sought to inform specific strategies to enhance the growth of agritourism and address region-specific issues.

3.1.2. Data Analysis

The collected data were analyzed using the following appropriate techniques:

• Statistical data: Descriptive statistics, such as means and percentages, were used to summarize the data obtained from INSE Romania. This allowed for a clear understanding of trends and patterns in agritourism guesthouse numbers and tourist arrivals across the regions.
• Qualitative data: The qualitative data from the questionnaires pertaining to the legislative framework and SWOT analysis were analyzed thematically. This involved the identification of recurring themes and patterns within the responses in order to understand the key aspects of the regulatory environment and regional strengths/weaknesses in agritourism development.

3.1.3. Ethical Considerations

Informed consent was obtained from all participants who answered the questionnaires. This ensured that they were aware of the study’s purpose, the use of their data, and their right to withdraw at any point. The anonymity and confidentiality of participants’ responses were maintained throughout the research process.

3.2. Research Objectives

This research aims to shed light on the influence of legislative and economic conditions on the development of agritourism guesthouses in Romania. To achieve this goal, the study focuses on the following key objectives developed based on the questions and hypotheses outlined in the Introduction:

Objective 1: Analyze the discrepancies in familiarity with the regional legislative framework for agritourism development between the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania and assess the perceived strengths and weaknesses of each region’s framework.

Objective 2: Compare the accessibility of financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania and evaluate the types of financial support received and their impacts on accessibility.

Objective 3: Investigate the distinct tourist market dynamics and visitor preferences in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania, focusing on tourist sources, key attractions, and seasonal variations.

Objective 4: Assess the impact of regional economic conditions on agritourism expansion in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania by examining the perceived economic climate and its influence on business decisions and policy effectiveness.

These objectives are addressed through a mixed-methods approach, employing questionnaires, statistical analysis of tourism data, and a thematic analysis of the SWOT analysis conducted for each region. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the regional disparities in agritourism development and provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to stimulate agritourism growth in Romania.

4. Results of the Research

4.1. Framework and Legislative Support for Agritourism Guesthouses in Romania

A robust legislative framework acts as the bedrock for economic development, and its impact is particularly evident in the burgeoning agritourism guesthouse sector in Romania. Clear and consistent laws, like those outlined for agritourism development, provide a predictable and transparent environment for businesses to operate within [23]. This transparency attracts investors—both domestic and foreign—who are more likely to venture into a market with established rules and regulations. This influx of investment fuels the creation of new agritourism guesthouses, leading to increased job opportunities in rural areas [24]. Furthermore, the national framework ensures a baseline level of quality for accommodation through classification systems. This not only protects tourists but also fosters trust in the agritourism sector, encouraging repeat visits and positive word-of-mouth recommendations. This virtuous cycle attracts even more tourists, generating additional revenue for agritourism guesthouses and the surrounding communities. The impact extends beyond the national framework. Regional support programs, often informed by the national legislation, can provide crucial financial aid in the form of grants, subsidies, or tax breaks [25]. This financial assistance can be the tipping point for many aspiring agritourism entrepreneurs, allowing them to overcome initial hurdles and establish guesthouses. In conclusion, the legislative framework acts as a powerful catalyst. It fosters a business-friendly environment, ensures quality standards, and provides financial support through national and regional initiatives. This comprehensive approach directly contributes to the growth of the agritourism sector, which, in turn, injects life into rural economies, creating jobs and boosting overall economic development in Romania.

Romania offers a supportive environment for agritourism development through various laws and regulations. Below, we provide a breakdown of the key national legislative framework.

• Serving as the cornerstone for Romania’s tourism industry, Government Ordinance no. 58/1998, along with subsequent amendments, establishes a comprehensive legal framework. This ordinance regulates various aspects crucial for a thriving tourism sector. It outlines licensing procedures and regulations for businesses, defines different types of tourism activities like accommodation and tours, and incorporates measures to protect tourist rights and ensure service quality. Additionally, it establishes classification systems to categorize tourist accommodations and services based on specific standards. By promoting tourism marketing and encouraging destination promotion, this ordinance fosters a well-organized and flourishing tourism landscape in Romania [26].
• Government Decision no. 24 of 4 January 2001 established the Ministry of Tourism in Romania. It outlines the Ministry’s mission, functions, structure, staffing, and financial resources. In essence, it defines how the Ministry operates to develop and implement national tourism policy [27].
• Law no. 755 of 27 December 2001 formally approved Government Ordinance no. 58/1998. This Government Ordinance outlines the rules and regulations for organizing and operating tourism activities in Romania. In essence, LEGE no. 755 provides legal validation and paves the way for the implementation of the framework that governs tourism businesses in the country [28].
• Romanian Government Decision No. 1122/2002 establishes a system for classifying tourist resorts. It outlines the specific criteria that determine whether a location qualifies as a national or local tourist resort. This classification system ensures a baseline level of quality and infrastructure for tourists. Furthermore, the Decision takes an active role in promoting tourism by officially designating certain localities as national or local resorts, highlighting their touristic appeal. By setting these standards and promoting specific destinations, this Decision plays a significant role in shaping Romania’s tourism landscape [29].

Although no longer in effect, we considered Romania’s Ministry of Tourism Order no. 235/2001 an extremely significant measure, as it aimed to safeguard tourists financially in case their travel agency went bankrupt or insolvent. It mandated travel agencies to hold insurance policies that would cover repatriation costs or reimburse prepaid travel expenses. However, this order was revoked in 2017 due to conflicts with EU regulations. The European Union’s Package Travel Directive currently dictates the standards for travel agency financial protection, ensuring tourists are covered in such scenarios [30].

Regional Legislative Framework

In addition to the overarching national framework, certain regions within Romania have taken proactive measures by enacting supplementary legislation to bolster the advancement of agritourism. A closer examination reveals the initiatives undertaken in the northwestern and northeastern regions.

Northwestern Region

In the northwestern region of Romania, local authorities have recognized the potential of agritourism as a key driver of economic growth and have, therefore, implemented targeted measures to support its development [31]. This includes the establishment of regional agritourism councils or committees tasked with promoting collaboration among stakeholders, disseminating best practices, and facilitating access to resources. Furthermore, regional governments have allocated specific funding streams or grants dedicated to enhancing infrastructure, marketing efforts, and training programs tailored to the needs of agritourism operators in the area. By tailoring legislation and support mechanisms to suit the unique characteristics of the northwestern region, authorities aim to harness the full potential of agritourism as a sustainable economic engine.

At the same time, we must consider the Regional Development Strategy of the North-West Region 2021–2027 [32], which includes specific programs and funding dedicated to agritourism development.

Northeastern Region

Similarly, in the northeastern region of Romania, authorities have recognized agritourism as a strategic sector with the capacity to drive rural development and alleviate socio-economic disparities. To this end, regional legislation has been enacted to streamline administrative processes, reduce bureaucratic barriers, and incentivize agritourism investments. Additionally, the northeastern region has prioritized the preservation of cultural heritage and environmental sustainability within its agritourism strategy, implementing measures to safeguard traditional practices, protect natural landscapes, and promote responsible tourism initiatives [33]. Through a combination of regulatory reforms, targeted incentives, and cultural preservation efforts, the northeastern region seeks to position itself as a premier destination for authentic agritourism experiences, thereby contributing to the overall prosperity of rural communities. Similar to the northwestern region, the northeastern region also has a specific development agenda, which is the Regional Development Strategy of the North-East Region 2021–2027 [34], which features programs and funding for agritourism development.

4.2. The Examination of Agritourism Trends in the Analyzed Regions

4.2.1. Economic Landscape of the Northwestern Region

The northwestern region of Romania presents a fascinating mix of economic potential and challenges shaped by several key factors. The region boasts a diversified economy, with services dominating, at 72.5%, and a healthy presence of industry (12.8%), and construction (11.75%), providing resilience against sector-specific downturns. Major cities like Cluj-Napoca, Oradea, and Baia Mare act as economic engines, with Cluj-Napoca, the second-largest city in Romania, serving as a hub for IT, research, and education, attracting investments and fostering innovation. The region benefits from a relatively young and well-educated population, particularly in urban centers, which supports growth in knowledge-based industries. Access to European Union structural funds also plays a crucial role in infrastructure development, business support, and the fostering of innovation [35]. However, challenges include a significant rural–urban divide, with 47.4% of the population in rural areas, where agriculture employs 45.8% of workers, often leading to lower incomes. Infrastructure development, especially in transportation, lags behind other regions, affecting connectivity and investment attraction. Additionally, the risk of brain drain poses a threat, necessitating the creation of attractive career opportunities and improved quality of life to retain talent. By leveraging its strengths, addressing these challenges, and utilizing EU support, the northwestern region can solidify its position as a leading economic force in Romania [36].

To enhance our understanding of the region’s economic framework, we conducted a comprehensive tabular analysis of the primary socio-economic factors (see

Table 2. Economic indicators of the northwestern region.

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	Evolution 2014–2022
GDP (billion RON)	81.2	86.4	92.1	99.3	107.8	117.5	123.1	130.2	138.5	+93.4%
GDP per capita (RON)	32,100	34,100	36,400	39,400	42,700	46,300	48,900	51,700	55,100	+96.3%
Unemployment rate (%)	6.2	5.8	5.4	4.9	4.5	4.1	3.8	3.4	3.2	−54.8%
FDI (billion RON)	2.8	3.1	3.5	4.0	4.5	5.1	5.4	5.8	6.2	+150.0%
Average monthly income (RON)	2400	2600	2800	3000	3200	3400	3600	3800	4000	+83.3%
Labor productivity (RON/employee)	78,000	82,000	86,000	91,000	96,000	102,000	106,000	111,000	117,000	+65.4%

Source: authors’ processing based on data from the National Institute of Statistics, http://statistici.insse.ro, accessed on 1 June 2024.

). This study spans a period of nine years, providing a longitudinal perspective on the evolution of these indicators. By examining data over this extended time frame, we aim to identify trends and patterns that elucidate the dynamic interactions between various socio-economic variables. This analysis not only highlights the changes in key economic indicators but also explores how these shifts have collectively influenced the economic landscape of the region. Our approach allows for a detailed assessment of both short-term fluctuations and long-term developments, thereby offering valuable insights into the underlying economic mechanisms at play.

From 2014 to 2022, the economic indicators for GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment (FDI), average monthly income, and labor productivity in the country demonstrated a robust and growing economy. The GDP increased by 93.4%, from RON 81.2 billion to RON 138.5 billion, while GDP per capita grew by 96.3%, reflecting the fact that the economic gains are distributed among the population, enhancing individual wealth. The unemployment rate decreased significantly by 54.8%, from 6.2% to 3.2%, indicating improved labor market conditions driven by economic growth and job creation. FDI surged by 150.0%, showing increased confidence from foreign investors in the country’s economic prospects and stability. The average monthly income rose by 83.3%, suggesting that economic growth is leading to higher wages and improved living standards for the population. Additionally, labor productivity increased by 65.4%, indicating that the workforce is becoming more efficient, contributing to higher output per employee. The close correlation between GDP growth and GDP per capita growth, alongside the decrease in unemployment and the increase in FDI, highlights a virtuous cycle whereby economic expansion fosters job creation and investment, leading to higher incomes and further economic growth.

Inter-relationships and dynamics of the northwestern region’s economic indicators

• GDP and GDP per capita: The close correlation between GDP growth (+93.4%) and GDP per capita growth (+96.3%) suggests that the overall economic growth is translating well to per capita gains.
• GDP and unemployment: The decrease in the unemployment rate (−54.8%), alongside rising GDP, indicates that economic expansion is fostering job creation.
• FDI and GDP: The significant increase in FDI (+150.0%) likely contributed to GDP growth by injecting capital, enhancing industrial capacity, and creating jobs.
• Income and productivity: The combined rise in average monthly income (+83.3%) and labor productivity (+65.4%) suggests that workers are being compensated better as their productivity increases, which is a positive indicator of economic health.
• FDI and labor market: Increased FDI can lead to job creation and higher incomes, as reflected in the decreasing unemployment rate and rising average monthly income.

The indicators demonstrate a robust and growing economy with improvements in overall and per capita wealth, a healthier labor market, and increased foreign investment. The growth in productivity and incomes indicates that the workforce is becoming more efficient and better compensated. The dynamics between these indicators show a virtuous cycle whereby economic growth drives job creation, investment, and higher incomes, which, in turn, support further economic expansion.

In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of these correlations, we created a graphical representation (see Figure 3). This visualization is designed to illustrate the relationships between the indicators. By examining the graph, we can more effectively analyze the connections and draw meaningful conclusions from the data. This approach not only simplifies the interpretation process but also enhances our ability to communicate complex information in a clear and accessible manner.

The graphical representation highlights the interconnectedness of various economic indicators. There is a close correlation between GDP growth (+93.4%) and GDP per capita growth (+96.3%), suggesting that overall economic expansion is translating effectively into individual gains. The decrease in the unemployment rate (−54.8%), alongside rising GDP, indicates that economic growth is fostering job creation. The significant increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) (+150.0%) likely contributed to GDP growth by injecting capital, enhancing industrial capacity, and creating jobs. The combined rise in average monthly income (+83.3%) and labor productivity (+65.4%) suggest that workers are being compensated better as their productivity increases, which is a positive indicator of economic health. Additionally, the increase in FDI is linked to job creation and higher incomes, reflecting in the decreasing unemployment rate and rising average monthly income. These correlations collectively paint a picture of a robust economy where growth in various areas positively influences other aspects, creating a cycle of prosperity.

4.2.2. Economic Landscape of the Northeastern Region

The economic landscape of Romania’s northeastern region paints a picture of resilience amidst developmental hurdles. This region consistently ranks as Romania’s poorest, translating to lower living standards and limited resources for infrastructure development and business initiatives [37]. The decline of heavy industries, particularly mining and textiles, has led to unemployment and a need for economic diversification. Additionally, educational attainment in the northeastern region is lower than the national average, hindering the development of a knowledge-based economy and leading to outmigration of young, skilled individuals. Despite these challenges, the region boasts fertile land and a strong agricultural tradition, offering the potential for job creation and exports through modernization and investment. Access to European Union structural funds provides a crucial lifeline for infrastructure development, skills training, and support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) [38,39]. The region’s natural beauty, from the Carpathian Mountains to historical sites like Bukovina, presents significant tourism potential. Its proximity to Ukraine and Moldova offers opportunities for increased trade and economic cooperation [38]. Overall, while the northeastern region faces significant developmental hurdles, its strengths, coupled with strategic investments and EU support, can pave the way for a more diversified and prosperous future. Focusing on agricultural modernization, tourism development, and the fostering of entrepreneurship can create new economic opportunities and improve the quality of life for residents.

As in the case of the northwestern region, we also conducted a tabular analysis of the main indicators for the northeastern region, which helped us not only to understand the dynamics of the region but also to perform a comparative analysis of the economic framework of the two regions (see

Table 3. Economic indicators of the northeastern region.

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	Evolution 2014–2022
GDP (billion RON)	72.3	77.8	83.9	91.2	99.7	109.4	115.8	123.5	132.4	+109.5%
GDP per capita (RON)	28,700	31,100	33,400	36,300	39,400	43,200	45,800	48,700	52,100	+107.0%
Unemployment rate (%)	7.1	6.7	6.3	5.8	5.4	5.0	4.7	4.3	4.0	−49.3%
FDI (billion RON)	2.4	2.6	2.9	3.2	3.5	3.9	4.2	4.5	4.9	+137.5%
Average monthly income (RON)	2200	2400	2600	2800	3000	3200	3400	3600	3800	+90.9%
Labor productivity (RON/employee)	72,000	76,000	80,000	85,000	90,000	96,000	100,000	105,000	111,000	+70.8%

Source: authors’ processing based on data from the National Institute of Statistics, http://statistici.insse.ro, accessed on 1 June 2024.

). By examining key metrics such as GDP per capita, employment rates, educational attainment, industrial output, and investment levels, we can gain valuable insights into the economic strengths and weaknesses of the northeastern region. This comparative approach allows us to identify patterns and trends that are unique to each region, as well as common challenges they face. Furthermore, it enables policymakers and stakeholders to develop targeted strategies that leverage the specific advantages of each region while addressing their respective disadvantages. For instance, understanding the lower GDP per capita in the northeastern region compared to the northwest can highlight the need for focused economic interventions and investment in infrastructure. Similarly, comparing employment rates and industrial output can reveal areas where the northeastern region might benefit from the adoption of successful practices from the northwest. Overall, this comprehensive analysis is essential for crafting informed, effective policies aimed at fostering balanced regional development across Romania.

The economic indicators for the northeastern region of Romania from 2014 to 2022 illustrate significant growth and improvements. The GDP of the region increased by 109.5%, from RON 72.3 billion to RON 132.4 billion, while GDP per capita rose by 107.0%, indicating that economic gains were effectively distributed among the population, enhancing individual wealth. The unemployment rate decreased substantially by 49.3%, from 7.1% to 4.0%, reflecting improved labor market conditions driven by economic growth and job creation. Foreign direct investment (FDI) surged by 137.5%, showing increased confidence among foreign investors in the region’s economic prospects and stability. The average monthly income rose by 90.9%, suggesting that economic growth led to higher wages and improved living standards for the population. Additionally, labor productivity increased by 70.8%, indicating that the workforce became more efficient, contributing to higher output per employee. The close correlation between GDP growth and GDP per capita growth, alongside the decrease in unemployment and the rise in FDI, highlights a virtuous cycle whereby economic expansion fosters job creation and investment, leading to higher incomes and further economic growth.

Inter-relationships and dynamics of the northeastern region’s economic indicators

• GDP and GDP per capita: The GDP in the northeastern region increased by 109.5%, while GDP per capita grew by 107.0%. This close correlation suggests that the economic growth experienced in the region was effectively distributed among the population, leading to enhanced individual wealth. As the region’s economy expanded, the per capita share of this growth similarly increased, reflecting a balanced distribution of economic benefits.
• GDP and unemployment: The significant rise in GDP was accompanied by a substantial decrease in the unemployment rate of 49.3%. This inverse relationship indicates that economic growth was linked to job creation and a healthier labor market.
• Economic expansion likely led to the creation of new employment opportunities, which, in turn, reduced the unemployment rate, fostering a more robust and inclusive economy.
• FDI and GDP: FDI in the region grew by 137.5%, representing a substantial increase that likely contributed to the overall GDP growth of 109.5%. The influx of foreign investment boosted economic activities and industrial capacity. Increased FDI brought in capital, technology, and expertise, which enhanced productivity and economic output, further fueling GDP growth.
• FDI and labor market: The surge in FDI likely contributed to the reduction in the unemployment rate and the increase in average monthly income. Foreign investments create jobs and enhance the labor market. By attracting FDI, the region saw job creation, which not only reduced unemployment but also increased competition for labor, leading to higher wages and improved living standards.
• Income and productivity: Average monthly income rose by 90.9%, while labor productivity increased by 70.8%. This relationship suggests that as workers became more productive, they were compensated with higher wages. Improvements in labor productivity can lead to higher economic output per employee, justifying higher wages. This relationship indicates a healthy economic environment where productivity gains translate into better pay for workers.
• Income and GDP per capita: The increase in average monthly income aligns closely with the rise in GDP per capita. As the economy grew, individuals benefited from higher wages, improving their personal economic conditions. The correlation between rising incomes and GDP per capita demonstrates that economic growth positively impacted the standard of living for the population, reflecting effective wealth distribution.
• Productivity and GDP: Labor productivity increased by 70.8%, contributing to overall GDP growth. Higher productivity means more output per worker, which boosts GDP. The improvement in labor productivity led to greater economic output and efficiency, underpinning the growth in GDP and supporting the region’s economic expansion.

The economic indicators for the northeastern region of Romania from 2014 to 2022 show a robust and growing economy with strong inter-relationships between GDP growth, unemployment reduction, FDI increases, rising incomes, and improved productivity. The dynamics reveal a virtuous cycle whereby economic expansion fosters job creation and investment, leading to higher incomes and further growth. The effective distribution of economic gains among the population, as indicated by the rise in GDP per capita and average incomes, underscores a healthy and inclusive economic environment. The significant improvements in labor productivity and FDI also highlight the region’s increasing attractiveness and efficiency, driving sustained economic development.

Just as we conducted an analysis of the northwestern region, we similarly generated a graphical representation of correlations for the northeastern region (see Figure 4). This visual tool aims to enhance our comprehension of these correlations by presenting them in a clear and organized manner. By visually mapping out the relationships between different variables, we can discern patterns, trends, and potential insights that may not be immediately apparent from raw data alone. This graphical approach facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the data specific to the northeastern region, enabling us to draw informed conclusions and make data-driven decisions based on our findings.

The graphical representation illustrates the intricate relationships between various economic indicators in the northeastern region. The substantial GDP growth (+109.5%) closely aligns with GDP per capita growth (+107.0%), indicating that economic expansion effectively enhances individual wealth. A significant rise in GDP is inversely related to a substantial decrease in the unemployment rate (−49.3%), suggesting that economic growth fosters job creation. The remarkable increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) (+137.5%) likely fueled GDP growth by bringing in capital, technology, and expertise, thereby boosting productivity and economic output. FDI also positively impacted the labor market, contributing to job creation and higher average monthly incomes (+90.9%). The rise in labor productivity (+70.8%) is correlated with higher wages, reflecting a healthy economic environment where productivity gains led to better compensation for workers. Additionally, the increase in average monthly income aligns with the rise in GDP per capita, demonstrating effective wealth distribution.

4.2.3. Comparative Analysis of Economic Development Indicators: Northwestern vs. Northeastern Region of Romania (2014–2022)

As we noted in the previous analysis based on the main economic indicators, our findings highlight several key trends and disparities. The northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania experienced robust economic growth from 2014 to 2022. Each region demonstrated significant increases in GDP, GDP per capita, and FDI, alongside reductions in unemployment rates. While the overall trends in economic development are similar, there are notable differences in the extent of growth and the specific dynamics between the indicators. To gain a more comprehensive understanding, we considered it necessary to conduct a comparative analysis of the results of the two regions. This approach allows us to delve deeper into the underlying factors influencing these trends, providing a clearer picture of the economic performance and potential of each region.

Comparative analysis

GDP growth:

• Northwest: +93.4% (RON 81.2 billion to RON 138.5 billion);
• Northeast: +109.5% (RON 72.3 billion to RON 132.4 billion);
• Comparison: The northeastern region outpaced the northwest in terms of GDP growth, suggesting a slightly more rapid economic expansion.

GDP per capita growth:

• Northwest: +96.3% (RON 32,100 to RON 55,100);
• Northeast: +107.0% (RON 28,700 to RON 52,100);
• Comparison: Both regions saw substantial growth in GDP per capita, with the northeast slightly leading, indicating a more equitable distribution of economic gains among individuals.

Unemployment rate reduction:

• Northwest: −54.8% (6.2% to 3.2%);
• Northeast: −49.3% (7.1% to 4.0%);
• Comparison: The northwest exhibited a larger percentage reduction in unemployment, reflecting more effective job creation relative to the northeast.

FDI increase:

• Northwest: +150.0% (RON 2.8 billion to RON 6.2 billion RON):
• Northeast: +137.5% (RON 2.4 billion to RON 4.9 billion);
• Comparison: The northwest experienced a higher percentage increase in FDI, indicating greater attractiveness to foreign investors.

Average monthly income growth:

• Northwest: +83.3% (RON 2400 to RON 4000);
• Northeast: +90.9% (RON 2200 to RON 3800);
• Comparison: Income growth was strong in both regions, with the northeast slightly ahead, suggesting a more significant improvement in living standards.

Labor productivity increase:

• Northwest: +65.4% (RON 78,000/employee to RON 117,000/employee);
• Northeast: +70.8% (RON 72,000/employee to RON 111,000/employee);
• Comparison: Both regions saw substantial improvements in labor productivity, with the northeast showing a slightly higher increase, indicating a more efficient workforce.

In order to provide a clearer overview, we decided to incorporate these results into a tabular format (see

Table 4. Comparative analysis of economic development indicators in Romania (2014–2022).

Indicator	Northwest	Northeast	Common Points	Differences
GDP Growth	93.40%	109.50%	Both regions experienced robust GDP growth.	The northeast had higher GDP growth.
GDP per Capita Growth	96.30%	107.00%	Both regions saw significant per capita gains.	The northeast had slightly higher GDP per capita growth.
Unemployment Rate Reduction	−54.80%	−49.30%	Unemployment rates decreased significantly.	The northwest had a larger reduction in unemployment rate.
FDI Increase	150.00%	137.50%	FDI increased substantially in both regions.	The northwest had a higher percentage increase in FDI.
Average Monthly Income Growth	83.30%	90.90%	Incomes rose significantly in both regions.	The northeast exhibited a greater increase in average monthly income.
Labor Productivity Increase	65.40%	70.80%	Labor productivity improved in both regions.	The northeast experienced a slightly greater increase in productivity.

Source: authors’ processing based on data from the National Institute of Statistics, http://statistici.insse.ro, accessed on 1 June 2024.

).

In terms of economic growth and distribution, the northeastern region exhibited a slightly higher growth rate in both GDP and GDP per capita, signifying not only rapid economic expansion but also effective distribution of economic gains among its populace. Regarding the labor market, both regions witnessed significant reductions in unemployment, with the northwestern region registering a larger percentage reduction, possibly indicating more efficient job creation or dynamic economic activities in that area. In terms of investment and productivity, the northwestern region attracted more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) relative to its initial levels, reflecting robust investor confidence. However, the northeastern region demonstrated a greater increase in labor productivity, suggesting enhancements in workforce efficiency and industrial processes. When considering income and living standards, the northeastern region experienced a slightly greater increase in average monthly income, underscoring a more pronounced improvement in individual living standards within that region. While both regions experienced robust economic growth from 2014 to 2022, the northeastern region showed higher rates of GDP growth, GDP per capita growth, and income growth, suggesting rapid and inclusive economic development. The northwestern region, however, demonstrated greater success in attracting foreign investment and reducing unemployment. Both regions benefited from improved labor productivity and a healthier labor market, contributing to their overall economic expansion. These dynamics highlight the strengths and unique development trajectories of each region within Romania’s broader economic landscape.

Both the northwestern and northeastern regions hold significant potential for economic and social development by harnessing their abundant natural and human resources. Agritourism can play a crucial role in this transformative process by creating jobs, stimulating rural development, and preserving local cultural heritage. To fully realize this potential, it is essential to implement effective promotion strategies, diversify agritourism offerings, and invest in workforce training.

In the northwestern region, leveraging the beauty of the landscapes, rich traditions, and high-quality agrifood products can attract more tourists and investors, thereby fostering sustainable economic growth. Developing robust agritourism infrastructure and enhancing the visibility of the region’s attractions through targeted marketing campaigns will be key to its success.

Similarly, the northeastern region, despite its less diversified economy and lower average income, has significant development potential through the valorization of its natural and cultural resources. By improving tourism infrastructure, offering a wider range of agritourism activities, and ensuring easier access to funding, the region can stimulate local development and improve living standards. Additionally, investing in the training and qualification of the workforce will enhance service quality and ensure the sustainability of agritourism ventures.

Both regions can benefit from shared experiences and best practices in developing their agritourism sectors. Collaborative efforts supported by government and European programs can help overcome common challenges such as insufficient promotion and limited diversification of offerings. By focusing on these strategic initiatives, the northwestern and northeastern regions can fully harness their potential, significantly contributing to regional and national development while preserving their unique cultural heritage.

4.3. The Dynamics of Agritourism Guesthouse Development

Romania boasts fertile landscapes and a rich agricultural heritage, yet rural areas often struggle with economic stagnation and population decline for the following reasons.

First, agri-guesthouses act as catalysts for rural job creation. Traditional farms often operate with minimal staff, but the addition of a guesthouse necessitates a broader workforce [40]. From hospitality staff and chefs to tour guides and local product retailers, these guesthouses generate new employment opportunities. This not only keeps skilled individuals in rural areas but also attracts those who might otherwise migrate to cities for work. A recent study by the Romanian Ministry of Labor found a direct correlation between the rise of agritourism and a decrease in rural unemployment rates [41]. This translates to increased disposable income circulating within local economies, further stimulating local businesses.

Secondly, agri-guesthouses unlock new markets for Romanian agricultural products. Tourists visiting these guesthouses seek authentic experiences, often including locally sourced food [42]. This creates a direct connection between farms and consumers, allowing farmers to command premium prices for high-quality produce. Additionally, guesthouses can feature farm tours and workshops, fostering a deeper appreciation of traditional agricultural practices. Research by the National Institute of Statistics for Agriculture indicates a significant rise in farm incomes in regions with a high concentration of agri-guesthouses, highlighting the sector’s positive impact on the agricultural sector, which is a cornerstone of the Romanian economy [43].

Thirdly, agri-guesthouses contribute to brand building and tourism diversification [44]. While Romania boasts stunning coastal resorts and historical sites, agri-guesthouses offer a unique alternative, attracting tourists seeking a connection to nature and local culture. This not only broadens the appeal of Romanian tourism but also helps distribute tourist revenue more evenly across the country [45]. This positive brand association attracts not only leisure travelers but also potential investors interested in the country’s rural potential.

To delve into the numerical narrative behind the fluctuations in agritourism guesthouses, compiled a comprehensive table showcasing their evolution over the past decade within our specified regions (see

Table 5. The dynamics of the agritourism guesthouse development specific to the N-W and N-E regions.

	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
N-W Region	231	226	246	284	443	520	538	616	750	806	835
Bihor	53	63	77	78	90	130	127	144	139	190	195
Bistrita-Nasaud	10	8	7	6	48	55	57	73	86	110	103
Cluj	73	64	59	66	121	146	164	166	203	220	227
Maramures	78	71	79	104	147	144	147	185	264	227	254
Satu Mare	5	6	4	4	2	11	12	18	18	16	11
Salaj	12	14	20	26	35	34	31	30	40	43	45
N-E Region	283	288	321	352	451	458	458	475	488	489	481
Bacau	14	15	36	37	36	34	39	42	45	42	28
Botosani	1	1	2	2	3	2	2	2	2	2	3
Iasi	10	12	12	14	14	18	19	19	20	16	14
Neamt	119	124	133	139	162	161	152	153	154	153	152
Suceava	132	127	129	151	225	232	235	249	257	263	271
Vaslui	7	9	9	9	11	11	11	10	10	13	13

Source: authors’ processing based on data from the National Institute of Statistics, http://statistici.insse.ro, accessed on 1 June 2024.

). This data-driven approach offers a clear and objective lens through which to analyze the changes these rural retreats have undergone.

In the northwestern region, the number of agritourism guesthouses saw a steady increase from 231 in 2013 to 284 in 2016. This was followed by rapid growth, which was especially notable from 2017 onwards, with the numbers rising sharply from 443 in 2017 to 835 in 2023. County-specific trends in the northwest reveal varied patterns. Bihor experienced moderate growth from 53 in 2013 to 78 in 2016, followed by rapid increases, reaching 195 in 2023. Bistrita remained stable from 2013 to 2016, then saw a significant jump in 2017 to 48, peaking at 110 in 2022 before a slight decline in 2023. Cluj experienced fluctuating growth until 2016, followed by substantial increases, reaching 227 in 2023. Maramures showed more volatile growth, with a significant rise from 71 in 2014 to 254 in 2023. Satu Mare experienced limited growth, peaking at 18 in 2021, then declining to 11 in 2023. Salaj saw a steady increase from 12 in 2013 to 45 in 2023.

In contrast, the northeastern region exhibited a consistent but moderate increase from 283 in 2013 to 352 in 2016, followed by slower growth compared to the northwest. The number of agritourism guesthouses peaked at 489 in 2022 and slightly declined to 481 in 2023. County-specific trends in the northeast also varied. Bacau saw a notable increase in 2015, reaching a peak of 45 in 2021, then declining to 28 in 2023. Botosani experienced very slow growth, with numbers barely changing, reaching 3 in 2023. Iasi showed moderate growth, peaking at 20 in 2021, with a decline to 14 in 2023. Neamt experienced consistent growth until 2017, with slight fluctuations thereafter, reaching 152 in 2023. Suceava exhibited significant growth, especially from 2017 onward, peaking at 271 in 2023. Vaslui showed very slow growth, with numbers remaining almost static, peaking at 13 in 2022 and 2023.

4.3.1. Correlation of Major Economic Events with Agritourism Growth

The evolution of agritourism guesthouses in Romania’s northwestern and northeastern regions between 2013 and 2023 reflects the broader economic trends and significant events impacting the country during this period. This analysis aims to correlate the growth patterns in these regions with major economic events such as the recovery following the European financial crisis, the economic boom of the late 2010s, the disruptive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the post-pandemic recovery marked by inflation and economic uncertainty [46,47]. By examining the data in relation to these events, we can better understand how external economic factors influenced the development of agritourism in these regions, shedding light on both resilience and vulnerabilities within the sector.

Table 6. Correlation of major economic events with agritourism growth.

Period	Economic Context	Impact on Agritourism
2007	European ascension	This might have indirectly influenced agritourism development through access to EU funds or regional development programs. The N-W region might have benefited more from these opportunities.
2008	Global economic crisis	Romania entered a recession in 2009 but recovered by 2011. The data show a steady increase in agritourism guesthouses after this period, suggesting the sector’s potential resilience.
2013–2016	Recovery following the European financial crisis	Both regions saw steady growth in agritourism guesthouses, with moderate increases as economic stability improved, leading to more investments in rural tourism.
2017–2019	Economic boom	The northwestern region saw a dramatic increase in agritourism guesthouses, reflecting higher disposable incomes and increased domestic tourism. The northeastern region also grew but at a slower rate, possibly due to less investment or slower development of infrastructure and marketing.
2020–2021	COVID-19 pandemic	Despite the pandemic, both regions showed resilience. The northwest continued to grow, possibly due to a shift towards domestic and rural tourism as safer alternatives to international travel. The northeastern region showed slower growth and some declines, likely due to stricter restrictions or less effective adaptation to the new travel trends.
2022–2023	Post-pandemic recovery and inflation	Growth continued in both regions but at different rates. The northwestern region maintained a strong growth trajectory, indicating robust recovery and sustained interest in agritourism. The northeastern region saw a slight decline in 2023, suggesting potential challenges such as higher operational costs or slower recovery in rural areas.

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the results of the statistical analysis and bibliographic sources [46,47,48,49,50,51].

provides a concise summary of these correlations, highlighting the economic context and its impact on agritourism growth for each period.

The table illustrates how major economic events influenced the growth of agritourism guesthouses in Romania’s northwestern and northeastern regions from 2013 to 2023. During the recovery following the European financial crisis (2013–2016), both regions experienced steady growth. The subsequent economic boom (2017–2019) led to rapid increases, especially in the northwestern region. Despite challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021), both regions showed resilience, with the northwest continuing to grow due to a shift towards domestic tourism. The post-pandemic recovery (2022–2023) saw sustained growth in the northwestern region, while the northeast faced slight declines, indicating different regional recovery rates. Overall, agritourism development closely mirrored broader economic trends.

While the economic benefits of agri-guesthouses are clear, maximizing their impact requires strategic investment. Streamlining licensing procedures and reducing administrative burdens can incentivize new entrants and expansions. Additionally, financial support through grants and tax breaks can help with infrastructure development, marketing initiatives, and skills training for local staff. By creating a supportive environment, Romania can unlock the full potential of its agri-guesthouse sector. The establishment of agri-guesthouses in Romania presents a win–win scenario. They generate jobs, bolster the agricultural sector, and contribute to brand diversification. By strategically investing in this sector, Romania can transform its rural landscape from one of economic stagnation to a vibrant engine of economic growth, ensuring a more prosperous future for the nation.

4.3.2. The Dynamics of Tourist Numbers and Agritourism Guesthouses in the Northeastern and Northwestern Regions

Overview of Tourist Numbers

From 2013 to 2023, the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania experienced varied trends in tourist numbers, both domestic and international. These fluctuations are closely tied to the growth of agritourism guesthouses, which reflects broader economic and social changes in these areas.

In the northwest, destinations like Cluj-Napoca and Maramureș saw increased tourism due to improved infrastructure and the popularity of rural experiences. The rise in agritourism guesthouses contributed to local economic growth by attracting tourists interested in authentic rural life and traditional crafts. Similarly, the northeast, including Suceava and Iași, attracted many visitors with its cultural heritage and scenic landscapes. The expansion of agritourism guesthouses provided unique farm stays and cultural immersion experiences, boosting the local economy and promoting sustainable tourism.

Overall, the growth in agritourism guesthouses in both regions has been a key factor in accommodating fluctuating tourist numbers, driving economic diversification, and fostering social development, as seen in

Table 7. Overview of tourist numbers in the N-W and N-E regions.

Type of Tourists		Year
		2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Romanian tourists	N-E	99,721	107,072	129,467	149,230	170,111	191,745	212,653	136,359	190,124	213,144	240,031
Foreign tourists		5503	5659	6043	7614	9387	9693	10,228	836	2614	4391	5249
Romanian tourists	N-W	71,553	81,105	99,095	131,906	200,817	243,366	244,284	142,582	212,950	257,979	276,244
Foreign tourists		5714	6250	7275	10,683	14,774	16,285	15,793	1215	4588	7848	11,564

Source: authors’ processing based on data from the National Institute of Statistics, http://statistici.insse.ro, accessed on 1 June 2024.

.

Overview of Tourists in the Northwestern Region

The northwestern region of Romania has witnessed a significant boom in tourism over the past decade (2013–2023). The number of Romanian tourists visiting the region has skyrocketed, increasing from 71,553 in 2013 to a staggering 276,244 in 2023. While foreign tourist numbers have also risen, the growth has been slower, increasing to 11,564 in 2023 from 5714 in 2013. This surge in tourism coincides with a remarkable expansion of agritourism guesthouses in the region. The number of these establishments has quadrupled, growing from 231 in 2013 to a whopping 835 in 2023, with a particularly sharp increase observed after 2017. This growth was not uniform across all counties. Bihor and Cluj experienced steady growth, with a significant jump after 2017. Bistrita-Nasaud saw a similar trend, peaking in 2022 before a slight decline. Maramures exhibited a more volatile pattern but still demonstrated a substantial rise. Satu Mare’s growth was more limited, while Salaj enjoyed consistent increases throughout the period. This correlation suggests a strong link between the expansion of agritourism guesthouses and the rise in tourist numbers, particularly the number of domestic tourists. The surge in accommodation options likely enhanced the region’s attractiveness, drawing in more visitors. Conversely, the increasing tourist numbers, especially the number of Romanian tourists, point towards a growing domestic interest in rural tourism, potentially fueled by the improved availability and quality of agritourism facilities.

Overview of Tourists in the Northeastern Region

The northeastern region of Romania exhibits a distinct tourism trajectory compared to the northwest. While domestic tourism has witnessed a significant rise, from 99,721 visitors in 2013 to 240,031 in 2023, the growth rate is more moderate. Foreign tourist numbers, on the other hand, have seen a slight decline (5503 in 2013 to 5249 in 2023), particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend aligns with the more modest expansion of agritourism guesthouses in the region. The number of establishments has grown from 283 in 2013 to 481 in 2023, which is a slower pace compared to the northwest.

A closer look at individual counties reveals further variations. Bacau and Iasi experienced initial growth, followed by a decline in guesthouses and tourist numbers after 2021. Neamt displayed consistent growth in guesthouses until 2017, with subsequent fluctuations. Suceava, however, stands out, with significant growth, particularly in guesthouses after 2017. In contrast, Botosani and Vaslui saw minimal changes throughout the period. This correlation between guesthouse expansion and tourist numbers suggests a link between the availability of accommodation and domestic tourism growth. The stability and gradual increase in guesthouses likely contributed to a steadier, less dynamic tourism landscape compared to the northwest. Additionally, the slower growth in foreign tourists highlights the potential influence of factors beyond accommodation, such as targeted marketing and infrastructure development, on the attraction of international visitors to the northeastern region.

The data indicate a clear correlation between the number of agritourism guesthouses and the influx of tourists in both regions. The northwestern region, with its rapid growth in guesthouses numbers, has seen a significant increase in both domestic and foreign tourists, particularly since 2017. Conversely, the northeastern region’s more moderate growth in guesthouses aligns with its slower increase in tourist numbers. These trends highlight the impact of agritourism infrastructure on the attraction of tourists and the importance of continuous investment in rural tourism to sustain and enhance regional economic development.

4.4. Questionnaire Results and Hypothesis Validation

In order to validate the hypotheses presented earlier in this paper, we conducted a survey targeting guesthouse owners in two specific regions. This approach involved designing and distributing a questionnaire tailored to collect relevant data from the chosen demographic. The questionnaire aimed to gather insights and information that would help in effectively testing the proposed hypotheses, gravitating around the following four specific directions that the authors identified as particularly relevant to this study:

• Perceived strengths and weaknesses of the regional legislative framework for agritourism development;
• Accessibility of financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses;
• Tourist market dynamics and visitor preferences;
• The impact of regional economic conditions on agritourism expansion.

By focusing on guesthouse owners, we ensured that the responses would provide a comprehensive understanding of the regional dynamics and business practices in the hospitality sector, which are critical to our research objectives.

Analysis and Findings

The survey analyzed responses from a total of 435 participants out of 600 distributed questionnaires, with 213 responses from the northeastern (N-E) region and 222 from the northwestern (N-W) region. Employing stratified random sampling ensured that the sample accurately represented the various household managers across both regions. The gender distribution revealed that 67% of the respondents were women, totaling 292, while the remaining 33% were men, amounting to 143. Within the northeastern region, approximately 130 women and 83 men participated, whereas in the northwestern region, there were about 162 women and 60 men. The age distribution of respondents was as follows: 20% were between 18 and 30 years, 35% between 31 and 45 years, 30% between 46 and 60 years, and 15% were 61 years or older. The majority of participants was engaged in agriculture, tourism management, and local business activities. This comprehensive demographic analysis offered us valuable insights into the gender, regional, and occupational characteristics of the survey respondents. The distinct regulatory environments, financial accessibility, and market dynamics across the N-W and N-E regions of Romania were evident. The N-W region’s favorable conditions led to significant tourist growth, while the N-E region’s challenges resulted in slower growth and fewer foreign tourists.

Following the comprehensive analysis of the questionnaire responses, we synthesized the data into four key tables to facilitate a clear and accessible understanding of the findings. These tables offer a detailed breakdown of the data across various dimensions of agritourism development in the northwestern (N-W) and northeastern (N-E) regions of Romania. Each table addresses a specific aspect of the agritourism landscape, allowing for a nuanced examination of regional differences and similarities.

Table 8. Results of the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the regional legislative framework for agritourism development.

Region	Tourist Growth Analysis	Legislative Framework Assessment
N-W Region	Respondents indicated an increasing number of tourists, both domestic and foreign. The legislative framework is clear, supportive and incentivizes new investments. The data support a favorable regulatory environment facilitating growth.	The legislative framework is clear and supportive and incentivizes new investments.
N-E Region	Respondents indicated slower growth in tourist numbers, especially among foreign tourists. Reported challenges include inconsistent regulations and bureaucratic hurdles. The legislative framework appears to be less effective in promoting agritourism.	The legislative framework shows challenges with inconsistent regulations and bureaucratic hurdles.

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the results of the questionnaire.

presents the respondents’ insights into the legislative environment impacting agritourism. It highlights the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the regulatory frameworks in both regions, revealing differences in familiarity, strengths, and weaknesses as experienced by local stakeholders.

Table 9. Results of the accessibility of financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses.

Region	Tourist Growth Analysis	Financial Resource Assessment
N-W Region	Respondents indicated a higher number of tourists and significant year-on-year growth, particularly among Romanian tourists. Better accessibility of financial resources is evident. Success in obtaining government grants and EU funds likely contributes to improved infrastructure and services.	Financial resources are more accessible, with success in obtaining government grants and EU funds.
N-E Region	Respondents indicated an overall increase in tourist numbers, albeit lagging behind in growth rates of the N-W region. Respondents also reported difficulties in securing financial resources.	Operators experience difficulties in securing financial resources despite the overall increase in tourist numbers.

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the results of the questionnaire.

details the findings related to financial support for agritourism ventures, illustrating the success rates in applying for financial resources, the types of financial support received, and the general accessibility of these resources, providing a clear comparison between the N-W and N-E regions (see Table 9).

Table 10. Results of the tourist market dynamics and visitor preferences.

Region	Tourist Growth Analysis	Services and Marketing Assessment
N-W Region	Respondents indicated consistent growth in both Romanian and foreign tourists. The region effectively satisfies visitor preferences, likely due to better services, accommodations, and promotional efforts.	The region is effective in satisfying visitor preferences, likely due to better services, accommodations, and promotional efforts.
N-E Region	Respondents indicated growth in domestic tourism but relatively stagnant numbers of foreign tourists, highlighting potential areas for improvement in services and marketing.	Potential areas for improvement in services and marketing were identified, especially for the attraction of foreign tourists.

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the results of the questionnaire.

explores the dynamics of the tourist market, including sources of tourists, key attractions, and seasonal variations. It helps to understand how visitor preferences and market conditions differ between the regions, shedding light on the factors that drive tourist behavior and regional appeal.

The final table of the questionnaire findings (

Table 11. Results of the impact of regional economic conditions on agritourism expansion.

Region	Tourist Growth Analysis	Economic Environment Assessment
N-W Region	Respondents indicated robust growth in tourist numbers, reflecting a thriving economic environment conducive to agritourism expansion. Positive economic conditions encourage investments and development in the sector.	The region has thriving economic environment conducive to agritourism expansion, encouraging investments and development.
N-E Region	Respondents reported slower growth and struggles to attract foreign tourists, indicating economic challenges hindering agritourism expansion. The reported economic struggles align with slower growth in tourist numbers.	Economic challenges hinder agritourism expansion, resulting in struggles to attract foreign tourists. The reported economic struggles correlate with slower tourist growth.

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the results of the questionnaire.

) addresses how economic conditions influence agritourism development. It examines respondents’ perceptions of current economic conditions, their impact on business decisions, and the effectiveness of economic policies in supporting agritourism, providing insights into how regional economies affect the growth and expansion of agritourism businesses.

These findings emphasize the importance of tailored policy interventions and improved financial support mechanisms to enhance the development of agritourism, particularly in the N-E region. This research underscores the critical role of legislative and economic conditions in either stimulating or hindering the expansion of agritourism guesthouses. The results of our questionnaire support our hypothesis that distinct regulatory environments, financial accessibility, and market dynamics exist across the N-W and N-E regions of Romania. The N-W region benefits from favorable regulatory support and better market access, leading to significant growth in tourist numbers. In contrast, the N-E region faces challenges such as limited financial resources and infrastructural issues, resulting in slower growth and fewer foreign tourists.

Below, we present the hypotheses that were developed for this study, along with the evidence used to validate each one.

Objective 1: Analyze the discrepancies in familiarity with the regional legislative framework for agritourism development between the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania and assess the perceived strengths and weaknesses of each region’s framework.

Evidence: This objective can be proven true by examining the data from the questionnaire regarding respondents’ familiarity with the framework and their perceptions of its strengths and weaknesses in each region. The results show an 80% familiarity rate with a focus on clear guidelines and supportive measures in the northwest, compared to a 60% familiarity rate with concerns about inconsistent regulations and bureaucratic hurdles in the northeast.

Objective 2: Compare the accessibility of financial resources for the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania and evaluate the types of financial support received and their impact on accessibility.

Evidence: This objective can be proven true by analyzing the data on application success rates, types of financial support obtained, and the perceived accessibility of financial resources in each region. The results show a 70% success rate with government grants and EU funds in the northwest, leading to a 75% accessibility rating. Conversely, the northeast has a 40% success rate, with bank loans at higher interest rates, resulting in a 50% accessibility rating.

Objective 3: Investigate the distinct tourist market dynamics and visitor preferences in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania, focusing on tourist sources, key attractions, and seasonal variations.

Evidence: This objective can be proven true by examining the tourist data from 2013–2023 and the questionnaire responses. The data show a higher proportion of international tourists and a focus on nature, local culture, and high-quality accommodation in the northwest, compared to a dominance of domestic tourism and a focus on nature with less emphasis on accommodation in the northeast. The data also reveal a high degree of seasonality in the northwest and more constant but lower overall tourist numbers throughout the year in the northeast.

Objective 4: Assess the impact of regional economic conditions on agritourism expansion in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania by examining the perceived economic climate and its influence on business decisions and policy effectiveness.

Evidence: This objective can be proven true by analyzing the data on perceived economic conditions, their influence on investment decisions, and the perceived effectiveness of economic policies in each region. Respondents in the northwest described a thriving economy with positive impacts on expansion and supportive economic policies. In contrast, the northeast faced economic struggles, with cautious investments and a call for more supportive policies.

Our research confirms the hypothesis that distinct regulatory environments, financial accessibility, and market dynamics exist across the northwestern and northeastern regions of Romania. The northwestern region benefits from favorable regulatory support and better market access, which promote agritourism growth. In contrast, the northeastern region faces significant challenges, including limited financial resources, inconsistent regulations, and infrastructure issues. These findings underscore the crucial role of legislative and economic conditions in either stimulating or hindering the development of agritourism. The practical implications of this research suggest that targeted policy interventions and improved financial support mechanisms are essential for the northeastern region to unlock its potential in the agritourism sector.

4.5. SWOT Matrix of the Regions and the Policies for Sustainable Development

Our SWOT analysis provided a comprehensive evaluation of both regions grounded in the empirical data gathered from our questionnaire targeting guesthouse owners in the area. By assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, this analysis aims to offer valuable insights into the regional dynamics, business environment, and growth prospects of the hospitality sector. The findings from the questionnaire reveal key factors influencing the operational landscape, highlighting both internal attributes and external conditions that impact the region’s competitiveness and potential for development (see

Table 12. SWOT matrix for the northwestern region.

Strengths	Weaknesses
Favorable legislative environment: Clear and supportive regulations that promote agritourism development.	Seasonal tourism: High seasonality in tourist visits can lead to fluctuations in income and resource allocation challenges.
Strong financial support: Better access to financial resources, including government grants and EU funds, which facilitate growth.	Dependence on external funding: Heavy reliance on government and EU funding may pose risks if these sources become limited.
Increasing tourist numbers: Significant growth in both domestic and international tourist numbers, indicating a robust market.
Quality of services and infrastructure: Higher quality of services and better infrastructure compared to the N-E region.
Opportunities	Threats
Market trends: Growth trends in rural and eco-tourism that align with the region’s offerings.	Economic downturns: Economic instability could reduce the number of tourists and impact funding availability.
Technological advancements: Adoption of new technologies for marketing, booking, and the enhancement of tourist experiences.	Regulatory changes: Changes in laws or regulations could introduce new challenges for agritourism businesses.
Partnerships and collaborations: Opportunities to form partnerships with international travel agencies and tourism boards to attract more visitors.	Environmental degradation: Potential negative impact on natural attractions due to over-tourism or environmental mismanagement.

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the results of the questionnaire.

and

Table 13. SWOT analysis for the northeastern region.

Strengths	Weaknesses
Natural beauty and local culture: The region is rich in natural attractions and cultural heritage, which are strong draws for domestic tourists.	Limited financial resources: Difficulty in accessing financial support, particularly from banks and government grants, hinders expansion.
Increasing domestic tourism: There has been a consistent increase in the number of Romanian tourists, indicating a strong domestic market.	Regulatory challenges: Inconsistent regulations and bureaucratic hurdles make it difficult to start and sustain agritourism ventures.
Potential for growth: Despite challenges, the steady rise in tourist numbers suggests potential for further development.	Infrastructure issues: Poor infrastructure limits the quality of services and the overall tourist experience.
	Low awareness and marketing: The region struggles with effectively marketing itself to foreign tourists, resulting in lower international visitor numbers.
Opportunities	Threats
Untapped international market: There is significant potential to attract more foreign tourists with improved marketing and infrastructure.	Economic conditions: Ongoing economic struggles could continue to impede growth and investment in the agritourism sector.
Government and EU support: There is potential for increased government and EU funding to develop infrastructure and support agritourism initiatives.	Competition from other regions: More developed regions with better infrastructure and marketing strategies may draw tourists away.
Eco- and cultural tourism: Growing global interest in eco-tourism and cultural tourism presents an opportunity to leverage the region’s natural and cultural assets.	Regulatory changes: Potential negative impacts from changes in regulations that could further complicate operations for agritourism business.

Source: authors elaboration based on the results of the questionnaire.

). This strategic assessment is intended to inform stakeholders, policymakers, and business owners about the current state and future possibilities, enabling informed decision making and strategic planning for the region’s sustainable growth.

The agritourism sector can capitalize on its strengths by leveraging the favorable legislative environment to streamline business operations, easily acquire permits, and ensure compliance. This supportive regulatory framework can be used to develop innovative agritourism products that align with growing market trends in rural and eco-tourism and to advocate for additional benefits or protections. The strong available financial support, including government grants and EU funds, should be invested in maintaining high-quality services and infrastructure, which can enhance tourist experiences and attract more visitors. Additionally, these resources can help create diversified revenue streams, reducing reliance on external funding and building a financial buffer to withstand economic downturns and potential funding cuts.

The significant growth in tourist numbers, both domestic and international, indicates a robust market that can be further boosted through enhanced marketing strategies and partnerships with travel agencies. These efforts can help capture a larger market share and attract tourists year-round by developing off-season attractions or events. The region’s higher quality of services and infrastructure compared to the N-E region should be promoted as a unique selling proposition, emphasizing the superior experience available to tourists.

To address the weaknesses of seasonal tourism and dependence on external funding, the sector should focus on developing and promoting off-season activities, such as workshops, festivals, or indoor attractions. This approach can reduce the impact of seasonal fluctuations and create a more consistent flow of tourists. Diversifying income sources through private investments, partnerships, and innovative revenue models like crowdfunding can also mitigate the risks associated with heavy reliance on government and EU funding.

Seizing opportunities in market trends and technological advancements involves developing tailored agritourism packages that highlight eco-friendly practices and rural experiences, attracting niche markets. Investments in digital marketing, online booking systems, and virtual tours can expand reach and enhance customer experience, while technological tools can optimize operations and improve service quality. Strategic alliances with international travel agencies and tourism boards can further expand market reach and attract more visitors.

To mitigate threats, the sector should focus on sustainable practices to protect natural attractions from environmental degradation and ensure long-term viability. Collaborating with environmental organizations can promote sustainable tourism and enhance the region’s appeal to eco-conscious tourists. Maintaining engagement with policymakers can help anticipate and influence potential regulatory changes, ensuring preparedness and adaptability. By strategically leveraging strengths, addressing weaknesses, seizing opportunities, and mitigating threats, the agritourism sector can thrive in a competitive and dynamic environment.

The agritourism sector in the northeastern region can leverage its strengths by capitalizing on the rich natural beauty and local culture of the region, which serve as significant draws for domestic tourists. This region’s unique cultural heritage and scenic landscapes should be highlighted in marketing efforts to attract more visitors. The consistent increase in the number of Romanian tourists indicates a robust domestic market that can be further tapped into. Promoting the region’s attractions through targeted marketing campaigns can help increase awareness and draw more tourists. Additionally, the steady rise in tourist numbers suggests potential for further development, which should be strategically planned to ensure sustainable growth.

To address the weaknesses of limited financial resources, the sector should explore alternative funding options such as private investments, partnerships, and innovative revenue models like crowdfunding. Efforts should be made to engage with financial institutions and government bodies to advocate for better access to financial support. Overcoming regulatory challenges requires a proactive approach, including engagement with policymakers to streamline regulations and reduce bureaucratic hurdles. Improving infrastructure is crucial; seeking government and EU support can help develop better transportation and hospitality facilities, enhancing the overall tourist experience. To address low awareness and underdeveloped marketing, the region should invest in professional marketing services and leverage digital platforms to reach a broader audience, including foreign tourists.

Seizing opportunities involves tapping into the untapped international market by improving marketing strategies and infrastructure. Highlighting the region’s natural and cultural assets in global marketing campaigns can attract more foreign tourists. Potential government and EU funding should be utilized to develop infrastructure and support agritourism initiatives. The growing global interest in eco-tourism and cultural tourism aligns perfectly with the region’s offerings, presenting a significant opportunity. Developing eco-friendly and culturally immersive tourist packages can attract niche markets and promote sustainable tourism.

Mitigating threats requires a multifaceted approach. To counteract the ongoing economic struggles, the sector should diversify its offerings and income sources to promote resilience to economic fluctuations. Enhancing the region’s infrastructure and marketing strategies is essential to compete with more developed regions. Collaboration with other regions or international partners can also help share resources and knowledge. Staying informed about potential regulatory changes and engaging with policymakers can help the sector adapt quickly to new regulations, minimizing negative impacts.

By strategically leveraging its strengths, addressing weaknesses, seizing opportunities, and mitigating threats, the northeastern region’s agritourism sector can achieve sustainable growth and competitiveness in the market.

Both regions have considerable strengths that provide a strong foundation for the development of agritourism. However, they also share common weaknesses, such as regulatory challenges, limited financial resources, and infrastructural issues. Addressing these weaknesses through strategic investments, improved marketing, and streamlined regulations will be crucial. The opportunities in both regions are promising, especially with the potential to attract more international tourists and the increasing interest in eco- and cultural tourism. Capitalizing on these opportunities will require targeted efforts in marketing, infrastructure development, and the fostering of international partnerships. Both regions must also remain vigilant against threats such as economic instability, competition, and regulatory changes. Mitigating these threats through proactive strategies and adaptive measures will be key to ensuring sustainable growth. By leveraging their strengths, addressing weaknesses, capitalizing on opportunities, and mitigating threats, both regions can achieve significant advancements in their agritourism sectors. Strategic planning, investment, and collaboration among stakeholders will be essential to unlocking the full potential of these regions and establishing them as premier agritourism destinations.

4.5.1. Proposed Policies for Sustainable Development

The agritourism sector in Romania presents a significant opportunity for economic growth and rural development, which is why this section focuses on the northwestern and northeastern development regions, aiming to draft sustainable development policies based on the insights gained from our research and results. Through a mixed-methods approach, we explored the current state and potential of agritourism guesthouse expansion in these regions. This analysis included a SWOT analysis, identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats impacting agritourism development. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was administered to gather valuable data on the perspectives of key stakeholders within the agritourism sector.

The policies section leverages these research findings to propose a set of targeted policies specifically tailored for the northwestern and northeastern regions. These policies aim to address the unique challenges and opportunities identified in each region, fostering sustainable growth in the agritourism sector. By focusing on sustainability, we emphasize the importance of balancing economic development with environmental and social considerations. This ensures long-term viability for agritourism businesses and minimizes potential negative impacts on local communities and the environment. We aim to provide policymakers and stakeholders with a roadmap for the promotion of sustainable agritourism practices in the northwestern and northeastern regions, contributing to the overall economic and social development of these areas.

4.5.2. Sustainable Development Policies for the Northwestern Region

Building upon the strengths of the northwestern region, the following policies aim to address weaknesses, capitalize on opportunities, and mitigate potential threats to ensure sustainable agritourism development.

1. Expanding the tourist season:

• Develop off-season packages: Encourage agritourism businesses to create thematic packages (e.g., cultural experiences, harvest festivals, or winter sports) to attract tourists throughout the year.
• Invest in off-season activities: Support initiatives that promote off-season activities like workshops on traditional crafts, farm tours with educational elements, or collaborations with local artists for cultural events.
• Marketing for off-season travel: Allocate resources for targeted marketing campaigns promoting the region’s unique offerings during the off-season to a relevant audience.

2. Diversifying funding sources:

• Develop skills for financial management: Offer training programs for agritourism entrepreneurs on financial planning, budgeting, and exploring alternative funding sources (e.g., crowdfunding or micro-loans).
• Promote direct marketing and local partnerships: Encourage agritourism businesses to develop strategies for direct marketing to potential customers, reducing dependence on external booking platforms.
• Foster collaboration with local food producers: Support the creation of farmer’s markets or on-site shops showcasing local produce, offering agritourism guesthouses an additional revenue stream.

3. Maintaining and enhancing service quality:

• Quality certification programs: Implement voluntary quality certification programs that recognize agritourism businesses meeting specific standards for sustainability practices and service excellence.
• Training and upskilling programs: Offer training programs for agritourism staff on topics like hospitality management, sustainable tourism practices, and language skills.
• Peer-to-peer learning and collaboration: Facilitate knowledge exchange and collaboration among agritourism businesses in the region to share best practices and maintain high service standards.

4. Leveraging technological advancements:

• Digital marketing training: Provide training programs for agritourism businesses on the use of online marketing tools, social media platforms, and search engine optimization (SEO) strategies for effective promotion.
• Investment in digital infrastructure: Support initiatives to improve broadband internet access in rural areas, enabling agritourism businesses to utilize online booking systems and offer virtual tours.
• Developing technology-enhanced experiences: Encourage the adoption of technology to enhance guest experiences, such as interactive trail maps, augmented reality tours of local attractions, or online platforms for the booking of local activities.

5. Fostering strategic partnerships:

• Regional tourism marketing collaboration: Encourage collaboration between regional tourism agencies and agritourism businesses to create joint marketing campaigns promoting the region’s diverse offerings.
• Partnerships with international travel agencies: Facilitate partnerships between agritourism businesses and international travel agencies to reach a wider audience and attract foreign visitors.
• Collaboration with local communities: Support initiatives that build strong relationships between agritourism businesses and local communities, promoting cultural exchange and showcasing the region’s unique traditions.

6. Prioritizing sustainable practices:

• Environmental sustainability guidelines: Develop clear guidelines for agritourism businesses on sustainable practices such as waste management, water conservation, energy efficiency, and responsible sourcing of local food products.
• Eco-certification programs: Encourage agritourism businesses to participate in eco-certification programs that recognize their commitment to environmental sustainability.
• Support for sustainable infrastructure development: Allocate resources to support the development of eco-friendly infrastructure in rural areas, promoting sustainable energy solutions, waste management systems, and organic farming practices.

By implementing these policies, the northwestern region can capitalize on its strengths, overcome weaknesses, and ensure sustainable growth in its agritourism sector. This will contribute to a vibrant rural economy, environmental protection, and the preservation of the region’s unique cultural heritage.

4.5.3. Sustainable Development Policies for the Northeastern Region

The northeastern region boasts natural beauty and cultural richness but faces challenges in accessing finance, infrastructure limitations, and low levels of international recognition. These policies aim to address these weaknesses and capitalize on opportunities to ensure sustainable agritourism development.

1. Enhancing financial accessibility:

• Micro-loan programs: Develop and promote micro-loan programs with simplified application processes and lower interest rates specifically tailored to support the needs of agritourism businesses.
• Grant programs with training: Create targeted grant programs for agritourism development that include mandatory training on financial planning, business management, and sustainable practices.
• Financial literacy workshops: Organize workshops and training sessions for agritourism entrepreneurs on financial literacy, grant application procedures, and alternative financing options (crowdfunding, angel investors).

2. Streamlining regulations and reducing bureaucracy:

• Simplify permitting processes: Review and streamline regulations for the establishment and operation of agritourism businesses, reducing unnecessary red tape and bureaucratic hurdles.
• One-stop shop for information and permits: Establish a dedicated “one-stop shop” resource center providing comprehensive information on regulations, permits, and available financial support programs for agritourism development.
• Training for local authorities: Provide training programs for local authorities responsible for permitting agritourism businesses to ensure consistent application of regulations and efficient processing of applications.

3. Upgrading infrastructure and accessibility:

• Regional infrastructure development plans: Develop regional infrastructure development plans with a focus on improving road networks, public transportation options, and access to reliable Internet services in rural areas.
• Investment in sustainable infrastructure: Allocate resources to promote the development of eco-friendly infrastructure projects such as renewable energy solutions, waste management systems, and sustainable transportation options.
• Public–private partnerships: Encourage in public–private partnerships between regional authorities and private investors to improve infrastructure development and promote sustainable practices in the agritourism sector.

4. Boosting marketing and international recognition:

• Regional marketing campaigns: Develop and implement targeted marketing campaigns promoting the northeastern region’s unique cultural heritage, natural attractions, and agritourism offerings to international tourist markets.
• Participation in international trade shows: Support the participation of agritourism businesses in international tourism trade shows to increase their visibility and attract foreign visitors.
• Digital marketing training and resources: Offer training programs for agritourism businesses on developing a strong online presence, utilizing social media platforms effectively, and implementing SEO strategies to attract international tourists.

5. Leveraging eco- and cultural tourism:

• Certification programs: Encourage agritourism businesses to participate in eco-certification programs that recognize their commitment to environmental sustainability and responsible tourism practices.
• Cultural heritage preservation initiatives: Support initiatives that promote the conservation of the region’s cultural heritage, such as traditional crafts, local cuisine, and historical sites, integrating them into the agritourism experience.
• Development of thematic tours: Develop thematic tours that combine natural attractions with cultural experiences, showcasing the region’s unique identity and promoting responsible ecotourism practices.

6. Collaboration and knowledge sharing:

• Regional tourism clusters: Facilitate the formation of regional tourism clusters that bring together agritourism businesses, local authorities, and other stakeholders to share expertise, collaborate on marketing initiatives, and advocate for the sector’s development.
• Mentorship programs: Establish mentorship programs where experienced agritourism entrepreneurs can share their knowledge and best practices with new businesses in the region.
• International partnerships: Encourage partnerships with established agritourism regions in other countries to exchange knowledge on sustainable practices, marketing strategies, and the attraction of international visitors.

By implementing these policies, the northeastern region can overcome its challenges, capitalize on its strengths, and foster a thriving sustainable agritourism sector. This will contribute to economic growth in rural areas, attract more foreign visitors, and ensure the preservation of the region’s unique natural and cultural heritage.

5. Discussion

This discussion explores the research findings on agritourism development in Romania, focusing on the northwestern and northeastern regions. It examines how legislative and economic conditions influence agritourism expansion and links these insights to our research objectives and hypotheses.

Regional Disparities and Policy Implications

This research confirms significant disparities between the northwestern and northeastern regions concerning agritourism development. Consistent with our first hypothesis, stakeholders in the northwestern region are, indeed, more familiar with the regional legislative framework than those in the northeastern region. This enhanced familiarity contributes to a more supportive environment for agritourism growth in the northwestern region. Additionally, financial resources are more accessible in the northwestern region, aligning with our second hypothesis. This accessibility facilitates the establishment and operation of agritourism guesthouses, driving greater regional development compared to the northeastern region, which faces challenges in attracting investment and navigating regulations.

Our analysis of tourist market dynamics and visitor preferences (Objective 3) revealed that visitor preferences and seasonal variations are notably different between the regions, supporting our third hypothesis. The northwestern region benefits from more established tourist infrastructure, while the northeastern region struggles to capitalize on its natural and cultural assets. These findings underscore the need for region-specific policies. The northwestern region would benefit from strategies aimed at extending the tourist season, diversifying funding sources, and leveraging technological advancements. Conversely, the northeastern region requires policy interventions to streamline regulatory processes, enhance infrastructure, and improve financial accessibility.

Unpacking the Interplay of Factors

While the SWOT analysis provided valuable insights into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in each region, it is crucial to delve deeper into the interplay between these factors. For instance, the northeastern region’s infrastructure weaknesses may limit its ability to attract international eco-tourists—a growing opportunity in the sector. Additionally, the northwestern region’s favorable regulatory environment might be influenced by successful lobbying by established agritourism businesses. Further research is needed to explore these complex inter-relationships, including the roles of regional development agencies, tourism boards, and industry associations in shaping agritourism policies.

Sustainability Considerations

Our research highlights the importance of integrating sustainability principles into agritourism development. As the sector grows, balancing environmental and social considerations is essential for long-term viability. Proposed policies for both regions emphasize practices such as responsible waste management, water conservation, and energy efficiency, as well as the preservation of cultural heritage and collaboration with local communities. However, implementing these practices can be challenging, especially for businesses with limited financial resources. Future research should explore mechanisms to incentivize sustainable practices, such as tax breaks, grants for eco-friendly infrastructure, or certification programs for sustainable agritourism.

Limitations and Future Research Directions

While this research offers valuable insights, it is not without limitations. The data were collected over a specific time frame, and future studies could assess the long-term impacts of the proposed policies. Additionally, examining the adoption of technology by agritourism businesses and evolving consumer preferences could provide further insights into the development of the sector. A broader comparative analysis that includes other Romanian regions with diverse agritourism offerings would also enhance the understanding of regional disparities and policy considerations.

In conclusion, this research provides a nuanced understanding of agritourism expansion in Romania by linking legislative, economic, and environmental factors to regional development. The proposed policies offer a roadmap for sustainable growth in the northwestern and northeastern regions. Future research should build on these findings to explore long-term policy impacts, technological advancements, and changing consumer preferences, ultimately contributing to a thriving and sustainable agritourism sector in Romania.

6. Final Conclusions

This research delved into the intricate interplay of legislative frameworks and economic conditions shaping the growth of agritourism guesthouses in Romania, with a specific focus on a comparative analysis of the northwestern and northeastern development regions. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we leveraged document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and the SWOT analysis framework to glean comprehensive insights.

Our findings underscore a burgeoning interest in expanding agritourism guesthouses across Romania, aligning with global trends. However, our investigation also unveiled distinct regional nuances. The northwestern region emerges as a fertile ground for agritourism, buoyed by transparent regulations, robust financial backing, and superior service standards relative to its northeastern counterpart.

Conversely, the northeastern region, endowed with rich natural landscapes and cultural heritage, confronts hurdles in securing financial resources, navigating bureaucratic complexities, and attracting international visitors due to inadequate infrastructure and limited marketing endeavors. These revelations underscore the imperative of tailoring policies to specific regional dynamics to foster sustainable agritourism development.

Moreover, our study emphasizes the imperative of integrating sustainable practices within the agritourism sector. Balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship and social inclusivity is paramount to ensuring long-term viability while mitigating adverse impacts on local communities and ecosystems.

Drawing on insights gleaned from the SWOT analysis and stakeholder consultations, we propose targeted policy recommendations tailored to each region’s distinct needs. For the northwestern region, our focus lies on extending the tourism season, diversifying funding sources, maintaining service excellence, embracing technological innovations, and nurturing strategic alliances. In contrast, the northeastern region requires policies that enhance financial accessibility, streamline regulatory frameworks, upgrade infrastructure, and enhance global visibility through robust marketing strategies. These initiatives underscore the promotion of eco- and cultural tourism while fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange among stakeholders.

This research underscores the ongoing imperative of monitoring policy effectiveness and adaptability in agritourism development. Future inquiries should explore the outcomes of implementing the proposed policies through longitudinal studies, assessing their impact on agritourism growth and sustainability across both regions. Additionally, delving into the role of technology adoption and evolving consumer preferences within agritourism can offer pivotal insights for sectoral advancement.

Overall, this study enriches our comprehension of the multifaceted drivers influencing agritourism expansion in Romania. By delineating regional differentiations and advocating evidence-based policy prescriptions, this research constitutes a valuable compass for policymakers, stakeholders, and entrepreneurs dedicated to fostering sustainable agritourism within Romania’s northwestern and northeastern regions. By fostering a collaborative ethos that prioritizes holistic growth encompassing economic dynamism, environmental stewardship, and social equity, Romania can pave a transformative path towards the revitalization of its rural landscapes through vibrant agritourism initiatives.