Trends in Emissions from Road Traffic in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Emission Inventory Research
2.2. Spatiotemporal Characteristics
2.3. Influencing Factors
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Area
3.2. Vehicle Fleet Profile of Research Area
3.3. Vehicle Emissions Estimation
- (1)
- Number of vehicles
- (2)
- Vehicle emission factors
- (3)
- Annual kilometers traveled (VKT)
3.4. Vehicle Emissions’ Spatial Differentiation Methods
3.4.1. Calculation of the Standard Road Length
3.4.2. Calculation of the Standard Road Emission Intensity
3.4.3. Calculation of Grid Emissions
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Spatiotemporal Characteristics
4.2. Factors Influencing Analysis
- (1)
- Implications of natural conditions
- (2)
- Implications of existing policies
4.3. Comparison with Other Studies
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implications
- (1)
- The government has prioritized controlling pollutants but has not taken significant action to reduce CO2 emissions, resulting in an overall increase in CO2 levels. Therefore, policy-makers should formulate specific measures to target CO2 emissions from vehicles, refrain from the usage of high-emission vehicles, and provide subsidies for the acquisition of new clean-energy vehicles. In addition to vehicle control, governments should implement measures to expand the coverage area of green plants.
- (2)
- Significant CO2 and pollutants emissions in trunk roads are attributed to the expansion of roads and road networks. Trunk roads provide faster channels for vehicles and attract more traffic flow, resulting in remarkable emissions. Therefore, policy-makers should limit traffic flow on trunk roads and prohibit vehicles powered by highly polluting fuels. Moreover, more roads should be developed to provide more options in residential areas, thereby relieving the emission pressure on trunk roads.
- (3)
- Emissions from vehicles have expanded from the lower elevations of the city to higher regions, showing a significant trend of urban expansion. Therefore, policy-makers should concentrate on urban migration, land utilization, and road expansion, as well as on slowing down urban expansion and protecting areas that are not contaminated currently.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Private Car | Bus | Taxi | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuel Type | |||||||||
Gasoline | Diesel | Electric | Natural Gas | Diesel | Hybrid Power | Gasoline | Diesel | Hybrid Power | |
2017 | 825,448 | 122,253 | 1398 | 484 | 1626 | 977 | 499 | 650 | 5789 |
2020 | 1,038,184 | 144,258 | 3233 | 277 | 310 | 1100 | 0 | 111 | 6494 |
Vehicle Type | Fuel Type | VKT in This Study | Statistical Data | Error Rate | Sun et al. [56] | Error Rate | Wang et al. [57] | Error Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Private car | Gasoline Diesel | 18,000 km | 18,000 km | 0% | 18,707 km | 3.9% | 16,128 km | 10.4% |
19,255 km | 7.0% | |||||||
Bus | Electric Natural gas Diesel Hybrid power | 74,000 km | 60,000 km | 18.9% | 52,330 km | 29.3% | ||
90,202 km | 21.9% | |||||||
Taxi | Gasoline Diesel Hybrid power | 120,000 km | 12,000 km | 0% | 107,448 km | 10.5% | 120,000 km | 0% |
Road Grade | Road Volume (pcu/h) | Vehicle Speed (km/h) | Setting of Weight Parameters |
---|---|---|---|
Primary | 12,600 | 60 | 0.35 |
Secondary | 8250 | 40 | 0.20 |
Trunk | 6500 | 80 | 0.30 |
Tertiary | 4800 | 30 | 0.15 |
Road Type | 2017 | 2020 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | CO | HC | NOx | CO2 | CO | HC | NOx | |
Primary | 1,946,410 | 4853 | 470 | 2087 | 1,072,103 | 1927 | 182 | 727 |
Secondary | 1,906,571 | 4754 | 460 | 2045 | 1,973,660 | 3556 | 335 | 1342 |
Trunk | 741,039 | 1848 | 179 | 795 | 2,999,959 | 5391 | 509 | 2034 |
Tertiary | 1,433,921 | 3575 | 346 | 1538 | 2,044,080 | 3676 | 347 | 1387 |
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Xu, Y.; Weng, D.; Wang, S.; Ge, Q.; Hu, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, L. Trends in Emissions from Road Traffic in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7400. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177400
Xu Y, Weng D, Wang S, Ge Q, Hu X, Wang Z, Zhang L. Trends in Emissions from Road Traffic in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7400. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177400
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yinuo, Dawei Weng, Shuo Wang, Qiuyu Ge, Xisheng Hu, Zhanyong Wang, and Lanyi Zhang. 2024. "Trends in Emissions from Road Traffic in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7400. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177400