Two-Step Macromolecule Separation Process with Acid Pretreatment and High-Shear-Assisted Extraction for Microalgae-Based Biorefinery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Biochemical Composition Analysis
2.3. Acid Pretreatment of Wet Biomass
2.4. High Shear-Assisted Lipid Extraction
2.5. Characterization of Oil, Water, and Solid Phase Products
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biochemical Composition of Chlorella sp. ABC-001
3.2. Acid Pretreatment of Concentrated Wet Biomass
3.3. Effects of Mixing Efficiency on the Lipid Recovery Process
3.4. Separation of Macromolecules in Post-Extracted Mixture: Biorefinery Concept
3.4.1. Lipid Phase: Esterifiable Lipids Recovery
3.4.2. Water Phase: Fermentable Glucose Recovery
3.4.3. Solid Phase: Maintaining Protein Integrity
3.4.4. Impurities Removal Effects on Extracted Lipids
3.5. Comparison with Other Biorefinery Processes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Biomass (wt.%) | Crude Lipids 2 (wt.%) | CASS Process 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oil Phase (wt.%) | Water Phase (wt.%) | Solid Phase 4 (wt.%) | ||||
Macromolecule composition 1 | Lipid | 35.7 ± 0.6 | 35.7 ± 0.6 | 30.1 ± 0.2 | N/A | 2.2 ± 0.01 |
Esterifiable Lipid (FAME) | 29.8 ± 0.2 | 29.8 ± 0.2 | 27.0 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | ||
Carbohydrate | 40.1 ± 1.3 | N/A | N/A | 29.1 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | |
Glucose | 19.1 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | |||
Protein | 18.7 ± 2.3 | N/A | 19.0 ± 0.4 | |||
Ash | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | <0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | |
Elemental composition | C | 51.8 ± 0.1 | 74.1 ± 0.6 | 75.4 ± 0.4 | N/A | 44.5 ± 0.1 |
H | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 11.8 ± 0.1 | 12.2 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | ||
O | 29.7 ± 0.1 | 11.8 ± 0.1 | 11.4 ± 0.1 | 27.4 ± 0.0 | ||
N | 2.6 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | ||
S | 0.2 ± 0.1 | N/D | N/D | 2.5 ± 0.1 |
Content | Biomass (wt. ppm) | Crude Lipid 1 (wt. ppm) | CASS Process | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oil Phase (wt. ppm) | Water Phase (wt. ppm) | Solid Phase 2 (wt. ppm) | |||
P | 27,021 ± 49 | 1130 ± 56 | 206.5 ± 1.9 | 24,318 ± 155 | 3346 ± 155 |
Ca | 3168 ± 69 | 74.5 ± 5.1 | N/D | 2738 ± 21 | 461.2 ± 5.3 |
Na | 623 ± 5 | N/D | N/D | 792.8 ± 6.7 | 137.4 ± 3.3 |
K | 19,844 ± 509 | 65.3 ± 1.8 | N/D | 17,344 ± 242 | 312.9 ± 2.0 |
Cu | 889 ± 37 | 271.8 ± 8.2 | 24.9 ± 1.3 | 700.7 ± 0.4 | 352.1 ± 5.1 |
Zn | 232 ± 53 | 17.4 ± 1.8 | N/D | 298.1 ± 0.7 | N/D |
Mg | 3325 ± 44 | N/D | N/D | 2891 ± 5 | 574.0 ± 10.2 |
Process | Strains | Biomass Conc. (g/L) | Operating Conditions | Macromolecule Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-pressure homogenizer | Nannochloropsis sp. | 110–230 | (1) Cell weakening (35 °C, 7–24 h) (2) High-pressure homogenizer (800–1000 bar, 1 pass) (3) Lipid recovery (2 h, biomass (paste):solvent 5:2 w/w) | Lipid: 25 Carbohydrate in water: 41 Protein in biomass: 51 | [54] |
Acid hydrolysis | Tribonema sp. | 50 | (1) Acid hydrolysis (3 wt%, sulfuric acid, 121 °C, 45 min) (2) Lipid recovery (ethanol-hexane (1:3, v/v) on shaker incubation, 2.5 h, 50 °C, biomass (paste):solvent = 1:6 w/v) | Biodiesel: 98.5 Monosaccharides: 81.5 | [55] |
Acid hydrolysis | Chlorella sp. | 250 | (1) Acid hydrolysis (2 wt%, sulfuric acid, 155 °C, 10 min) (2) Lipid recovery (hexane, 2 h, biomass (paste):solvent 1:1 v/v) | Lipid: 22.2 Glucose: 81.2 | [56] |
Scenedesmus sp. | Lipid: 92.5 Glucose: 73.1 | ||||
Acid hydrolysis | Chlorella sp. ABC-001 | 50 | (1) Acid hydrolysis (0.1 N, sulfuric acid, 170 °C, 4 min) (2) Phase separation using centrifugation (1000 rpm, 5 min) (3) Lipid recovery (hexane with vortexing, 20 min) | Lipid: 100 Monosaccharides: 89 | [57] |
Hydrothermal liquefaction | Chlorella sp. KR1 | 50 | (1) Hydrothermal liquefaction (180 °C, 1 h) (2) Lipid recovery (hexane with sonication, 2 h) | Lipid: 87 Glucose: 70 | [49] |
CASS | Chlorella sp. ABC-001 | 50 | (1) Acid hydrolysis (5 wt.% sulfuric acid, 100 °C, 1 h) (2) Lipid recovery (hexane with high-shear mixing, 3000 rpm, 30 min, biomass (wet):solvent = 1:1 v/v) | Lipid: 90.6 Glucose: 90.0 Protein: 100 | This study |
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Kim, D.; Kang, S.-G.; Chang, Y.K.; Kwak, M. Two-Step Macromolecule Separation Process with Acid Pretreatment and High-Shear-Assisted Extraction for Microalgae-Based Biorefinery. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177589
Kim D, Kang S-G, Chang YK, Kwak M. Two-Step Macromolecule Separation Process with Acid Pretreatment and High-Shear-Assisted Extraction for Microalgae-Based Biorefinery. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177589
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Donghyun, Seul-Gi Kang, Yong Keun Chang, and Minsoo Kwak. 2024. "Two-Step Macromolecule Separation Process with Acid Pretreatment and High-Shear-Assisted Extraction for Microalgae-Based Biorefinery" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177589