Building a Resilient Digital Entrepreneurship Landscape: The Importance of Ecosystems, Decent Work, and Socioeconomic Dynamics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
General Research Objective
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Ecosystems and Digital Entrepreneurship
2.2. The Relationship between Decent Work and Digital Entrepreneurship
2.3. Role of Economic Growth
2.4. Role of the Socioeconomic Status
3. Method
3.1. Sample and Process
3.2. Variables Measurement
4. Data Analysis Aggregation
4.1. Common Method Variance (CMV)
4.2. Measurement Model Assessment
4.3. Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion and Implications
6. Limitations and Future Work
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree | |||||
MEE1 | Importance of support/incentives for internationalization: (i) Saudi Agency for Investment and Foreign Trade (AICEP) (ii) Institute for Support to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Innovation (iii) Saudi Business Association (iv) Business Associations (v) Local/Municipal/Regional; (vi) Specific entities of the sector of activities (vii) Chambers of Commerce; Saudi Embassies and Consulates | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
MOEE2 | Relevance of the following partners for the effectiveness of your company’sinternationalization: (i) Suppliers (ii) Customers (iii) Competitors (iv) Consultants (v) Universities (vi) Research Centers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
MOEE3 | The importance that you attribute to each of these factors for the effectiveness of the internationalization of your company: (i) Seniority of the company (ii) Size of the company; Specific skills of the employees (iii) international experience of the employees (iv) Strong entrepreneurial propensity and willingness to take risks on the part of key employees and the company management) Formal contact network (other companies) (vi) Informal contact network (friends, familiars members) (vii) Territorial proximity to new markets (viii) Linguistic | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree | |||||
Safe working conditions | |||||||||
SWC1. | Have you received adequate training on emergency procedures and evacuation plans in case of a workplace hazard? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
SWC2. | Do you feel that your workplace takes sufficient measures to address health concerns, such as proper ventilation and sanitation? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
SWC3. | Have you ever encountered a safety issue, and if so, how was it addressed by your employer? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Access to Healthcare | |||||||||
AHC1. | Are you aware of the healthcare benefits offered by your employer, including coverage for medical consultations, prescriptions, and preventive care? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
AHC2. | Does your employer offer any preventive healthcare programs or initiatives, such as vaccination drives, health screenings, or wellness programs? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
AHC3. | Do you believe that the health insurance coverage provided by your employer is sufficient to meet your healthcare needs? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Adequate Compensation | |||||||||
AC1. | Have you experienced any challenges or disparities in terms of compensation within your workplace? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
AC2. | How transparent is your employer in communicating the criteria and process for determining compensation? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
AC3. | Would you value more flexibility in compensation structures, such as performance bonuses or stock options? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Free Time and Rest | |||||||||
FTR1. | Are there any specific factors or challenges that affect your ability to maintain a healthy work-life balance? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
FTR2. | Have you ever faced challenges in taking breaks or utilizing your allotted free time during working hours? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
FTR3. | Does your employer offer flexible working hours or arrangements to accommodate personal or family needs? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Complementary Values | |||||||||
CV1. | To what extent do you feel that the organizational culture promotes a sense of shared values and ethics among employees? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
CV2. | How inclusive do you perceive your workplace culture to be in embracing diverse perspectives, backgrounds, and values? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
CV3. | Have you ever faced a situation where you felt your values conflicted with a work-related decision, and if so, how was it resolved? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree | |||||
INND1. | I believe that the organization actively seeks and implements innovative solutions to enhance its operations. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
INND2. | I feel that my team has the freedom to experiment with new approaches and solutions without fear of punitive measures. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
INND3. | Innovative contributions and achievements are acknowledged and celebrated within my organization. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
INND4. | There are channels and platforms in place for employees to share and collaborate on innovative ideas. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
INND5. | The organization allocates resources and budget for research and development, supporting innovative initiatives. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
SCS1 | Social Status: “On a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 represents the highest social status and 10 represents the lowest, how would you rate your social status relative to others in your community?” | 1–10 |
SCS2 | Economic Status: “On a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 represents the highest economic status and 10 represents the lowest, how would you rate your economic status compared to others in your society?” | 1–10 |
SCS3 | Overall Socioeconomic Standing: “Considering both your social and economic status, how would you rate your overall socioeconomic position on a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 is the highest status and 10 is the lowest?” | 1–10 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree | |||||
DE1. | I plan to start an e-business in the future. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
DE2. | I am determined to create my own e-business even though I will encounter difficulties. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
DE3. | I intend to start an e-business in the next five years. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
DE4. | I have very seriously thought about starting an e-business. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
DE5. | I am ready to do anything to be an e-entrepreneur. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
For the questions below, please indicate your response by placing a mark (√) in the appropriate space beside each item. | ||
| □ Male | □ Female |
| □ Below 25 Years | □ 25–30 Years |
□ 31–40 Years | □ 41–50 Years | |
□ Above 51 Years | ||
| □ High school | □ Diploma |
□ Bachelor’s degree | □ Master’s Degree | |
□ Doctorate’s degree | ||
| □ 2 Years and below | □ 3–5 Years |
□ 6–10 Years | □ 11–15 Years | |
□ 16 Years and above | ||
| □ Manufacturing | □ Technology |
□ Medical organizations | □ Insurances | |
□ Retails □ Telecommunication | □ legal □ Finance |
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First-Order Constructs | Second-Order Constructs | Items | Loading (>0.5) | CR (>0.7) | AVE (>0.5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macro Entrepreneurial Ecosystem | MEE1 | 0.737 | 0.825 | 0.563 | |
MEE2 | 0.813 | ||||
MEE3 | 0.756 | ||||
MEE4 | 0.826 | ||||
MEE5 | 0.726 | ||||
Meso Entrepreneurial Ecosystem | MOEE1 | 0.781 | |||
MOEE2 | 0.745 | ||||
MOEE3 | 0.845 | ||||
MOEE4 | 0.777 | ||||
Micro Entrepreneurial Ecosystem | MIEE1 | 0.881 | 0.877 | 0.655 | |
MIEE2 | 0.780 | ||||
MIEE3 | 0.778 | ||||
MIEE4 | 0.800 | ||||
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems | Macro Entrepreneurial Ecosystem | 0.745 | 0.875 | 0.668 | |
Meso Entrepreneurial Ecosystem | 0.817 | ||||
Micro Entrepreneurial Ecosystem | 0.868 | ||||
Safe Working Conditions | SWC1 | 0.812 | 0.857 | 0.698 | |
SWC2 | 0.812 | ||||
SWC3 | 0.795 | ||||
Access to Healthcare | ATHC1 | 0.783 | 0.857 | 0.685 | |
ATHC2 | 0.827 | ||||
ATHC3 | 0.841 | ||||
Adequate Compensation | AC1 | 0.789 | 0.852 | 0.563 | |
AC2 | 0.841 | ||||
AC3 | 0.856 | ||||
Free Time and Rest | FTR1 | 0.784 | 0.886 | 0.609 | |
FTR2 | 0.786 | ||||
FTR3 | 0.769 | ||||
Complementary Values | CMV1 | 0.745 | 0.822 | 0.598 | |
CMV2 | 0.831 | ||||
CMV3 | 0.822 | ||||
Decent Work | Safe working conditions | 0.842 | 0.891 | 0.749 | |
Access to healthcare | 0.812 | ||||
Adequate compensation | 0.786 | ||||
Free time and rest | 0.736 | ||||
Complementary values | 0.822 | ||||
Economic Growth | ECG1 | 0.774 | 0.874 | 0.623 | |
ECG2 | 0.814 | ||||
ECG3 | 0.877 | ||||
ECG4 | 0.873 | ||||
ECG5 | 0.856 | ||||
Socioeconomic Status | SCS1 | 0.798 | 0.811 | 0.588 | |
SCS2 | 0.757 | ||||
SCS3 | 0.847 | ||||
Digital Entrepreneurship | DIE1 | 0.785 | 0.798 | 0.667 | |
DIE2 | 0.877 | ||||
DIE3 | 0.873 | ||||
DIE4 | 0.856 | ||||
DIE5 | 0.786 |
Constructs | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems | 3.647 | 0.585 | 0.778 | ||||
2. Decent Work | 3.472 | 0.551 | 0.602 | 0.713 | |||
3. Economic Growth | 4.184 | 0.637 | 0.432 | 0.514 | 0.829 | ||
4. Socioeconomic Status | 4.513 | 0.519 | 0.134 | 0.165 | 0.483 | 0.809 | |
5. Digital Entrepreneurship | 4.211 | 0.549 | 0.335 | 0.583 | 0.472 | 0.305 | 0.742 |
Constructs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems | ||||||
2. Decent Work | 0.454 | |||||
3. Economic Growth | 0.399 | 0.679 | ||||
4. Socioeconomic Status | 0.527 | 0.604 | 0.529 | |||
5. Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.189 | 0.264 | 0.359 | 0.558 |
Bias and Corrected Bootstrap 95% CI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothesis | Relationship | Std Beta | Std Error | t-Value | p-Value | BCI 95% LL | BCI 95% UL | Decision |
H-1 | Entrepreneurial Ecosystems -> Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.312 | 0.088 | 3.484 | 0.000 | 0.125 | 0.289 | Supported |
H-3 | Decent Work -> Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.202 | 0.054 | 3.115 | 0.000 | 0.313 | 0.553 | Supported |
(1) Patient Empowerment Healthcare Sustainability | Bias and Corrected Bootstrap 95% CI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothesis | Relationship | Std Beta | Std Error | t-Value | p-Values | BCI 95% LL | BCI 95% UL | Decision |
H-3a | Entrepreneurial Ecosystems × Economic Growth --> Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.068 | 0.027 | 2.143 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.123 | Supported |
H-3b | Decent Work × Economic Growth --> Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.166 | 0.096 | 2.239 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.274 | Supported |
H-3c | Entrepreneurial Ecosystems × Socioeconomic Status --> Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.289 | 0.088 | 3.722 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.076 | Supported |
H-53d | Decent Work × Socioeconomic Status --> Digital Entrepreneurship | 0.215 | 0.061 | 3.524 | 0.000 | 0.124 | 0.321 | Supported |
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Alzamel, S. Building a Resilient Digital Entrepreneurship Landscape: The Importance of Ecosystems, Decent Work, and Socioeconomic Dynamics. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177605
Alzamel S. Building a Resilient Digital Entrepreneurship Landscape: The Importance of Ecosystems, Decent Work, and Socioeconomic Dynamics. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177605
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlzamel, Samar. 2024. "Building a Resilient Digital Entrepreneurship Landscape: The Importance of Ecosystems, Decent Work, and Socioeconomic Dynamics" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177605