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Sustainability
Volume 16
Issue 17
10.3390/su16177726
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Article

Efficacy of the Simplex-Centroid Method for Optimization of Mixtures of Soil, Ladle Furnace Slag and Fly Ash Applied in Pavement Construction

by
Mateus Henrique Ribeiro Rodrigues
1,
Taciano Oliveira da Silva
1,
Heraldo Nunes Pitanga
2,
Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti
1,
Klaus Henrique de Paula Rodrigues
1,
Emerson Cordeiro Lopes
1 and
Gustavo Henrique Nalon
1,*
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
2
Department of Transportation and Geotechnics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177726
Submission received: 8 August 2024 / Revised: 2 September 2024 / Accepted: 3 September 2024 / Published: 5 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building and Infrastructure Engineering: Sustainable Utilization of Innovative Eco-Efficient Materials)
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Abstract

Integrating industrial wastes into soils to enhance their properties is a potential solution to current waste management challenges. Since the current literature lacks systematic studies on the mechanical performance of mixtures of soil, ladle furnace slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA), this research investigated the chemical stabilization of two different soils (clayey or sandy soil) using a concomitant mix of distinct types of industrial wastes: LFS and FA. A design of experiments (DoE) methodology was employed to systematically generate distinct mixtures for each soil sample, utilizing a simplex-centroid design. The mixtures were subjected to unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and resilient modulus (RM) tests. The industrial by-products improved the mechanical properties of the soils, providing UCS, CBR index and RM increases up to 130.5%, 324.4% and 132.6%, respectively. Synergistic and antagonistic effects related to the combination of different wastes were discussed, based on mathematical models with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.760 to 0.998, in addition to response surfaces generated for each response variable. The desirability function was applied to identify the optimal component proportions. The best mixture proportion was 80% soil, 20% LFS and 0% FA, which improved the formation of cemented compounds that contributed to the enhanced mechanical strength. The use of industrial waste for soil stabilization has therefore proven to be technically feasible and environmentally friendly.
Keywords: soil stabilization; ladle furnace slag; fly ash; design of experiments; simplex-centroid network soil stabilization; ladle furnace slag; fly ash; design of experiments; simplex-centroid network

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodrigues, M.H.R.; Silva, T.O.d.; Pitanga, H.N.; Pedroti, L.G.; Rodrigues, K.H.d.P.; Lopes, E.C.; Nalon, G.H. Efficacy of the Simplex-Centroid Method for Optimization of Mixtures of Soil, Ladle Furnace Slag and Fly Ash Applied in Pavement Construction. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177726

AMA Style

Rodrigues MHR, Silva TOd, Pitanga HN, Pedroti LG, Rodrigues KHdP, Lopes EC, Nalon GH. Efficacy of the Simplex-Centroid Method for Optimization of Mixtures of Soil, Ladle Furnace Slag and Fly Ash Applied in Pavement Construction. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177726

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigues, Mateus Henrique Ribeiro, Taciano Oliveira da Silva, Heraldo Nunes Pitanga, Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti, Klaus Henrique de Paula Rodrigues, Emerson Cordeiro Lopes, and Gustavo Henrique Nalon. 2024. "Efficacy of the Simplex-Centroid Method for Optimization of Mixtures of Soil, Ladle Furnace Slag and Fly Ash Applied in Pavement Construction" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177726

APA Style

Rodrigues, M. H. R., Silva, T. O. d., Pitanga, H. N., Pedroti, L. G., Rodrigues, K. H. d. P., Lopes, E. C., & Nalon, G. H. (2024). Efficacy of the Simplex-Centroid Method for Optimization of Mixtures of Soil, Ladle Furnace Slag and Fly Ash Applied in Pavement Construction. Sustainability, 16(17), 7726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177726

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