The Optimal Zoning of Non-Grain-Producing Cultivated Land Consolidation Potential: A Case Study of the Dujiangyan Irrigation District
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Understanding NGPCL of various types;
- (2)
- Identifying the status quo and spatial pattern of NGPCL;
- (3)
- Assessing the NGPCL consolidation potential;
- (4)
- Exploring the governance of NGPCL.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research Framework
2.4. Methodology and Research Process
2.4.1. NGPCL Information Extraction
- 1.
- Classification and Extraction of NGPCL
- 2.
- Calculation of the NGPCL ratio
- 3.
- Spatial autocorrelation analysis
2.4.2. Identification of the Consolidation Potential of NGPCL
- Theoretical consolidation potential
- 2.
- The realistic consolidation conditions
2.4.3. Construction of the Zoning Model of the NGPCL Consolidation Potential
- Matching between the theoretical and realistic NGPCL consolidation potentials
- 2.
- Construction of the MOOA
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of NGPCL
3.2. Evaluation of Realistic Conditions for NGPCL Consolidation
3.3. NGPCL Consolidation Potential Zoning Process
3.3.1. Matching of the Theoretical and Realistic Consolidation Potentials
3.3.2. NGPCL Consolidation Potential Zoning
4. Discussion
4.1. Understanding the NGPCL Phenomenon
4.1.1. NGPCL Phenomenon and Spatial Pattern
4.1.2. Causes of NGPCL Formation and Related Governance Dilemmas
4.2. Discussion on the Zoning of NGPCL Consolidation Potential
4.3. Policy Recommendations for Promoting NGPCL Governance
4.4. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Target Layer | Criterion Layer | Index | Basis of Classification | Assigned Value | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The conditions of cultivation | Topographic conditions | Slope | Slope < 3° | 1 | 0.2015 |
3° < Slope < 8° | 2 | ||||
8° < Slope < 15° | 3 | ||||
15° < Slope < 25° | 4 | ||||
Slope > 25° | 5 | ||||
Aspect | South | 1 | 0.1314 | ||
Southeast, Southwest | 2 | ||||
East, West | 3 | ||||
Northeast, Northwest | 4 | ||||
North | 5 | ||||
Soil conditions | Soil organic matter content | ≥3.0% | 1 | 0.0746 | |
3.0–2.0% | 2 | ||||
2.0–1.0% | 3 | ||||
0.6–1.0% | 4 | ||||
<0.6% | 5 | ||||
Soil pH value | 6.0–6.5 | 1 | 0.0725 | ||
5.0–6.0; 6.5–7.3 | 2 | ||||
4.0–5.0; 7.3–8.3 | 3 | ||||
<4.0, >8.3 | 5 | ||||
Effective soil layer thickness | ≥100 cm | 1 | 0.055 | ||
60–100 cm | 2 | ||||
30–60 cm | 3 | ||||
<30 cm | 5 | ||||
Surface soil texture | Loam | 1 | 0.0451 | ||
Clay | 2 | ||||
Sandy soil | 3 | ||||
Gravelly soil | 5 | ||||
Plot conditions | Plot area | Contiguous farmland area > 18 hm2 | 1 | 0.0451 | |
Contiguous farmland area > 3 hm2 | 2 | ||||
Contiguous farmland area > 1 hm2 | 3 | ||||
Contiguous farmland area > 0.5 hm2 | 4 | ||||
Contiguous farmland area < 0.5 hm2 | 5 | ||||
Grade of cultivated land quality | The cultivated land quality grade is 8 | 1 | 0.0419 | ||
The cultivated land quality grade is 9 | 3 | ||||
The cultivated land quality grade is 10 | 5 | ||||
Plot regularity | According to the calculation results, five levels are divided according to the natural break classification | 0.0288 | |||
Irrigation and drainage conditions | Distance from water | 0.0266 | |||
Irrigation conditions | 0.0254 | ||||
Drainage conditions | The drainage system is relatively sound | 1 | 0.0243 | ||
The drainage system is generally sound | 3 | ||||
The drainage system is not sound | 5 | ||||
Location and traffic conditions | Distance from road | According to the calculation results, five levels are divided according to the natural break classification | 0.0206 | ||
Distance from settlements | 0.02 | ||||
Tillage road density | 0.0192 | ||||
The ecological environment | Ecological sensitivity evaluation | Elevation | Elevation < 600 m | 1 | 0.0189 |
600 m < Elevation < 700 m | 2 | ||||
Elevation > 700 m | 3 | ||||
Slope | The same as the slope index above | 0.0173 | |||
Aspect | The same as the aspect index above | 0.0128 | |||
Spatial distribution of water resources | >200 m buffer for rivers, >100 m buffer for ponds | 1 | 0.0123 | ||
100–200 m buffer for rivers, 50–100 m buffer for ponds | 2 | ||||
50–100 m buffer for rivers, 20–50 m buffer for ponds | 3 | ||||
20–50 m buffer for rivers, 10–20 m buffer for ponds | 4 | ||||
0–20 m buffer for rivers, 0–10 m buffer for ponds | 5 | ||||
Land use type | Land for construction, wasteland | 1 | 0.0114 | ||
Farmland | 3 | ||||
Waters, woodland | 5 | ||||
Evaluation of the importance of ecological service functions | Security of water resources | No water, distance > 150 m | 1 | 0.0101 | |
Dispersed small water bodies, distance ≤ 150 m | 2 | ||||
Relatively concentrated small water bodies, distance < 100 m | 3 | ||||
Medium area water bodies, distance < 50 m | 4 | ||||
Large area of water bodies, distance < 20 m | 5 | ||||
Vegetation coverage | 20% < Coverage ≤ 35% | 1 | 0.0088 | ||
35% < Coverage ≤ 45% | 2 | ||||
45% < Coverage ≤ 60% | 3 | ||||
Coverage > 60% | 5 | ||||
Ecological disturbance of development and construction | The density of traffic, villages, and towns is very high, and the population is more than 5000 | 1 | 0.0085 | ||
The density of transportation, villages, and towns is high, with 4000 < population ≤ 5000 | 2 | ||||
The density of traffic, villages, and towns is in the middle, with 3000 < population ≤ 4000 | 3 | ||||
The density of traffic and villages is low, with a population of greater than 2000 and ≤3000 | 4 | ||||
The density of traffic, villages and towns is very low, 1000 < population ≤ 2000 | 5 | ||||
The will of society | Spatial cognition of government workers | Industrial spatial development perception | According to the calculation results, five levels are divided according to the natural break classification | 0.0083 | |
Perception of agricultural development status | 0.0074 | ||||
Agricultural industry cognition | Industry satisfaction | 0.0067 | |||
Satisfaction with permanent basic farmland demarcation | 0.0066 | ||||
Satisfaction degree of cultivated land occupation | 0.0057 | ||||
Planting intention intensity | 0.0057 | ||||
Tourist value perception | Agricultural landscape identity | 0.0049 | |||
Current landscape satisfaction | 0.0047 | ||||
The costs of consolidation | The monetary costs of consolidation | Consolidation area | According to the area size of a single NGPCL, it is divided into 5 classes according to the natural break classification | 0.0042 | |
Project rehabilitation measures’ cost | Value 1 in NGPCL | 1 | 0.0027 | ||
Trees such as fruit trees in Value 1 of NGPCL | 2 | ||||
Value 2 in NGPCL | 3 | ||||
Value 3 in NGPCL | 4 | ||||
Other non-agricultural occupation | 5 | ||||
Soil fertility restoration costs | According to the soil pH, organic matter content, heavy metal content, and other indicators, according to the natural discontinuous classification of 5 levels | 0.0027 | |||
The time costs of consolidation | The time it takes to plow | According to the estimated end time of NGPCL production activities in the current quarter, there are 5 levels according to the natural break classification | 0.0050 | ||
The opportunity costs of consolidation | Contiguity of land | The boundary distance is ≤10 m, and the contiguous cultivated land area is ≥5 hm2 | 1 | 0.0019 | |
Boundary distance ≤ 10 m, 5 hm2 > contiguous cultivated land area > 2 hm2 | 2 | ||||
Boundary distance ≤ 10 m, 2 hm2 > contiguous cultivated land area > 1 hm2 | 3 | ||||
Boundary distance ≤ 10 m, 1 hm2 > contiguous cultivated land area > 0.5 hm2 | 4 | ||||
Boundary distance ≤ 10 m, 0.1 hm2 > contiguous cultivated land area | 5 | ||||
Distance from existing cultivated land | According to the distance from the existing cultivated land, it is divided into 5 levels according to the natural break classification | 0.0013 |
Dear expert, Greetings! The author is currently investigating non-grain production activities on cultivated land. To enhance the objectivity and scientific rigor of the definition and classification of NGPCL proposed in this research, we kindly request your expertise and academic insights in this field to provide ratings for various crop types that delineate NGPCL through this questionnaire. Please note that the questionnaire is intended solely for academic research purposes, and your participation would be appreciated. (Kindly note that the focus of this study is specifically on discussing “NGPCL” in cultivated land areas and does not encompass the “non-agricultural” issues arising from construction and industrial land encroachment on cultivated areas.) The details are as follows: 1. Which of the following production activities falls within the scope of NGPCL? □ Chinese herbal planting, □ Tobacco planting, □ Tea planting, □ Fruit planting, □ Herbaceous flower planting, □ Turf planting, □ Fast-growing forest planting, □ Seedling planting, □ Shrub planting, □ Livestock breeding, □ Pond culture Other types of crops: ________ 2. Please score the damage to cultivated land caused by the following crop type (the higher the score is, the higher the degree of damage): |
Types of Crop Type | Grade |
Chinese herbal planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Tobacco planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Tea planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Fruit planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Herbaceous flower planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Turf planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Fast-growing forest planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Seedling planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Shrub planting | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Livestock breeding | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Pond culture | 1□ 2□ 3□ 4□ 5□ |
Dear participant, Greetings! We are currently conducting a survey on NGPCL in the Dujiangyan irrigation district. We sincerely appreciate your valuable input amidst your busy schedule. This questionnaire does not include any personal information. By completing the questionnaire, you consent to the use of the data for scientific research purposes. Your contribution to this study is greatly appreciated. The survey comprises multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank questions, where providing your details is mandatory but providing answers is optional. Each item features 5 rating levels; kindly mark “√” next to the appropriate choice. A lower score indicates lower satisfaction with the content or suggests that it is in poor condition. You are currently located at ________ company (skip to 1)/community (skip to 2)/scenic spot (skip to 3) 1. Questionnaires for government workers
3. Questionnaire for tourists 1. What attracts you most to the region’s natural landscape (multiple choices) A. Geological landform B. Woodland vegetation C. Pastoral landscape D. River wetland E. Biological landscape F. Others___________
|
References
- Global Report on Food Crises. Global Report on Food Crises 2023. Available online: https://www.fightfoodcrises.net/crises/en/ (accessed on 23 December 2023).
- Zhang, J.; He, C.; Chen, L.; Cao, S. Improving Food Security in China by Taking Advantage of Marginal and Degraded Lands. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 171, 1020–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, L.; Tingting, F.; Jinmin, H. The evolving concepts of land administration in China: Cultivated land protection perspective. Land Use Policy 2009, 26, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, M.; Guo, R.; Hong, W. Institutional transition transition and implementation path for cultivated land protection in highly urbanized regions: A case study of Shenzhen, China. Land Use Policy 2019, 81, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehrabi, Z.; Delzeit, R.; Ignaciuk, A.; Levers, C.; Braich, G.; Bajaj, K.; Amo-Aidoo, A.; Anderson, W.; Balgah, R.A.; Benton, T.G.; et al. Research Priorities for Global Food Security under Extreme Events. One Earth 2022, 5, 756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pasakarnis, G.; Maliene, V.; Dixon-Gough, R.; Malys, N. Decision support framework to rank and prioritise the potential land areas for comprehensive land consolidation. Land Use Policy 2021, 100, 104908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Min, M.; Duan, X.; Yan, W.; Miao, C. Quantitative Simulation of the Relationships between Cultivated Land-Use Patterns and Non-Point Source Pollutant Loads at a Township Scale in Chaohu Lake Basin, China. Catena 2022, 208, 105776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Wang, W.; Li, W.C. The Impact of Nongrain Utilization on the Quality of Cultivated Land. China Land 2021, 3, 17–19. [Google Scholar]
- Qu, F.T.; Chen, J.L.; Chen, W. Theoretical and Empirical Study on the Land Conversion Rconomic Driving Forces. J. Nat. Resour. 2005, 20, 231–241. [Google Scholar]
- Kuang, Y.; Liu, Y. Distingushing “Non-agriculturalization” and “Non-grainification” in the Process of Rural Transfer. Rural Econ. 2018, 4, 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Tao, J. Effects of Cultivated Land Use on Temporal-Spatial Variation of Grain Production in China. J. Nat. Resour. 2014, 29, 911–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, C.Z.; Nie, C.R. The experience and enlightenment of foreign cultivated land “non-grain” management -- based on the perspective of food security. J. Smart Agric. 2023, 3, 13–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Opinions of the General Office of the State Council of China on Preventing the Non Grain Conversion of Farmland and Stabilizing Grain Production. Available online: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/17/content_5562053.htm (accessed on 25 December 2023).
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. China Central Document No. 1. Available online: http://www.moa.gov.cn/so/s?qt=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6 (accessed on 25 December 2023).
- Wu, Y.L.; Zhang, P.; Yu, Y.Y.; Xie, R.Y. Progress Review on and Prospects for Non-grain Cultivated Land in China from the Perspective of Food Security. China Land Sci. 2021, 35, 116–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Z.; Duan, J.; Li, S.; Dai, Z.; Feng, Y. Phenomenon of Non-Grain Production of Cultivated Land Has Become Increasingly Prominent over the Last 20 Years: Evidence from Guanzhong Plain, China. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Zhao, B.; Huang, A.; Xiong, B.; Song, C. Characteristics and Driving Forces of Non-Grain Production of Cultivated Land from the Perspective of Food Security. Sustainability 2021, 13, 14047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, K.; Deng, J.; Shahtahmassebi, A.R.; Zhang, L.; Ao, W.; Guan, T.; Pan, Y.; Gan, M. Quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics and multi-aspect performance of non-grain production during 2000–2015 at a fine scale. Ecol. Indic. 2019, 101, 410–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Chang, Y.; Liu, J.; Ge, X.; Liu, G.J.; Chen, F. Spatial Differentiation of Non-Grain Production on Cultivated Land and Its Driving Factors in Coastal China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Qian, K.; Lin, L.; Wang, K.; Guan, T.; Gan, M. Identifying the Driving Forces of Non-Grain Production Expansion in Rural China and Its Implications for Policies on Cultivated Land Protection. Land Use Policy 2020, 92, 104435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.Z.; Song, W.; Zhang, W.X.; Li, X.J.; Liu, J.Q.; Li, J.Y. Analysis of Spatial Differentiation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Non-grain Cultivated Land in Shandong Province. China Land Sci. 2021, 35, 94–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, F.; Tan, Y.Z.; Chen, H.; Xiong, W.Y. Spatial-temporal Evolution Patterns and Influencing Factors of “Non-grain” Utilization of Cultivated Land in China. China Land Sci. 2022, 36, 97–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Yang, Z. Research Progress, Problems and Prospects of “Non-grain” of Cultivated Land in China. Asian Agric. Res. 2022, 14, 26–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, X.; Zhong, J.; Lin, S.; Dai, R.; He, Z.; Shi, G. Characteristics and driving mechanism of spatial differentiation of “Non-grain” cultivated land in karst trough valley area: Taking Wanshan District, Tongren, Guizhou as an example. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2022, 42, 2207–2217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.F.; Yuan, C.C.; Liu, Z.X.; Wu, H.P.; Wei, X. Decoupling relationship between the non-grain production and intensification of cultivated land in China based on Tapio decoupling model. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 424, 138800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, G.; Song, G.; Wang, Q.; Sui, H. Impact of “Non-Grain” in Cultivated Land on Agricultural Development Resilience: A Case Study from the Major Grain-Producing Area of Northeast China. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 3814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. Notice of the Office of the Third National Land Survey Leading Group of The State Council of the People’s Republic of China on the issuance of the “National Technical Regulations for the Verification of the Results of the Third National Land Survey”. Available online: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-03/02/content_5369928.htm (accessed on 30 December 2023).
- Guo, H.; Lei, W.; Fan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, H. Multi-factor comprehensive evaluation model for the potential of cultivated land consolidation for Yanqing District in Beijing. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2006, 22, 83–86. [Google Scholar]
- Song, W.; Chen, B.M.; Jiang, G.H. Research on land consolidation potential of rural habitat in China: Review and preview. Econ. Geogr. 2010, 30, 1871–1877. [Google Scholar]
- Xiang, X.M.; Jin, X.B.; Du, X.D.; Sun, W.; Zhou, Y.K. The coordination of farmland consolidation implementation in China by comprehen-sive measure of “intensity, potential and difficulty”. Geo-Graph. Res. 2016, 35, 285–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Wang, C.; Li, w.; Jiang, Y. Determination of crop target yield based on cultivated land potential productivity evaluation. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2011, 27, 328–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.L.; Wang, L.X.; Huo, X.W.; Zhang, L.L. Study on the Realistic Potential of Farmland Consolidation on the Theory of Productivity: A Case Study on Suning County. Hebei Prov. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 2011, 18, 202–206, 212. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, J.G.; Huang, R. Protection Zoning of Cultivated Land Based on Cultivated Land Quality Index and Spatial Autocorrelation on Southern Area of Jiangsu Province. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 2019, 26, 213–218. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, S.G.; Chen, Y.H.; Xu, H. Calculational Method Study on Cultivated Land Consolidation Potential Based on Agricultural Land Classification Achievement a Case Study: Taocheng District, Hengshui City. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 2008, 01, 397–401. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, Y.; Hu, B.; Lei, L.; Chang, Q.R. Ecological Suitability Evaluation and Planting Division of Wheat in Shangnan under GIS Support. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 2017, 33, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Su, C.; Xie, Y.; Li, T.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y. Controlling Non-Grain Production Based on Cultivated Land Multifunction Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guan, X.K.; Guo, L.N.; Zhang, F.R.; Zhao, T.T. A Suitability Evaluation of Cultivated Land in Beijing for Multi-Purposes Use and Its Spatio-Temporal Investigation. Resour. Sci. 2010, 32, 580–587. [Google Scholar]
- Tadesse, M.; Negese, A. Land suitability evaluation for sorghum crop by using GIS and AHP techniques in Agamsa Sub-Watershed, Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agric. 2020, 6, 1743624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, R.Z.; Chen, Y.J.; Yi, X.Y.; Fang, L.N. The Causes and Countermeasures on the Excessive ”Non-food” Tendency in the Process of Land Transfer. Chin. J. Agric. Resour. Reg. Plan. 2020, 33, 14–17. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.Y.; Gao, P.C.; Xie, Y.R.; Song, C.Q.; Cheng, C.X.; Ye, S.J. Multi-objective Optimization of Land Use in Xining City Based on Improved NSGA-II. Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci. 2020, 36, 84–89. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Zhong, L.N.; Ying, L.X. Review on the study of the impacts of land consolidation on ecosystem services. J. Ecol. Rural Environ. 2018, 34, 803–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, R.; Beckmann, V.; Berg, L.; Qu, F. Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany. Land Use Policy 2009, 26, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Hu, W.; Liang, C.; Peng, W. On the Public Participation in Land Consolidation. J. Hebei Agric. Sci. 2010, 14, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, A.; Zheng, J.; Yu, J. Research on Scientifically and Rationally Promoting the Fallow of Cultivated Land under the Strategy of Rural Revitalization. Asian Agric. Res. 2019, 11, 4. [Google Scholar]
- Dong, Q.; Cai, J.; Wu, L.; Li, D.; Chen, Q. Quantitative Identification of Rural Functions Based on Big Data: A Case Study of Dujiangyan Irrigation District in Chengdu. Land 2022, 11, 386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, X.Y. Preliminary Studies on Division of Agricultural Production Type. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 1982, 2, 247–253, 293. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Z.; Zheng, L.; Yu, D. Non-Grain Production of Cultivated Land in Hilly and Mountainous Areas at the Village Scale: A Case Study in Le’an Country, China. Land 2021, 12, 1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.L.; Jin, X.B.; Zhang, X.Y.; Shi, S.; Shi, Y.C.; Liu, j.; Zhou, Y.K. Potential and differentiated control of non-grain cultivated land consolidation in major grain producing areas: A case study of the Chengdu Plain. Prog. Geogr. 2023, 42, 2172–2185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, X.B.; Cai, W.M.; Kong, X.B.; Li, Q.F.; Zhao, J. Quality regulation pattern and consolidation time zone of county-level cultivated land based on multi agent collaboration. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2023, 39, 232–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, K.; Li, J.Y.; Wang, Q. Evaluation on agricultural production space and layout optimization based on resources and environmental carrying capacity: A case study of Fujian Province. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2021, 41, 280–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Wang, L.; Xu, Y.; Duan, J. Evaluation of reserve available land resources based on three types of territorial space: A case study of Jiexiu City in Shanxi Province. Prog. Geogr. 2021, 40, 272–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Natural Resources, People’s Republic of China. Letter from the General Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China on Issuing the “Guidelines for Evaluating the Carrying Capacity of Resources and Environment and the Suitability of Land and Space Development (Trial)”. Available online: http://gi.mnr.gov.cn/202001/t20200121_2498502.html (accessed on 25 December 2023).
- Cui, X.; Zhou, T.; Xiong, X.; Xiong, J.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, Y. Farmland Suitability Evaluation Oriented by Non-Agriculturalization Sensitivity: A Case Study of Hubei Province, China. Land 2022, 11, 488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, F. Research on dual evaluation of city and county land space supported by multi-source data. Heilongjiang Sci. 2023, 14, 159–161.6. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, P. The Construction of food security pattern in the New Era from the perspective of urban and rural integrated development—On the three constraints and challenges of China’s food production. Beijing Plan. Rev. 2021, 1, 164–169. [Google Scholar]
- Dujiangyan Irrigation Project Municipal Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Bulletin of National economic and Social Development of Dujiangyan City in 2022. Available online: http://www.djy.gov.cn/dyjgb_rmzfwz/c130222/only_list.shtml (accessed on 18 January 2024).
- Kong, X.B. Problems, causes and countermeasures of “non-grain cultivation” of cultivated land. China Land 2020, 11, 17–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Yu, H.; Bian, Z.; Chen, F. Spatial pattern differentiation of cultivated land non-grain conversion in major grain-producing areas. J. Agric. Resour. Environ. 2022, 39, 817–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.; Duan, W.; Fleskens, L.; Li, M.; Hao, J. Study on evaluation of regional cultivated land quality based on resource-asset-capital attributes and its spatial mechanism. Appl. Geogr. 2020, 125, 102284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, N.; Hao, J.; Zhang, L.; Duan, W.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wusimanjiang, P. Basic Farmland Protection System in China: Changes, Conflicts and Prospects. Agronomy 2023, 13, 651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Notice of the General Office of the Chengdu Municipal People’s Government on the issuance of the Work Plan for Preventing “Non-Grain” of Cultivated Land and Stabilizing Grain Production in Chengdu. Available online: https://www.chengdu.gov.cn/gkml/cdsrmzfbgt/qtwj/1613191520511434752.shtml (accessed on 25 January 2024).
- Liu, D.; Gong, Q.W. The impact of “de-graining” on national grain security during rural land transfer and some governance suggestions. Res. Agric. Mod. 2017, 38, 673–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Wang, H.; Jin, S.; Chen, K.; Peng, C. Migration, Local Off-Farm Employment, and Agricultural Production Efficiency: Evidence from China. SSRN Electron. J. 2014, 07, 27–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos-Sandoval, R.; García-lvarez-Coque, J.M.; Mas-Verdú, F. Innovation behaviour and the use of research and extension services in small-scale agricultural holdings. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2016, 20, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopfensitz, A.; Miquel-Florensa, J. Mill ownership and farmer’s cooperative behavior: The case of Costa Rica coffee farmers. J. Institutional Econ. 2017, 13, 623–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Cao, J.; Liu, J.; Li, X.; Wang, L.; Zuo, F.; Bai, M. Improving the Interpretability and Reliability of Regional Land Cover Classification by U-Net Using Remote Sensing Data. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 2022, 32, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Crop Type | Expert Rating | Land Use Type | Example of Satellite Imagery | Example Environments | Potential Grade | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese herbal planting | 0.47 | Other gardens and cultivated land | Highest | The root system is short, and the damage to the soil layer is limited | ||
Tobacco planting | 1 | |||||
Tea planting | 2.47 | |||||
Fruit planting | 2.47 | Orchard | ||||
Herbaceous flower planting | 2.53 | Other gardens | ||||
Turf planting | 2.4 | |||||
Shrub planting | 4.4 | Bushland | ||||
Fast-growing forest planting | 4.87 | Forestland | Medium | Coarse root system, easily resulting in soil degradation and acidification; soil ball transplantation reduces the thickness of the plowing layer | ||
Seedling planting | 4.87 | |||||
Pond culture | 4.87 | Breeding pond | Lowest | Extensive excavation or hardening of the soil surface | ||
Livestock breeding | 4.87 | Facility agricultural land | ||||
Non-agricultural, paved, occupied, or other cultivated land occupied |
Graded Area (km2)/Proportion (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest | High | Medium | Low | Lowest | |
The conditions of cultivation | 5.77 (3.21%) | 80.31 (44.63%) | 88.77 (49.34%) | 4.86 (2.70%) | 1.03 (0.57%) |
The environmental conditions | 0.14 (0.08%) | 41.75 (23.21%) | 50.10 (27.85%) | 85.07 (47.28%) | 3.73 (2.07%) |
The will of society | 64.02 (35.58%) | 55.49 (30.84%) | 47.03 (26.14%) | 13.01 (7.23%) | 1.19 (0.66%) |
The cost of consolidation | 3.22 (1.79%) | 34.84 (19.36%) | 141.21 (78.48%) | - | - |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dong, Q.; Peng, Q.; Luo, X.; Lu, H.; He, P.; Li, Y.; Wu, L.; Li, D. The Optimal Zoning of Non-Grain-Producing Cultivated Land Consolidation Potential: A Case Study of the Dujiangyan Irrigation District. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7798. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177798
Dong Q, Peng Q, Luo X, Lu H, He P, Li Y, Wu L, Li D. The Optimal Zoning of Non-Grain-Producing Cultivated Land Consolidation Potential: A Case Study of the Dujiangyan Irrigation District. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7798. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177798
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Qidi, Qiao Peng, Xiaohong Luo, Heng Lu, Pengman He, Yanling Li, Linjia Wu, and Di Li. 2024. "The Optimal Zoning of Non-Grain-Producing Cultivated Land Consolidation Potential: A Case Study of the Dujiangyan Irrigation District" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7798. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177798