Attitudes towards Climate Change among Wilderness Seekers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.2.1. Wilderness Novelty Seeking Scale (WNSS)
2.2.2. Wilderness Self-Efficacy Scale (WSES)
2.2.3. Wilderness Courage Scale (WCS)
2.2.4. Attitude towards Climate Changes Scale
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations and Future Directions
4.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- A.
- Cognitive component of an attitude towards climate change.
1 | How interested are you in climate change? | ||||||||
I am not interested at all | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | I am very interested | |
2 | When do you think climate change will start to significantly affect the lives of people in the country you live in? | ||||||||
In the distant future | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | It already does | |
3 | What do you think are/will be the consequences of climate change? | ||||||||
Definitely positive | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Definitely negative | |
4 | Do you think climate change is a threat to modern civilization? | ||||||||
It is not a threat at all | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | It is the biggest threat | |
5 | Do you think that climate change is a threat to species living in the natural environment? | ||||||||
It is not a threat at all | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | It is the biggest threat | |
6 | Do you think that it will be possible to stop climate change? | ||||||||
Definitely not | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Definitely yes | |
7 | Do you think that your actions can affect climate change? | ||||||||
Not at all | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | They definitely can | |
8 | What is the cause of climate change in your opinion? | ||||||||
The effect of natural processes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | The effect of human activity |
- B.
- Emotional component of the attitude towards climate change.
1 | Joy | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
2 | Trust | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
3 | Fear | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
4 | Surprise | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
5 | Sadness | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
6 | Disgust | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
7 | Anger | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
8 | Premonition | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always |
- C.
- Behavioral component of an attitude towards climate change.
1 | I minimize the production of waste generated by my household. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
2 | I separate the waste produced by my household for recycling. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
3 | I save water. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
4 | I save electricity. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
5 | I save paper. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
6 | I limit driving my car in favor of low-emission transport (e.g., public transport, bicycle). | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
7 | I participate in ecological campaigns and initiatives. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always | |
8 | I limit the amount of new goods I buy. | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Always |
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Model | Variable | Variance between Group | df | Variance within Group | Df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two Clusters | WNS | 25.32 | 1 | 89.84 | 271 | 76.38 | 0.01 |
WSES | 70.42 | 1 | 69.51 | 271 | 274.53 | 0.01 | |
WCS | 70.19 | 1 | 68.10 | 271 | 279.31 | 0.01 | |
Three Clusters | WNS | 63.38 | 2 | 51.78 | 270 | 165.23 | 0.01 |
WSES | 72.87 | 2 | 67.06 | 270 | 146.71 | 0.01 | |
WCS | 76.79 | 2 | 61.50 | 270 | 168.55 | 0.01 |
Curious (1) N = 98 | Adventurous (2) N = 95 | Indifferent (3) N = 80 | F | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
1. Interest in climate change | 4.68 | 1.38 | 4.37 | 1.61 | 3.56 | 1.56 | 12.52; 1–3 **, 2–3 ** | |
2. Impact of climate change on human lives | 5.77 | 1.66 | 5.51 | 1.59 | 5.26 | 1.71 | 2.11; 1–3 * | |
3. Consequences of climate change | 6.30 | 0.99 | 5.85 | 1.50 | 5.91 | 1.21 | 3.67; 1–2 *, 1–3 * | |
4. Perception of climate change as a threat to modern civilization | 5.91 | 1.15 | 5.33 | 1.42 | 5.17 | 1.40 | 7.97; 1–2 **, 1–3 ** | |
5. Perception of climate change as a threat to species living in the natural environment | 6.34 | 0.90 | 5.85 | 1.33 | 5.97 | 1.22 | 4.69; 1–2 **, 1–3 ** | |
6. Opportunities to stop climate change | 3.17 | 1.25 | 3.10 | 1.48 | 3.25 | 1.27 | 0.25 | |
7. Impact of individuals on climate change | 4.60 | 1.55 | 4.46 | 1.79 | 4.12 | 1.52 | 1.94; 1–3 * | |
8. Cause of climate change | 5.56 | 1.22 | 5.38 | 1.53 | 5.40 | 1.20 | 0.48 |
Curious (1) N = 98 | Adventurous (2) N = 95 | Indifferent (3) N = 80 | F | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Joy | 2.05 | 1.13 | 2.47 | 1.52 | 2.26 | 1.25 | 2.49; 1–2 * | |
Trust | 2.01 | 1.13 | 2.43 | 1.40 | 2.17 | 1.24 | 2.70; 1–2 ** | |
Fear | 5.33 | 1.31 | 4.66 | 1.77 | 4.40 | 1.49 | 8.98; 1–2 **, 1–3 ** | |
Surprise | 3.72 | 1.67 | 3.54 | 1.52 | 3.30 | 1.50 | 1.60 | |
Sadness | 5.44 | 1.43 | 4.78 | 1.72 | 4.46 | 1.59 | 9.08; 1–2 **, 1–3 ** | |
Disgust | 4.23 | 1.77 | 3.74 | 1.86 | 3.55 | 1.87 | 3.35; 1–3 * | |
Anger | 4.91 | 1.66 | 4.51 | 1.84 | 4.15 | 1.76 | 4.23; 1–3 ** | |
Premonition | 4.18 | 1.54 | 4.11 | 1.57 | 3.70 | 1.49 | 2.46, 1–3 * |
Curious (1) N = 98 | Adventurous (2) N = 95 | Indifferent (3) N = 80 | F | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
1. Minimizing household waste production and disposal | 4.96 | 1.35 | 5.13 | 1.62 | 4.53 | 1.74 | 3.30; 2–3 * | |
2. Separating household waste for recycling purposes 3. Saving water | 5.75 | 1.67 | 5.89 | 1.57 | 5.48 | 1.66 | 1.36 | |
5.51 | 1.25 | 5.34 | 1.41 | 4.73 | 1.54 | 7.24; 1–3 **, 2–3 ** | ||
4. Saving electricity | 5.32 | 1.45 | 5.21 | 1.58 | 4.47 | 1.78 | 7.07; 1–3 **, 2–3 ** | |
5. Saving paper | 5.29 | 1.33 | 5.09 | 1.63 | 4.60 | 1.74 | 4.49; 1–3 ** | |
6. Reducing the use of my car in favor of low-emission modes of transport (e.g., public transport, bicycle), | 4.98 | 1.93 | 4.64 | 2.08 | 4.62 | 2.24 | 0.91 | |
7. Participating in campaigns and initiatives for the environment | 2.54 | 1.53 | 2.57 | 1.78 | 1.75 | 1.23 | 7.31; 1–3 **, 2–3 ** | |
8. Having a limit on purchases of new goods. | 4.36 | 1.53 | 4.33 | 1.64 | 1.75 | 1.23 | 7.90; 1–3 **, 2–3 ** |
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Próchniak, P.; Ossowski, A. Attitudes towards Climate Change among Wilderness Seekers. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198653
Próchniak P, Ossowski A. Attitudes towards Climate Change among Wilderness Seekers. Sustainability. 2024; 16(19):8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198653
Chicago/Turabian StylePróchniak, Piotr, and Adam Ossowski. 2024. "Attitudes towards Climate Change among Wilderness Seekers" Sustainability 16, no. 19: 8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198653