Sustainability

17 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology and Database for the Quantification of the Technical Recyclability of Electrical and Electronical Equipment Demonstrated on a Smartphone Case Study

by Matthias Hämmer and Karsten Wambach

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198726 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 582

Abstract

Assessing a given product’s design and its recyclability using mass flow analysis based on the material separation and recovery rates of individual recycling processes under realistic conditions can support design decisions promoting better recyclability. EN 45555 defines the calculation of the technical recyclability [...] Read more.

Assessing a given product’s design and its recyclability using mass flow analysis based on the material separation and recovery rates of individual recycling processes under realistic conditions can support design decisions promoting better recyclability. EN 45555 defines the calculation of the technical recyclability of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). However, the lack of specific recycling rates for material or processes often leads to either too small or too high recyclability values. Herein, an extensive database of such recycling rates is presented. Moreover, the quality of recycling is considered. The typical classification into “recycled” and “lost” is expanded into four categories, namely “circular”, “recycled”, “alternate material recovery” and “lost”. The recycling rate database includes yields for all four categories and covers 30 materials for 14 recycling processes relevant in waste EEE (WEEE) treatment. These data enable a detailed calculation of the recyclability of various EEE for multiple recycling scenarios covering the entire WEEE recycling chain. Fraunhofer IZM performed an internal critical review of the data. The recycling rates database can act as a solid foundation for comparing the recyclability of various electronics in different scenarios and recyclability indices. For example, the recyclability of typical smartphones is investigated comparing different dismantling and recycling scenarios highlighting the potential of both database and methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Development of Product Labelling in Ecodesign Regulation for Sustainable Products and the EU Legal Framework for Energy Labelling)

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17 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Alternative Water Supply in Settlements: Cases from Turkana County in Kenya and Orangi in Karachi, Pakistan

by Noman Ahmed, Muhammad Sohail and Johana Ekwam

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8725; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198725 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 845

Abstract

In urban areas, water is usually provided through piped systems from specific sources to consumers. Cities, towns, and peri-urban settlements typically benefit from piped systems, while rural areas rely on water supplies from surface sources like rivers and canals, as well as ground [...] Read more.

In urban areas, water is usually provided through piped systems from specific sources to consumers. Cities, towns, and peri-urban settlements typically benefit from piped systems, while rural areas rely on water supplies from surface sources like rivers and canals, as well as ground sources such as wells and tube wells. When traditional methods fail, alternative water supply systems emerge in both urban and rural areas. This paper addresses the question of whether alternative water supply arrangements are sustainable in terms of system reliability, consumer acceptance, cost-effectiveness, convenience, perceptions of service levels, and ease of access to service providers. This paper examines the status of alternative water supply arrangements in Turkana County, Kenya, and Orangi in Karachi, Pakistan, using qualitative methods. It highlights that underprivileged communities commonly turn to alternative water supply arrangements when conventional methods are unavailable or underperforming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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20 pages, 3685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Transformations in Irpinia (Southern Italy): A Tale on the Socio-Economic Dynamics Acting in a Marginal Area of the Mediterranean Europe

by Maria Ragosta, Giada Daniele, Vito Imbrenda, Rosa Coluzzi, Mariagrazia D’Emilio, Maria Lanfredi and Nadia Matarazzo

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198724 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 551

Abstract

Marginal areas in economically advanced countries are a critical issue that European and national policies have been addressing for some time. These areas are affected by depopulation, infrastructural gaps and labor systems that do not reach the corresponding national levels and where often [...] Read more.

Marginal areas in economically advanced countries are a critical issue that European and national policies have been addressing for some time. These areas are affected by depopulation, infrastructural gaps and labor systems that do not reach the corresponding national levels and where often agriculture still plays a critical role. In Italy, despite the fact that the National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI) has been active for about a decade with the aim of increasing the territorial cohesion of these fragile areas, rather limited results have been achieved in terms of halting economic marginalization and demographic decline. In this specific context, our work is aimed at analyzing land use changes, the loss of ecosystem services and demographic trends in a Mediterranean region (Irpinia—Southern Italy) on district and municipal scales in the last 30 years (1990–2018) to capture current, subtle socio-economic dynamics. The analysis carried out has indicated a substantial increase in urban areas due to the development of new industrial areas and discontinuous urban fabric (urban sprawl) at the expense of natural areas (mainly meadows and shrublands). The agricultural areas have remained substantially unchanged in terms of extension, with a slight increase in heterogeneous agricultural areas and an expansion of high-value crops (vineyards), that are the most suitable for multifunctional agriculture activities (experiential and rural tourism). The analysis of the demographic trend has highlighted a widespread phenomenon of depopulation, with the exception of those municipalities who economically orbit around the provincial capital of Avellino. The municipalities in depopulation are mostly located in the inner areas characterized by a more rugged morphology and infrastructural gaps. Unexpectedly, most of municipalities show a significant anticorrelation among the population and agricultural areas which is an indicator of social and economic phenomena as complex as they are underestimated. As a final step, this analysis highlights also a loss of carbon storage mainly attributable to the soil sealing of large areas. This study can help to comprehensively understand the conditions of marginal areas in Mediterranean Europe over recent decades in the light of the main socio-economic dynamics to better direct efforts towards the containment of the human capital hemorrhage, consisting of persistently negative natural and migratory rates, and the sustainable empowerment of these geo-economic peripheries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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21 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Speech, Green Power: The Impact of Freedom of Expression on Renewable Energy

by Umut Uzar

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198723 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1037

Abstract

Although there has been a growing interest in identifying the key drivers of renewable energy over the last few decades, theoretical connections and empirical evidence on the impact of freedom of expression still need to be made. Within the framework of this gap [...] Read more.

Although there has been a growing interest in identifying the key drivers of renewable energy over the last few decades, theoretical connections and empirical evidence on the impact of freedom of expression still need to be made. Within the framework of this gap in the literature, this study tries to solve the mystery by focusing on the impact of freedom of expression on renewable energy in 20 high-income countries from 1990 to 2022. The effects of economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, trade openness, and foreign direct investment were also examined. The evidence-based on second-generation econometric estimators such as AMG and CCEMG are consistent. Findings show that freedom of expression indicates increased renewable energy consumption. In addition, while economic growth and foreign direct investments increase renewable energy, CO₂ emissions reduce renewable energy. Trade has no significant impact. The positive link between freedom of expression and renewable energy is promising for the countries involved and presents a significant win–win opportunity. Therefore, countries need to establish democratic principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Development Goals towards Sustainability)

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19 pages, 3013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gendering Ocean Management for Sustainable Ocean Care in Ghana

by Georgina Yaa Oduro, Rosabelle Boswell, David Wilson and John Windie Ansah

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8722; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198722 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 671

Abstract

UNESCO presently offers a universal regime and policy environment for the identification and management of natural and cultural heritages. However, heritage does not merely signify cultural diversity; it can also facilitate greater equity and equality. The research problem addressed in this article is [...] Read more.

UNESCO presently offers a universal regime and policy environment for the identification and management of natural and cultural heritages. However, heritage does not merely signify cultural diversity; it can also facilitate greater equity and equality. The research problem addressed in this article is that in Ghana, the national government perceives and treats the small-scale fishing (SSF) sector as a masculine space and endeavour, ignoring the gendered aspects of this environment, of SSF practice and ocean care. In the article, it is hypothesized that if the SSF sector is treated as a socially differentiated space, and if the concern of ocean care is prioritized as a key imperative in Ghanaian ocean management, it is likely that a more inclusive and sustainable ocean management process and SSF sector will emerge in Ghana. Mindful of the socially differentiated nature of the SSF sector in Ghana, the goal of the research presented in this article is to use mixed qualitative research methods (participant-observation and semi-structured interviews) to investigate gendered knowledge forms and gendered practices in ocean care in the central region of Ghana. A key finding of the research is that gendered ritual practices, including canoe building and use in Ghana, are critical to long-term, sustainable, and inclusive ocean management in the country. Recognition of the gendered dimensions of ocean management in Ghana may also result in more inclusive ocean governance policies and nature management policies in Ghana in general. The conclusion of the article is that ocean governance in Ghana should consider and mainstream a gendered perspective of the SSF sector, to advance transformative, sustainable, and inclusive ocean care. The article draws on theories of intersectionality, African indigenous feminist thought, and critical heritage studies to analyse the data gathered, to support the discussion, and to propose the way forward for the national government. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Oceans)

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15 pages, 2939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Air Pollution Forecasting Models Applying Artificial Neural Networks in the Greater Area of Beijing City, China

by Panagiotis Fazakis, Konstantinos Moustris and Georgios Spyropoulos

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8721; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198721 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 647

Abstract

The ever-increasing industrialization of certain areas of the planet combined with the simultaneous degradation of the natural environment are alarming phenomena, especially in the field of human health. The concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) [...] Read more.

The ever-increasing industrialization of certain areas of the planet combined with the simultaneous degradation of the natural environment are alarming phenomena, especially in the field of human health. The concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and 10 μm (PM₁₀), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and ozone (O₃) needs constant monitoring, as they consist of the main cause for many diseases. Based on the existence of statutory limits from the World Health Organization (WHO) for the concentration of each of the aforementioned air pollutants, it is considered necessary to develop forecasting systems that have the ability to correlate the current meteorological data with the concentrations of the above pollutants. In this work, the attempt to predict air pollutant concentrations in the wider area of Beijing, China, is successfully carried out using artificial neural network (ANN) models. In the frame of a specific work, a significant number of ANNs are developed. For this purpose, an open-access meteorological and air pollution database was used. Finally, a statistical evaluation of the developed prognostic models was carried out. The results showed that ANNs present a remarkable prognostic ability in order to forecast air pollution levels in an urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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33 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Review of Microbial Inoculants: Agricultural Applications, Technology Trends in Patents, and Regulatory Frameworks

by Guilherme Anacleto dos Reis, Walter Jose Martínez-Burgos, Roberta Pozzan, Yenis Pastrana Puche, Diego Ocán-Torres, Pedro de Queiroz Fonseca Mota, Cristine Rodrigues, Josilene Lima Serra, Thamarys Scapini, Susan Grace Karp and Carlos Ricardo Soccol

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198720 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 636

Abstract

Agriculture is essential for nutrition and the global economy, becoming increasingly important due to population growth and higher food demand. This situation boosts interest in creating bioproducts that enhance productivity sustainably while reducing environmental issues and strain on natural resources. Bioinoculants are important [...] Read more.

Agriculture is essential for nutrition and the global economy, becoming increasingly important due to population growth and higher food demand. This situation boosts interest in creating bioproducts that enhance productivity sustainably while reducing environmental issues and strain on natural resources. Bioinoculants are important innovations that use beneficial microorganisms to boost crop growth and resilience. They enhance the interaction between soil and plants by solubilizing essential nutrients and producing phytohormones. This not only boosts agricultural productivity but also promotes environmentally sustainable practices by decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers. Considering the relevance of this subject to advances in agro-industrial biotechnology, this review analyzes recent studies and patent advances on the production and use of bioinoculants, as well as their integration into agricultural practices and plant development. It also explores the dynamics of production and downstream processes on an industrial scale, regulations in different countries, and growing market demands, which is an important feature of this review. Furthermore, future perspectives for the application of bioinoculants in agro-industrial biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the critical role that these biological agents play in advancing agricultural sustainability. Full article

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43 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards Sustainable Biomass Conversion Technologies: A Review of Mathematical Modeling Approaches

by Sylwia Polesek-Karczewska, Paulina Hercel, Behrouz Adibimanesh and Izabela Wardach-Świȩcicka

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8719; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198719 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 569

Abstract

The sustainable utilization of biomass, particularly troublesome waste biomass, has become one of the pathways to meet the urgent demand for providing energy safety and environmental protection. The variety of biomass hinders the design of energy devices and systems, which must be highly [...] Read more.

The sustainable utilization of biomass, particularly troublesome waste biomass, has become one of the pathways to meet the urgent demand for providing energy safety and environmental protection. The variety of biomass hinders the design of energy devices and systems, which must be highly efficient and reliable. Along with the technological developments in this field, broad works have been carried out on the mathematical modeling of the processes to support design and optimization for decreasing the environmental impact of energy systems. This paper aims to provide an extensive review of the various approaches proposed in the field of the mathematical modeling of the thermochemical conversion of biomass. The general focus is on pyrolysis and gasification, which are considered among the most beneficial methods for waste biomass utilization. The thermal and flow issues accompanying fuel conversion, with the basic governing equations and closing relationships, are presented with regard to the micro- (single particle) and macro-scale (multi-particle) problems, including different approaches (Eulerian, Lagrangian, and mixed). The data-driven techniques utilizing artificial neural networks and machine learning, gaining increasing interest as complementary to the traditional models, are also presented. The impact of the complexity of the physicochemical processes and the upscaling problem on the variations in the modeling approaches are discussed. The advantages and limitations of the proposed models are indicated. Potential options for further development in this area are outlined. The study shows that efforts towards obtaining reliable predictions of process characteristics while preserving reasonable computational efficiency result in a variety of modeling methods. These contribute to advancing environmentally conscious energy solutions in line with the global sustainability goals. Full article

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28 pages, 2972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Model for Sustainable Supplier Selection in the Paint and Coating Industry

by Alina Cynthia Dewi, Teuku Yuri M. Zagloel and Romadhani Ardi

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198718 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 452

Abstract

Given the significance of sustainability in the current global market, doing a comprehensive and current assessment of a supplier’s sustainability might be beneficial for improving a firm’s competitiveness. This study aims to develop sustainable supplier selection criteria, examine their interrelationships, and determine the [...] Read more.

Given the significance of sustainability in the current global market, doing a comprehensive and current assessment of a supplier’s sustainability might be beneficial for improving a firm’s competitiveness. This study aims to develop sustainable supplier selection criteria, examine their interrelationships, and determine the critical criteria in the paint and coating industry. This study employed a focus group discussion (FGD), the Delphi method, a decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory-based analytical network process (DANP), and a measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS). The findings indicated that most sub–criteria experts agreed that 11 economic sub–criteria, five environmental sub–criteria, and three social sub–criteria should be considered when selecting a sustainable supplier. The results show that the most influential criteria are environmental criteria, while the critical criteria are social criteria. In addition, “Service” (E4), “Green Material” (L3), and “Health and Safety” (S1) sub–criteria should be considered to assess the supplier because they have high relation and prominence. Globally, the top five highest weighted sub–criteria are “Respect for the Law” (S2), “Health and Safety” (S1), “Worker’s Social Rights” (S3), “Waste Management” (L5), and “Environment Management System” (L1). We practically selected 12 providers from the paint and coating sector to assess the scheme’s practicality. This work introduced a novel model for selecting a sustainable supplier that helps industries understand their core criteria and sub–criteria. This will enhance the industry’s competitiveness and sustainability by evaluating suppliers based on economic, environmental, and social criteria. Full article

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16 pages, 1668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Internalizing External Accident Costs in Safety Investment Evaluation Using Cost–Benefit Analysis

by Christina Nikolova

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8717; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198717 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 581

Abstract

The primary objectives of transportation system development in European countries include improving transport efficiency, enhancing national economic competitiveness, and promoting sustainable mobility. A key aspect of achieving these goals is the evaluation of transport externalities, particularly external accident costs, which is critical for [...] Read more.

The primary objectives of transportation system development in European countries include improving transport efficiency, enhancing national economic competitiveness, and promoting sustainable mobility. A key aspect of achieving these goals is the evaluation of transport externalities, particularly external accident costs, which is critical for ensuring the economic and social sustainability of road transport development. This study comprehensively evaluates external road accident costs and proposes an innovative approach to internalizing these costs through a cost–benefit analysis (CBA). By integrating these external costs into CBA, policymakers can better understand the societal impact of road safety investments, allowing for more informed decisions regarding measures to reduce road accidents and fatalities. This paper also explores the role of specific safety investments, such as installing vehicle restrain systems (VRS), buffers, and terminals on the national road network, as well as installing speed cameras, in reducing accidents and mitigating external costs. The findings highlight road safety measures’ importance in enhancing economic efficiency and social well-being, providing a solid foundation for the sustainable and efficient development of transportation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Transport Economics, Behaviour and Policy)

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14 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviours in the Public Sphere: Comparing the Influence of Social Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Global Warming Awareness and the NEP

by Ankica Kosic, Paola Passafaro and Martina Molinari

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198716 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

Environmental sustainability depends highly on our ability to identify the determinants of various types of pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs). However, so far, public sphere pro-environmental behaviours (PBS-PEBs) have received little attention in the scientific literature. This paper aims thus to fill this gap by [...] Read more.

Environmental sustainability depends highly on our ability to identify the determinants of various types of pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs). However, so far, public sphere pro-environmental behaviours (PBS-PEBs) have received little attention in the scientific literature. This paper aims thus to fill this gap by exploring the role of dispositional (i.e., social anxiety and self-efficacy) and social psychological factors (i.e., environmental concern and global warming awareness) in the prediction of PBS-PEBs. An online questionnaire, including measures of these factors, was administered to residents (N = 199) of various Italian cities. The results indicated that (1) dispositional social anxiety (but not self-efficacy) directly (and negatively) predicts PBS-PEBs and that its effect is comparable to that of the social psychological factors considered (environmental concern and global warming awareness); (2) global warming awareness (positively) predicts PBS-PEBs directly, while (3) environmental concern, measured through the NEP scale, does it indirectly. Implications of the results for modelling the role of dispositional anxiety, environmental concern and global warming awareness in studies on PBS-PEBs are briefly outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change, Environmental Behavior, and Sustainable Development in Social and Cultural Psychology)

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20 pages, 3514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Suppression of Oscillations in Doubly Fed Variable Speed Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants Considering the Water Conveyance System

by Yuzhe Chen, Feng Wu, Linjun Shi, Yang Li, Xu Guo and Peng Qi

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8715; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198715 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 521

Abstract

The doubly fed variable speed pumped storage (DFVSPS) system is a hydraulically, mechanically, and electrically coupled system, and the characteristics of the components from the water conveyance system to the transmission line need to be fully considered in the oscillation analysis. Hence, the [...] Read more.

The doubly fed variable speed pumped storage (DFVSPS) system is a hydraulically, mechanically, and electrically coupled system, and the characteristics of the components from the water conveyance system to the transmission line need to be fully considered in the oscillation analysis. Hence, the model of the water conveyance system is included to investigate the oscillation characteristics of the DFVSPS connecting to the grid via a series-compensated line. A small-signal state-space model of the DFVSPS system in the generation mode is first established. The oscillation characteristics of the DFVSPS are studied, and the dominant state variables for each oscillation mode are identified. The impact of system parameters on oscillations is further studied, and simulations are carried out to validate the accuracy of the model. The results indicate the oscillation mode of the DFVSPS comprises the electrical sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) mode and the hydraulically, mechanically coupled low-frequency mechanical oscillation modes. When the series compensation level is high, the SSO becomes divergent, and the system is more likely to be unstable. Optimizing the rotor-side control parameters and the governor control parameters, sub-synchronous and low-frequency oscillations could be effectively suppressed, respectively. This study provides reference suggestions for the development and use of the future DFVSPS system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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22 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Entrepreneurial Process in the Deep-Tech Industry

by Ngoc Thu Hang Nguyen, Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski and Anna Maria Dzienis

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8714; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198714 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 450

Abstract

To date, deep-tech entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship are both attracting the interest of researchers. Indeed, deep-tech is being employed to address future sustainable challenges in the present. Nevertheless, the process of deep-tech startups is filled with distinct obstacles. These types of startups may [...] Read more.

To date, deep-tech entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship are both attracting the interest of researchers. Indeed, deep-tech is being employed to address future sustainable challenges in the present. Nevertheless, the process of deep-tech startups is filled with distinct obstacles. These types of startups may necessitate a more targeted sustainable entrepreneurial process and specialised knowledge compared to conventional technological startups or general sustainable entrepreneurial processes. Currently, most publications discuss either a sustainable entrepreneurial process or conventional technical startups. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the process of sustainable entrepreneurs as they transition from startup ventures to scaleup enterprises within the context of the deep-tech industry. Based on previous sustainable entrepreneurial processes, a multiple case study was conducted within six deep-tech startups, using a narrative progress research strategy, to find the sustainable process pattern. A conceptual model of a sustainable entrepreneurial process in deep-tech industry is established, including five phases with six activities: (i) Sustainable idea definition; (ii) Sustainable opportunity recognition and evaluation; (iii) Venture launch; (iv.i) Sustainable products/services development; (iv.ii) New sustainable enterprise financing; and (v) Sustainable enterprise scaleup. This process enables sustainable deep-tech entrepreneurs, policymakers, and financial investors to necessarily have an overview of the key entrepreneurial stages to navigate from the startup to the scaleup process. Full article

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16 pages, 4541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimising the Particulate Emission Characteristics of a Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine by Changing the Gasoline Direct Injection Strategy

by Xiang Li, Siyue Liu, Wanzhong Li, Yiqiang Pei, Xuewen Zhang, Peiyong Ni, Zhijun Peng and Chenxi Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8713; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198713 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 480

Abstract

In the current global scenario, it is essential to find more effective and practical solutions to mitigate the problem of particulate emissions from vehicles. In this research, particulate emission characteristics with changing GDI pressure or applying a split GDI strategy with different second [...] Read more.

In the current global scenario, it is essential to find more effective and practical solutions to mitigate the problem of particulate emissions from vehicles. In this research, particulate emission characteristics with changing GDI pressure or applying a split GDI strategy with different second injection timings were initially explored in a Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) engine, which employs Ethanol Port Injection (EPI) plus Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI). The experimental results show that by increasing GDI pressure (

P_{G D I}

) from 5.5 MPa to 18 MPa, ignition delay (

θ_{F}

) shows a small decrease of 0.68 degrees. The parameters, such as maximum in-cylinder temperature (

T_{M I}

) and exhaust gas temperature (

T_{E G}

), each increase by 53.75 K and 13.84 K. An apparent reduction of 59.5% and 36.26% was achieved for the concentrations of particulate number (

N_{P}

) and particulate mass (

M_{P}

), respectively. Particulate emissions are effectively reduced by a split GDI strategy with an appropriate range of second injection timing (

t_{G D I 2}

). Under

t_{G D I 2}

= −260 °CA,

N_{P}

and

M_{P}

concentrations exhibit a relatively lower level. However, by delaying

t_{G D I 2}

from −260 °CA to −140 °CA, there is an increase of more than 60% in

N_{P}

concentration. The research findings help offer new and valuable insights into optimising particulate number and mass emissions from DFSI engines. Moreover, the findings could contribute novel and valuable insights into the optimisation of particulate emission characteristics in DFSI engines. Full article

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26 pages, 7085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sectoral and Multilevel Dimensions of Risk and Resilience Management in Urban Areas Enabled by Geospatial Data Processing

by Scira Menoni, Adriana Galderisi, Daniela Carrion and Chiara Gerosa

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8712; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198712 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 685

Abstract

The growing complexity of cities and the unprecedented pace of urbanisation create exposure and vulnerabilities to extreme events and crises that are difficult to manage and plan for as widely acknowledged by the existing literature. In this paper, three main challenges to be [...] Read more.

The growing complexity of cities and the unprecedented pace of urbanisation create exposure and vulnerabilities to extreme events and crises that are difficult to manage and plan for as widely acknowledged by the existing literature. In this paper, three main challenges to be tackled are identified based on the selected literature according to the interpretation of the authors based on extended research in the field. Those challenges relate to the multi-risk environment characterising many contemporary cities, the need to overcome sectoral approaches towards increased alignment of emergency and spatial planning at different scales, and the opportunities that derive from integrated risk and resilience management. Such challenges are evidenced in the Pozzuoli case study, a densely inhabited municipality of the metropolitan city of Naples, placed into a volcanic caldera, that has been analysed in the light of the above challenges for an extended period of time of about fifty years. The in-depth assessment of the quality of urban development has been enabled by geospatial data management. Advanced geospatial information systems are not only instrumental in depicting the history of urban development in the period of consideration but also as an enabler to tackle the above-mentioned challenges. In fact, such systems permit a much more dynamic and updatable assessment of multirisk conditions and provide the basis for shared knowledge among the large number of stakeholders that are responsible for different sectoral and comprehensive urban and risk-related plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Resilience and Sustainable Construction under Disaster Risk)

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18 pages, 4527 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Addressing the Difficulties and Opportunities to Bridge the Integration Gaps of Bio-Based Insulation Materials in the European Construction Sector: A Systematic Literature Review

by Salima Zerari, Rossella Franchino, Nicola Pisacane, Carmen Llatas and Bernardette Soust-Verdaguer

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8711; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198711 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Bio-based insulation materials (BbIMs) represent a potential alternative to conventional insulations, with their characteristics that favor a negative-carbon built environment. However, their use may face challenges that could prevent them from being used on a large scale in certain countries. The current study [...] Read more.

Bio-based insulation materials (BbIMs) represent a potential alternative to conventional insulations, with their characteristics that favor a negative-carbon built environment. However, their use may face challenges that could prevent them from being used on a large scale in certain countries. The current study aims to provide focused insights into the practical difficulties and market opportunities for the application of BbIMs in Europe through a systematic literature review (SLR). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used as the basis for the conduct and reporting of this review. A keyword search was performed in Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases to select peer-reviewed English-language articles. HubMeta web tool was used to organize the selection process. The quantitative visualization of the literature was made by the Bibliometrix R package V4.1.4. Data were manually extracted and clustered in an Excel sheet. The review included 28 studies that have revealed interrelated insights. Difficulties range from regulatory and policy limitations and variability in performance, such as microbial growth and inconsistency in the behavior of materials under different conditions, to cost barriers. However, there are promising opportunities, including policy incentives and material performance benefits such as improved energy efficiency and indoor air quality. This research contributes to the literature by providing focused insights into the practical difficulties and market opportunities for the application of BbIMs in Europe. Research gaps and future perspectives point to the need for more field validation experiments, exploration of alternative production processes, and expanding life cycle assessment scopes to optimize their integration and performance. Stakeholder perceptions were conducted with a small sample in some countries, so insights from stakeholders are needed to confirm or correct current findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Technology, Assessment Methodologies and Sustainable Construction Infrastructure Development)

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20 pages, 2752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Programming-Based ANFIS Energy Management System for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

by Álvaro Gómez-Barroso, Asier Alonso Tejeda, Iban Vicente Makazaga, Ekaitz Zulueta Guerrero and Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8710; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198710 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 645

Abstract

Reducing reliance on fossil fuels has driven the development of innovative technologies in recent years due to the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Since the automotive industry is one of the main contributors of high CO₂ emissions, the introduction [...] Read more.

Reducing reliance on fossil fuels has driven the development of innovative technologies in recent years due to the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Since the automotive industry is one of the main contributors of high CO₂ emissions, the introduction of more sustainable solutions in this sector is fundamental. This paper presents a novel energy management system for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles based on dynamic programming and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system methodologies to optimize energy distribution between battery and fuel cell, therefore enhancing powertrain efficiency and reducing hydrogen consumption. Three different approaches have been considered for performance assessment through a simulation platform developed in MATLAB/Simulink 2023a. Further validation has been conducted via a rapid control prototyping device, showcasing significant improvements in hydrogen usage and operational efficiency across different drive cycles. Results manifest that the developed controllers successfully replicate the optimal control trajectory, providing a robust and computationally feasible solution for real-world applications. This research highlights the potential of combining advanced control strategies to meet performance and environmental demands of modern heavy-duty vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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16 pages, 3114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applicability of a Modified Gash Model for Artificial Forests in the Transitional Zone between the Loess Hilly Region and the Mu Us Sandy Land, China

by Xin Wang, Zhenqi Yang, Jianying Guo, Fucang Qin, Yabo Wang and Jiajun Ning

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198709 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Afforestation in the transitional zone between the loess hilly area and the Mu Us Sandy Land of China has reshaped the landscape and greatly affected eco-hydrological processes. Plantations are crucial for regulating local net rainfall inputs, thus making it necessary to quantify the [...] Read more.

Afforestation in the transitional zone between the loess hilly area and the Mu Us Sandy Land of China has reshaped the landscape and greatly affected eco-hydrological processes. Plantations are crucial for regulating local net rainfall inputs, thus making it necessary to quantify the closure loss of plantation species in drought and semi-arid areas. To quantify and model the canopy interception of these plantations, we conducted rainfall redistribution measurement experiments. Based on this, we used the modified Gash model to simulate their interception losses, and the model applicability across varying rainfall types was further compared and verified. Herein, Caragana korshinskii, Salix psammophila, and Pinus sylvestris plantations in the Kuye River mountain tract were chosen to measure the precipitation distribution from May to October (growing season). The applicability of a modified Gash model for different stands was then evaluated using the assessed data. The results showed that the canopy interception characteristics of each typical plantation were throughfall, interception, and stemflow. The relative error of canopy interception of C. korshinskii simulated by the modified Gash model was 8.79%. The relative error of simulated canopy interception of S. psammophila was 4.19%. The relative error of canopy interception simulation of P. sylvestris was 13.28%, and the modified Gash model had good applicability in the Kuye River Basin. The modified Gash model has the greatest sensitivity to rainfall intensity among the parameters of the C. korshinskii and S. psammophila forest. The sensitivity of P. sylvestris in the modified Gash model is that the canopy cover has the greatest influence, followed by the mean rainfall intensity. Our results provide a scientific basis for the rational use of water resources and vegetation restoration in the transitional zone between the loess hilly region and the Mu Us Sandy Land. This study is of import for the restoration and sustainability of fragile ecosystems in the region. Full article

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12 pages, 2183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Industrial Water Use Efficiency Based on SFA–Tobit Panel Model in China

by Han Liu, Heng Liu and Leihua Geng

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198708 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 537

Abstract

Over the past two decades, the industrial sector of China has experienced rapid development, which has correspondingly led to a significant increase in water resource consumption. To better understand the dynamics of industrial water use, and formulate appropriate water resource conservation and management [...] Read more.

Over the past two decades, the industrial sector of China has experienced rapid development, which has correspondingly led to a significant increase in water resource consumption. To better understand the dynamics of industrial water use, and formulate appropriate water resource conservation and management policies, it is necessary to evaluate the evolution of industrial water use efficiency and its influencing factors in China. Given the high sensitivity and accuracy of the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model for efficiency assessment, the Tobit model is more suitable for regression analyses of truncated data. This study employed the SFA–Tobit panel model to evaluate the industrial water use efficiency of provinces in China from 2003 to 2021. The results indicate that national industrial water use efficiency improved from 0.41 to 0.65 during the study period. All provinces showed significant improvements, with developed provinces exhibiting higher industrial water use efficiency than undeveloped provinces. Regionally, the eastern areas demonstrated superior industrial water use efficiency compared to the western regions, with the central regions having the lowest overall water use efficiency. Moreover, the efficiency gap between regions has been narrowing. The national industrial water-saving potential is estimated at 31.306 billion cubic meters, with Jiangsu province having the highest saving potential at 3.709 billion cubic meters. In comparison, Beijing has the lowest at just 32,000 cubic meters. The Tobit regression results reveal that economic development and technological progress positively contribute to increased industrial water use efficiency. In contrast, water use intensity, openness, and urbanization levels negatively impacted the improvement of industrial water use efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to increase investment in technological innovation, strictly control industrial water intensity, appropriately balance import and export trade with urbanization levels, and promote sustainable economic development. This study can provide effective support for the subsequent green transformation of China’s industry. Full article

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16 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Chinese University Students’ English Learning Motivation, Anxiety, Use of English and English Achievement

by Meihua Liu and Ning Du

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198707 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 685

Abstract

Research has found that contact with a second language (L2), L2 motivation and foreign language anxiety are important variables affecting L2 learning. Nevertheless, not much research has explored the relationships among these variables and their interactive effects on L2 learning outcomes. The present [...] Read more.

Research has found that contact with a second language (L2), L2 motivation and foreign language anxiety are important variables affecting L2 learning. Nevertheless, not much research has explored the relationships among these variables and their interactive effects on L2 learning outcomes. The present large-scale survey study examined the relationships between English learning motivation, English classroom anxiety and use of English, as well as their predictive effects on Chinese university students’ English achievement. A total of 439 randomly sampled students from two Chinese universities in Beijing answered the background information questionnaire, the 8-item English Classroom Anxiety Scale and the 35-item English Learning Motivation Questionnaire. The major findings were as follows: (a) English learning motivation, English classroom anxiety and use of English were significantly correlated with one another, and (b) English classroom anxiety, use of English and English learning motivation generally significantly predicted the students’ English achievements. These findings confirm the importance of L2 motivation, foreign language anxiety and contact with the L2 for second language learners. Hence, specific suggestions (e.g., reading and listening to more of a second language, creating a supportive and relaxed L2 classroom environment, etc.) are discussed regarding how to enhance L2 learning motivation, reduce foreign language anxiety and increase contact with the L2 in second language learning, so as to ensure sustainable development in second language learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Education and Learning in the Context of the New Normal: Sustainable Development and the Path to Sustainability)

22 pages, 6765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geotechnical Characterization of the Magdalena River Subsoil in Magangué, Colombia: A Study Using CPTu and SPT Tests

by Rafael Florian Noriega, Oriana Palma Calabokis and Jair Arrieta Baldovino

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198706 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 551

Abstract

This study employs Cone Penetration Tests (CPTu) and Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) to analyze the geotechnical properties of the Magdalena River’s riverbed and banks. While these methods are standard in soil characterization, this research innovatively combines CPTu’s continuous profiling with SPT’s localized sampling [...] Read more.

This study employs Cone Penetration Tests (CPTu) and Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) to analyze the geotechnical properties of the Magdalena River’s riverbed and banks. While these methods are standard in soil characterization, this research innovatively combines CPTu’s continuous profiling with SPT’s localized sampling to develop a nuanced stratigraphic model of the subsurface. This integrated approach provides a comprehensive view of the soil conditions, which is crucial for understanding sediment variability and stability along the riverbanks. The findings from this methodological integration enhance our ability to predict soil behavior under dynamic riverine conditions, offering valuable insights for erosion control and sustainable river management. The study underscores the practical benefits of synergizing traditional testing methods to address geotechnical challenges in river environments. Full article

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24 pages, 8816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Secondary Control of DC Microgrid with Power Management Based on Time-of-Use Pricing and Internal Price Rate

by Muhammad Alif Miraj Jabbar, Dat Thanh Tran and Kyeong-Hwa Kim

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198705 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 484

Abstract

This paper presents a novel approach to manage distributed DC microgrids (DCMG) by integrating a time-of-use (ToU) electricity pricing scheme and an internal price rate calculation mechanism. The proposed power-management system is designed to effectively handle uncertainties such as utility grid (UG) availability, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel approach to manage distributed DC microgrids (DCMG) by integrating a time-of-use (ToU) electricity pricing scheme and an internal price rate calculation mechanism. The proposed power-management system is designed to effectively handle uncertainties such as utility grid (UG) availability, fluctuating electricity prices, battery state of charge (SOC) levels, and frequent plug-ins and plug-outs of electric vehicles (EVs). Uncertainties in DCMG systems often lead to inefficiencies, power imbalances, and inexact voltage regulation issues within DCMGs. In addition, to maintain the power balance and constant voltage regulation under various operational states, the proposed scheme also incorporates secondary control into the DCMG power-management system. Unlike the existing approaches that often fail to adapt dynamically to changing conditions, the proposed method is the first approach to consider the concept of internal price rate in designing the DCMG power management. To address this challenge, this approach proposes a more resilient power-management strategy to enhance the efficiency and adaptability of DCMG systems. Extensive simulations and experimental validations demonstrate the practicality and adaptability of the proposed control strategy under diverse test conditions, including operation transitions between grid-connected mode (GCM) and islanded mode (IM), low battery SOC condition, operation transition from the current control mode (CCM) to distributed secondary control mode (DSCM), and EV plug-in scenarios. The test results confirm that the proposed method enhances the reliability, efficiency, and economic viability of DCMG systems, making it a promising solution for future smart grid and renewable energy integrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Microgrids in Smart Cities: Operation, Control, Protection and Security)

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20 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microplastics and Nanoplastics as Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Potential Hazards for Human Health

by Rita Khanna, Abhilash Chandra, Shaundeep Sen, Yuri Konyukhov, Erick Fuentes, Igor Burmistrov and Maksim Kravchenko

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198704 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

With nearly 40% of the total plastics produced being used for packaging, up to five trillion plastic bags are consumed in the world annually. The inadequate disposal of plastic waste and its persistence has become a serious challenge/risk to the environment, health, and [...] Read more.

With nearly 40% of the total plastics produced being used for packaging, up to five trillion plastic bags are consumed in the world annually. The inadequate disposal of plastic waste and its persistence has become a serious challenge/risk to the environment, health, and well-being of living creatures, including humans. The natural degradation of plastics is extremely slow; large pieces of plastic may break down into microplastics (MPs) (1 μm–5 mm) or nanoplastics (NPs) (<1000 nm) after protracted physical, chemical, and/or biological degradations. A brief overview of the transport of micro- and nanoplastics in the aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments is presented. Details are provided on the exposure routes for these waste materials and their entry into humans and other biota through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. The greatest concern is the cumulative impact of the heterogeneous secondary MPs and NPs on planetary and human health. Inhaled MPs and NPs have been shown to affect the upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, and alveoli; prolonged exposure can lead to chronic inflammatory changes and systemic disease. These can also lead to autoimmune diseases and other chronic health conditions, including atherosclerosis and malignancy. Sustainable mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of MPs/NPs include source reduction, material substitution, filtration and purification, transformation of plastic waste into value-added materials, technological innovations, etc. Multidisciplinary collaborations across the fields of medicine, public health, environmental science, economics, and policy are required to help limit the detrimental effects of widespread MPs and NPs in the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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19 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Path Driving China’s Energy Structure Transformation from the Perspective of Policy Tools

by Jintao Li, Hui Sun, Long Cheng and Lei Chu

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8703; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198703 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

Combing through Chinese energy-related policy texts and exploring the development path of energy restructuring are significant steps towards a better understanding of the history of energy restructuring in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects. To explore the various [...] Read more.

Combing through Chinese energy-related policy texts and exploring the development path of energy restructuring are significant steps towards a better understanding of the history of energy restructuring in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects. To explore the various paths driving the transformation of China’s energy structure, the energy policies promulgated at the national level from 2001 to 2020 in China were systematically compiled. Based on the policy tool perspective, a theoretical framework for influencing China’s energy structure transition was proposed in three dimensions: objectives, tools, and intensity. A total of 39 national energy policy texts were analyzed using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method. The results show that (1) the consistency levels of individual preconditions were all below 0.9, which does not constitute a necessary condition for the transformation of China’s energy structure; (2) the sufficiency analysis identified three paths of China’s energy structure transformation, which can be described as models driven by “multiple objectives + information”, “single objective + information”, and “single objective”; (3) energy restructuring is a goal-oriented process; the clarity and certainty of the efficient and green objectives of energy policies have a facilitating effect on energy restructuring, and the support of information technology provides an important guarantee for energy restructuring; (4) compared with European and American countries, it was found that China’s energy policy tools were characterized by an emphasis on macro-planning, insufficient connectivity, and marked tendencies in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Carbon Reduction Technology Innovation: Pathways to Global Carbon Neutrality and Sustainable Development)

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27 pages, 3013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Enterprise Supply Chain Digitalization on Cost of Debt: A Four-Flows Perspective Analysis Using Explainable Machine Learning Methodology

by Hongqin Tang, Jianping Zhu, Nan Li and Weipeng Wu

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198702 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 916

Abstract

Rising costs, complex supply chain management, and stringent regulations have created significant financial burdens on business sustainability, calling for new and rapid strategies to help enterprises transform. Supply chain digitalization (SCD) has emerged as a promising approach in the context of digitalization and [...] Read more.

Rising costs, complex supply chain management, and stringent regulations have created significant financial burdens on business sustainability, calling for new and rapid strategies to help enterprises transform. Supply chain digitalization (SCD) has emerged as a promising approach in the context of digitalization and globalization, with the potential to reduce an enterprise’s debt costs. Developing a strategic framework for SCD that effectively reduces the cost of debt (CoD) has become a key academic challenge, critical for ensuring business sustainability. To this end, under the perspective of four flows, SCD is deconstructed into four distinct features: logistics flow digitalization (LFD), product flow digitalization (PFD), information flow digitalization (IFD), and capital flow digitalization (CFD). To precisely measure the four SCD features and the dependent variable, COD, publicly available data from Chinese listed manufacturing enterprises such as annual report texts and financial statement data are collected, and various data mining technologies are also used to conduct data measurement and data processing. To comprehensively investigate the impact pattern of SCD on CoD, we employed the explainable machine learning methodology for data analysis. This methodology involved in-depth data discussions, cross-validation utilizing a series of machine learning models, and the utilization of Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) to explain the results generated by the models. To conduct sensitivity analysis, permutation feature importance (PFI) and partial dependence plots (PDPs) were also incorporated as supplementary explanatory methods, providing additional insights into the model’s explainability. Through the aforementioned research processes, the following findings are obtained: SCD can play a role in reducing CoD, but the effects of different SCD features are not exactly the same. Among the four SCD features, LFD, PFD, and IFD have the potential to significantly reduce CoD, with PFD having the most substantial impact, followed by LFD and IFD. In contrast, CFD has a relatively weak impact, and its role is challenging to discern. These findings provide significant guidance for enterprises in furthering their digitalization and supply chain development, helping them optimize SCD strategies more accurately to reduce CoD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Innovation in Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 12191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driver Behavior Mechanisms and Conflict Risk Patterns in Tunnel-Interchange Connecting Sections: A Comprehensive Investigation Based on the Behavioral Adaptation Theory

by Chenwei Gu, Xingliang Liu and Nan Mao

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8701; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198701 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Tunnel-interchange sections are characterized by complex driving tasks and frequent traffic conflicts, posing substantial challenges to overall safety and efficiency. Enhancing safety in these areas is crucial for the sustainability of traffic systems. This study applies behavior adaptation theory as an integrated framework [...] Read more.

Tunnel-interchange sections are characterized by complex driving tasks and frequent traffic conflicts, posing substantial challenges to overall safety and efficiency. Enhancing safety in these areas is crucial for the sustainability of traffic systems. This study applies behavior adaptation theory as an integrated framework to examine the impact of environmental stimuli on driving behavior and conflict risk in small-spaced sections. Through driving simulation, 19 observation indicators are collected, covering eye-tracking, heart rate, subjective workload, driving performance, and conflict risk. The analysis, using single-factor ranking (Shapley Additive Explanation), interaction effects (dependence plots), and multi-factor analysis (Structural Equation Modeling), demonstrates that driving workload and performance dominate the fully mediating effects between external factors and conflict risk. High-load environmental stimuli, such as narrow spacing (≤500 m) and overloaded signage information (>6 units), significantly elevate drivers’ stress responses and impair visual acuity, thereby increasing task difficulty and conflict risk. Critical factors like saccade size, heart rate variability, lane deviation, and headway distance emerge as vital indicators for monitoring and supporting driving decisions. These findings provide valuable insights for the operational management of small-spacing sections and enhance the understanding of driving safety in these areas from a human factor perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Accident Prevention and Risk Management for Safe and Sustainable Transportation)

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25 pages, 2648 KiB

Open AccessReview

Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience

by Diana Dushkova and Olga Ivlieva

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8700; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198700 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1351

Abstract

At the global level, significant efforts have been made to address societal challenges and improve the lives of people and restore the planet’s ecosystems through sustainability and resilience programs. These programs, however, tend to be driven by governments, private sectors, and financial institutions, [...] Read more.

At the global level, significant efforts have been made to address societal challenges and improve the lives of people and restore the planet’s ecosystems through sustainability and resilience programs. These programs, however, tend to be driven by governments, private sectors, and financial institutions, and therefore often lack a process of empowerment to ensure that the local communities can participate actively in co-designing and implementing these programs. More knowledge is needed on how to develop such programs and how the process of empowerment can be organized so that it supports in the long run sustainability transformation. Against this background, the paper explores the role of community empowerment programs as a critical tool for sustainability management strategies and practices. A semi-systematic review of 21 community empowerment programs for sustainability and resilience is conducted. The analysis reveals that the programs mostly aimed to address challenges such as the lack of education and capacity, limited access to basic services and resources, and poor governance and management. The programs initiators involve a diverse set of actors, especially through established partnerships and networks. Most of the programs address the specific needs of vulnerable or marginalized groups or communities. The structure of the programs typically follows a phased methodological approach, beginning with awareness-raising and problem identification, followed by capacity building that allows for making decisions collaboratively and for co-creating innovative solutions based on local knowledge and values. Also, monitoring and evaluation of transformative impact are mentioned as important structural elements. Specifically, the analysis highlights four main focus areas of empowerment: (1) capacity building, (2) self-reliance, control, ownership, responsibility, and independence, (3) participation, engagement, and collective action, and (4) integration of local knowledge and values. However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to such programs. Instead, successful empowerment programs towards sustainability depend on a deep understanding of local contexts and the ability to tailor strategies to meet specific community needs. The review also identified knowledge gaps that require further investigation to enhance the effectiveness of empowerment programs for both people and nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Management Strategies and Practices—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 4317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling SWAT and Transformer Models for Enhanced Monthly Streamflow Prediction

by Jiahui Tao, Yicheng Gu, Xin Yin, Junlai Chen, Tianqi Ao and Jianyun Zhang

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198699 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 561

Abstract

The establishment of an accurate and reliable predictive model is essential for water resources planning and management. Standalone models, such as physics-based hydrological models or data-driven hydrological models, have their specific applications, strengths, and limitations. In this study, a hybrid model (namely SWAT-Transformer) [...] Read more.

The establishment of an accurate and reliable predictive model is essential for water resources planning and management. Standalone models, such as physics-based hydrological models or data-driven hydrological models, have their specific applications, strengths, and limitations. In this study, a hybrid model (namely SWAT-Transformer) was developed by coupling the physics-based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with the data-driven Transformer to enhance monthly streamflow prediction accuracy. SWAT is first constructed and calibrated, and then its outputs are used as part of the inputs to Transformer. By correcting the prediction errors of SWAT using Transformer, the two models are effectively coupled. Monthly runoff data at Yan’an and Ganguyi stations on Yan River, a first-order tributary of the Yellow River Basin, were used to evaluate the proposed model’s performance. The results indicated that SWAT performed well in predicting high flows but poorly in low flows. In contrast, Transformer was able to capture low-flow period information more accurately and outperformed SWAT overall. SWAT-Transformer could correct the errors of SWAT predictions and overcome the limitations of a single model. By integrating SWAT’s detailed physical process portrayal with Transformer’s powerful time-series analysis, the coupled model significantly improved streamflow prediction accuracy. The proposed models offer more accurate and reliable predictions for optimal water resource management, which is crucial for sustainable economic and societal development. Full article

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22 pages, 1835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Rapid Urbanization on the Efficiency of Industrial Green Water Use in Urban Agglomerations around Poyang Lake

by Huirong Li, Xiaoke Zhao, Xuhui Ding and Runze Zhang

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8698; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198698 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 677

Abstract

The construction of urban agglomerations around Poyang Lake is an important starting point of the strategy for the improvement of central China, but the spatial agglomeration of industry and population brings great pressure to the ecological environment. It is of great practical value [...] Read more.

The construction of urban agglomerations around Poyang Lake is an important starting point of the strategy for the improvement of central China, but the spatial agglomeration of industry and population brings great pressure to the ecological environment. It is of great practical value to explore the impact of rapid urbanization on the water use efficiency of important ecological functional areas. Considering the undesired output of industrial production, this paper adopts the SE-SBM model to measure industrial green water use efficiency, comprehensively considers different aspects of urbanization of the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake, empirically tests its inhibiting or boosting effect on industrial green water use and explores its spatial spillover effect with the help of a spatial metrology model. The results show that (1) the industrial green water use efficiency of urban agglomerations shows an overall upward trend, and the efficiency value of central cities is significantly higher than that of non-central cities and continues to show a state of diffusion; (2) social urbanization, environmental urbanization, and balanced urbanization can significantly improve industrial green water use efficiency, while industrial urbanization or industrialization inhibits the improvement in water use efficiency; (3) considering the spatial spillover factor, there are significant positive local effects between population urbanization and balanced urbanization, and significant positive spatial spillover effects between industrial urbanization and environmental urbanization; (4) the original model can pass the significance test by replacing the output-oriented water use efficiency with the input-oriented or non-oriented water use efficiency; the study area is extended to Jiangxi Province, and the impact of urbanization on industrial water use efficiency is basically consistent. We should adhere to the new type of urbanization that improves well-being and is friendly to the environment, rationally plan the industrial spatial pattern of urban agglomerations, adhere to the ecological and environmental threshold on undertaking industrial transfer, and promote the flow and sharing of green production factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management in Rapid Urbanization)

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16 pages, 2794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ease of Recycling in Glendale, Salt Lake City, Utah: Dissecting Recycling Efforts by Household Size, Age, Income and Gender

by Ivis García

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8697; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198697 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 493

Abstract

This study investigates the perceived ease of recycling in Glendale, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, by household size, age, income, and gender. While existing research has broadly explored how sociodemographic factors impact recycling, there is a lack of comprehensive studies analyzing these factors [...] Read more.

This study investigates the perceived ease of recycling in Glendale, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, by household size, age, income, and gender. While existing research has broadly explored how sociodemographic factors impact recycling, there is a lack of comprehensive studies analyzing these factors within specific local contexts. This study aims to identify specific barriers and motivators across different demographics to enhance local recycling efforts using Glendale as a case study. Data were collected through an online survey of 111 respondents and analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The survey included questions about the demographic information, perceptions of recycling ease, and barriers to recycling. The analysis revealed that one-person households and young adults (18–35) face constraints such as limited space for recyclables, a lack of access to recycling bins in rental units, or high costs. Older adults (56 years or older) are highly committed but may face physical challenges. Higher-income households report higher participation due to better access and awareness, whereas lower-income households encounter significant barriers such as limited facility access and insufficient information. Gender differences indicate that women are slightly more proactive and committed to recycling compared to men. Recommendations include expanding recycling facilities, targeted educational campaigns, and economic incentives to encourage lower-income households, males, younger, and older adults. Addressing these demographic-specific barriers can improve recycling rates and contribute to more sustainable communities. Future studies should include in-person surveys as one of the limitations of this study is that an online survey format may introduce biases and the exclusion of residents without internet access. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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