Bleaching Agents: A Review of Their Utilization and Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bleaching Agents in the Laundry Industry
3. Conventional or Pre-Pandemic Approach in Applications
4. Post-Pandemic Role as Disinfectants
5. Post-Utility Effects
6. Health Hazards and Other Impacts
7. Existing Scenario and Future Management
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOB | Active oxygen bleach |
BAC | Benzalkonium chloride |
CDI | Clostridium difficile infection |
DDAC | Dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride |
DAS | Diamino stilbene types |
DOBA | Decanoyl oxy-benzoic acid |
DSBP | Di styryl biphenyl |
FWA | Fluorescent whitening agents |
LOBS | Lauryl oxy-benzenesulfonate sodium |
NaPB | Sodium perborate |
NIR | Near infrared |
NOBS | Nonanoyl oxy-benzenesulfonate sodium |
PC | Poison centres |
PDC | Peroxy dicarbonate |
RO | reverse osmosis |
SARS | Severe acute respiratory syndrome |
SOA | Secondary organic aerosol |
TAED | Tetraacetylethylenediamine |
VOC | Volatile organic compounds |
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Bleaching Agent | Formula | Preparation Reaction | Common Applications |
---|---|---|---|
Sodium Hypochlorite | NaOCl | Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O | swimming pool disinfection, domestic and institutional laundry |
Calcium Hypochlorite | Ca (OCl)2 | Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → Ca (OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O | water treatment, household disinfectants, cleaners, and mildewcides |
Hypochlorous Acid | HOCl | Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl | disinfection of pools, spas, and hot tubs, deodorizers |
Chloramines N-Chloro Compounds | R2NCl | R2NH + NaOCl → R2NCl + NaOH | enhances the bleaching of peroxide bleaches in laundry |
Chlorine Dioxide | ClO2 | 2NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2NaCl + 2ClO2 | bleaching wood pulp, flour, edible fats and oils along with textiles |
Hydrogen Peroxide (via quinones) | H2O2 | H2 + O2 → H2O2 | bleaching agent for the textile industry, pulp, paper, home laundry |
Sodium Perborates | Na2H4B2O8 | Na2B4O7(Borax) + 2NaOH → 4NaBO2 + H2O 4NaBO2 + 2H2O2 → Na2H4B2O8 | formulations of bleach and detergents, denture cleansers, tooth powders |
Peracids | RCO3H | RCOOH + H2O2 → RCO3H + H2O | textile bleaching, detergent products |
Sodium Sulphite | Na2SO3 | SO2 + 2NaOH → Na2SO3 + H2O | pulp and paper bleaching |
Sodium Dithionite | Na2S2O4 | NaBH4 + 8SO2 + 8NaOH → 4Na2S2O4 + NaBO2 + 6H2O | textile industry for dyeing, printing, and stripping, industrial reducing agents, bleaching of mechanical pulp |
Sr. No | Type of Fabric | Bleaching Agent Used | Concentration | pH | Duration | Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cotton and Cotton Polyester | Hydrogen peroxide | 0.3–0.6% | 10.5–11.5 | 1–3 h | 90–95 °C |
Sodium hypochlorite | 0.1–0.5% | 10–11.5 | 15–30 min | 40–50 °C | ||
Sodium chlorite | 0.1–3% | 3.8–4.2 | 1–6 h | 80–95 °C | ||
2 | Synthetic Fibres | Sodium chlorite | -- | 2.5–4.5 | 30–90 min | <80 °C |
Peracetic acid | 0.10% | 6–7 | 1 h | 80–85 °C | ||
3 | Wool, Silk | Hydrogen peroxide | 1–5% | 5.5–8 | 20–60 min | 70–80 °C |
4 | Wool | Sodium dithionite | 0.2–0.5% | 5.5–7 | 1–2 h | 45–65 °C |
Sr. No | Pre-Pandemic Utilization and Management | Pandemic/Post-Pandemic Utilization and Management |
---|---|---|
1. | Chief utility—bleaching systems in various industrial sectors along with medical facility | Leading utility—disinfecting COVID-19 virus in medical, domestic, and commercial sectors, including traditional applications |
2. | Few cases of bleach mishaps were reported | Increase in the number of calls or cases reported to poison call centers |
3. | Management of bleaches did not receive much focus | Need for management of bleaches and their toxic effects has intensified after COVID-19 |
4. | Precautionary insights with safe functioning information by government and legal sectors were intermittent | Regularization of precautionary insights by government and legal sectors with necessary amendments is essential |
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Kulkarni, D.; Jaspal, D.; Itankar, N.; Petrounias, P.; Rogkala, A.; Lampropoulou, P. Bleaching Agents: A Review of Their Utilization and Management. Sustainability 2024, 16, 9084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209084
Kulkarni D, Jaspal D, Itankar N, Petrounias P, Rogkala A, Lampropoulou P. Bleaching Agents: A Review of Their Utilization and Management. Sustainability. 2024; 16(20):9084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209084
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulkarni, Deepali, Dipika Jaspal, Nilisha Itankar, Petros Petrounias, Aikaterini Rogkala, and Paraskevi Lampropoulou. 2024. "Bleaching Agents: A Review of Their Utilization and Management" Sustainability 16, no. 20: 9084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209084