Unraveling the Mystery of Water-Induced Loess Disintegration: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Progress in Loess Disintegration Experiments
2.1. Adopted Methods in Disintegration Experiments
2.2. Development Trend of Loess Disintegration Experimental Research
3. Water Environmental Factors Influencing Loess Disintegration
3.1. Temperature of the Aqueous Solution
3.2. Hydrodynamic Conditions
3.3. pH of Aqueous Solution
3.4. Salt Concentration and Type in Aqueous Solution
3.5. Freeze–Thaw Cycle and Dry–Wet Cycle
4. Mechanism of Loess Disintegration Induced by Water Environmental Factors
4.1. Loess Disintegration at Different Temperatures of Aqueous Solution
4.2. Loess Disintegration under Different Hydrodynamic Conditions
4.3. Water–Soil Chemical Interactions and Microstructural Changes of Soil during Loess Disintegration under Different pH Values of Aqueous Solution
4.3.1. Water–Soil Chemical Interactions
4.3.2. Microstructural Changes of Soil Induced by Water–Soil Chemical Interactions
4.4. Loess Disintegration under Different Salt Solutions
4.5. Microstructural Analysis of Loess Disintegration under Freeze–Thaw Cycle and Dry–Wet Cycle
5. Challenges and Future Prospects
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Wanfang Database | Web of Science | ||
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Total Articles | Experimental Articles | Total Articles | Experimental Articles | |
1995 | 2 | 1 | / | / |
1997 | / | / | 1 | / |
1998 | 2 | / | / | / |
1999 | 1 | / | / | / |
2000 | 2 | 1 | / | / |
2001 | 6 | / | 1 | / |
2002 | 1 | / | / | / |
2003 | 5 | 2 | / | / |
2004 | 4 | / | / | / |
2005 | 11 | 3 | 1 | / |
2006 | 9 | 2 | / | / |
2007 | 11 | 1 | / | / |
2008 | 13 | 2 | / | / |
2009 | 25 | 7 | / | / |
2010 | 12 | 2 | / | / |
2011 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
2012 | 19 | 1 | / | / |
2013 | 21 | 7 | / | / |
2014 | 21 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
2015 | 32 | 7 | 3 | 2 |
2016 | 24 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
2017 | 34 | 12 | 2 | 2 |
2018 | 34 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
2019 | 34 | 3 | 7 | 4 |
2020 | 31 | 5 | 9 | 2 |
2021 | 40 | 12 | 12 | 6 |
2022 | 34 | 6 | 18 | 5 |
2023 | 20 | 5 | 16 | 6 |
Authors | Sampling Site | Properties of Soil Sample | Soil Type | Factor | Range | Disintegration Indices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gu et al. [23] | Heifangtai | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Undisturbed loess | Water temperature | 5–40 °C | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Yuan [25] | Heifangtai | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Undisturbed loess | Water temperature | 5–40 °C | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Liu [24] | Yan’an | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Undisturbed loess | Water temperature | 5–35 °C | Disintegration rate, disintegration time, disintegration velocity |
Wang et al. [21] | Heifangtai | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Undisturbed loess | Water temperature | 5–40 °C | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Author | Sampling Site | Properties of Soil Sample | Soil Type | Factors | Range | Disintegration Indices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gu et al. [23] | Heifangtai | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Undisturbed loess | Solution of AcOH, NaOH | pH (3.5–11.5) | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Liu et al. [18] | Tongchua | Q3 Malan loess (clay) | Remolded loess | HNO3 solution | Mass concentration/% (1, 4, 8, 12) | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Gu [35] | Tongchuan | Q3 Malan loess (clay) | Undisturbed loess and remolded loess | HNO3 solution and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) | HNO3 solution: mass concentration/% (1, 4, 8, 12); slaked lime: mass content/% (8, 12, 16, 20) | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Li [48] | Lanzhou | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Remolded loess | CaO | Mass content/% (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15) | Disintegration time |
Lin et al. [28] | Dingxi | Q3 Malan loess (silt) | Undisturbed loess | HCl solution | pH (2, 2.5, 3, 4, 7) | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Gao et al. [27] | Baiyin | Collapsible loess (silt) | Remolded loess | HCl solution | Solution. concentration/mol∙L−1 (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3) | Disintegration rate, disintegration velocity |
Yang [49] | Changzhi | Collapsible loess (silt) | Remolded loess | Slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) | Slaked lime mixing percentage: 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% of the dry soil mass | Disintegration time |
Author | Sampling Sites | Properties of Soil Sample | Soil Type | Factors | Range | Disintegration Indices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang [67] | Loess Plateau | Aeolian sandy soil, loessial soil and lou soil (sandy soil and clay) | Remolded loess | Freeze–thaw cycle times | (0–20) | Disintegration velocity |
Li et al. [68] | Farmland in Shaanxi | Loessial soil and aeolian sandy soil (sandy soil and silt) | Undisturbed loess and remolded loess | Before and after freeze–thaw | Surface soil temperature (before falling to 0 °C and after rising to 0 °C) | Disintegration velocity |
Wang et al. [31] | Yangling | Farmland surface loess (silt) | Remolded loess | Dry–wet cycle times | (1–4) | Disintegration amount, disintegration velocity |
Yang et al. [69] | Fengqi Tableland | Unknown | Remolded loess | Dry–wet cycle times | (0–10) | Disintegration velocity |
Yan et al. [30] | Yan’an | Unknown | Remolded loess | Dry–wet and freeze–thaw times | (0–10) | Disintegration velocity |
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Chen, Y.; Li, P.; Wang, Y.; Li, J. Unraveling the Mystery of Water-Induced Loess Disintegration: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Research. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062463
Chen Y, Li P, Wang Y, Li J. Unraveling the Mystery of Water-Induced Loess Disintegration: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Research. Sustainability. 2024; 16(6):2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062463
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yinfu, Peiyue Li, Yuanhang Wang, and Jiahui Li. 2024. "Unraveling the Mystery of Water-Induced Loess Disintegration: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Research" Sustainability 16, no. 6: 2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062463