A New Climatology of Vegetation and Land Cover Information for South America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Land Cover Products
2.2. Vegetation Products
- (1)
- Forest (for IGBP and UMD, representing the Evergreen Needleleaf Forest class);
- (2)
- Savanna (for IGBP, this class represents Savanna, while for UMD, it is Wooded Grassland/Shrublands);
- (3)
- Agriculture (for IGBP and UMD, representing the Cropland class);
- (4)
- Grass (for IGBP and UMD, representing the Grassland class).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. New Land Cover Climatology
3.2. Land Cover Assessment over SA
3.3. New Vegetation Climatology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID. ESACCI Classification | ID. UMD Classification | ID. IGBP Classification |
---|---|---|
10. Cropland, Rainfed | 11. Cropland | 12. Croplands |
11. Cropland, Rainfed, Herbaceous Cover | 11. Cropland | 12. Croplands |
12. Cropland, Rainfed, Tree or Shrub Cover | 8. Closed Bushlands or Shrublands | 6. Closed Shrublands |
20. Cropland, Irrigated or Post-Flooding | 11. Cropland | 12. Croplands |
30. Mosaic Cropland (>50%)/Natural Vegetation (Tree, Shrub, Herbaceous Cover) (<50%) | 7. Wooded Grasslands/Shrublands | 14. Cropland/Natural Vegetation |
40. Mosaic Natural Vegetation (Tree, Shrub, Herbaceous Cover) (>50%)/Cropland (<50%) | 11. Cropland | 14. Cropland/Natural Vegetation |
50. Tree Cover, Broadleaved, Evergreen, Closed to Open (>15%) | 2. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest | 2. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest |
60. Tree Cover, Broadleaved, Deciduous, Closed to Open (>15%) | 4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest | 4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest |
61. Tree Cover, Broadleaved, Deciduous, Closed (>40%) | 6. Woodlands | 4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest |
62. Tree Cover, Broadleaved, Deciduous, Open (15–40%) | 7. Wooded Grasslands/Shrublands | 8. Woody Savannas |
70. Tree Cover, Needleleaved, Evergreen, Closed To Open (>15%) | 1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | 1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest |
71. Tree Cover, Needleleaved, Evergreen, Closed (>40%) | 2. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | 1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest |
72. Tree Cover, Needleleaved, Evergreen, Open (15–40%) | 2. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | 1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest |
80. Tree Cover, Needleleaved, Deciduous, Closed to Open (>15%) | 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest | 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest |
81. Tree Cover, Needleleaved, Deciduous, Closed (>40%) | 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest | 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest |
82. Tree Cover, Needleleaved, Deciduous, Open (15–40%) | 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest | 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest |
90. Tree Cover, Mixed Leaf Type (Broadleaved and Needleleaved) | 5. Mixed Forest | 5. Mixed Forest |
100. Mosaic Tree and Shrub (>50%)/Herbaceous Cover (<50%) | 7. Wooded Grasslands/Shrublands | 8. Woody Savannas |
110. Mosaic Herbaceous Cover (>50%)/Tree and Shrub (<50%) | 7. Wooded Grasslands/Shrublands | 9. Savannas |
120. Shrubland | 7. Wooded Grasslands/Shrublands | 9. Savannas |
121. Evergreen Shrubland | 8. Closed Bushlands or Shrublands | 6. Closed Shrublands |
122. Deciduous Shrubland | 7. Wooded Grasslands/Shrublands | 9. Savannas |
130. Grassland | 10. Grassland | 10. Grassland |
140. Lichens and Mosses | 10. Grassland | 10. Grassland |
150. Sparse Vegetation (Tree, Shrub, Herbaceous Cover) (<15%) | 9. Open Shrubland | 7. Open Shrublands |
151. Sparse Tree (<15%) | 9. Open Shrubland | 7. Open Shrublands |
152. Sparse Shrub (<15%) | 9. Open Shrubland | 7. Open Shrublands |
153. Sparse Herbaceous Cover (<15%) | 9. Open Shrubland | 7. Open Shrublands |
160. Tree Cover, Flooded, Fresh or Brackish Water | 8. Closed Bushlands or Shrublands | 11. Permanent wetlands |
170. Tree Cover, Flooded, Saline Water | 8. Closed Bushlands or Shrublands | 11. Permanent wetlands |
180. Shrub or Herbaceous Cover, Flooded, Fresh/Saline/Brackish Water | 6. Woodlands | 11. Permanent wetlands |
190. Urban Areas | 13. Urban and Built-Up | 13. Urban and Built-Up |
200. Bare Areas | 12. Bare Ground | 16. Barren or Sparsely Vegetated |
201. Consolidated Bare Areas | 12. Bare Ground | 16. Barren or Sparsely Vegetated |
202. Unconsolidated Bare Areas | 12. Bare Ground | 16. Barren or Sparsely Vegetated |
210. Water Bodies | 0. Water bodies | 17. Water |
220. Permanent Snow and Ice | 12. Barren | 15. Permanent and Snow and Ice |
Land Class | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|
Forest | −2.60° | −60.20° |
Savanna | −15.93° | −47.72° |
Cropland | −30.27° | −53.13° |
Grass | −31.72° | −53.53° |
Correlation Coefficient “r” | Description |
---|---|
0.00 to 0.19 | Very weak correlation |
020 to 0.39 | Weak correlation |
0.40 to 0.69 | Moderate correlation |
0.70 to 0.89 | Strong correlation |
0.90 to 1.00 | Very strong correlation |
Confidence Index “c” | Performance |
---|---|
>0.85 | Excellent |
0.76 to 0.85 | Very good |
0.66 to 0.75 | Good |
0.61 to 0.65 | Average |
0.51 to 0.60 | Poor |
0.41 to 0.50 | Bad |
≤0.40 | Terrible |
Land Cover Class Description | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | Total | UA * (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 70.0 |
2. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 85.0 |
3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 40.0 |
4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 69.2 |
5. Mixed Forest | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 78.6 |
6. Closed Shrublands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 66.7 |
7. Open Shrublands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 75.0 | |
8. Woody Savannas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 45.5 |
9. Savannas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 31 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 57.4 |
10. Grassland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 54.5 |
11. Permanent Wetlands | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 81.8 |
12. Croplands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 75.0 |
13. Urban and Built-Up | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 90.0 |
14. Cropland/Natural Vegetation | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 56.0 |
15. Permanent Snow and Ice | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 81.8 |
16. Barren or Sparsely Vegetation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 86.7 |
17. Water | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 100.0 |
18. Wooded Tundra | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 30.0 |
19. Mixed Tundra | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 20.0 |
20. Barren Tundra | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0.0 |
Total | 8 | 64 | 5 | 9 | 18 | 13 | 37 | 7 | 38 | 34 | 14 | 56 | 11 | 40 | 11 | 20 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 414 | |
PA ** | 96.9 | 96.2 | 90.4 | 100.0 | 49.9 | 64.1 | 47.3 | 52.5 | 92.2 | 58.3 | 26.2 | 72.6 | 35.5 | 43.1 | 45.4 | 55.9 | 100.0 | 1.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Land Cover Class Description | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Total | UA * (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 60.0 |
2. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest | 0 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 93.3 |
3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 40.0 |
4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 66.7 |
5. Mixed Forest | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 90.0 |
6. Woodlands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
7. Wooded Grassland/Shrublands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 57 | 61.4 |
8. Closed Bushlands or Shrublands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 86.7 |
9. Open Shrublands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 20 | 75.0 |
10. Grassland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 73.3 |
11. Croplands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 93.1 |
12. Bare Ground | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 60.0 |
13. Urban and Built-Up | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 15 | 93.3 |
Total | 3 | 88 | 5 | 10 | 13 | 0 | 36 | 20 | 29 | 31 | 40 | 16 | 15 | 301 | |
PA ** | 100.0 | 95.5 | 90.4 | 100.0 | 69.2 | 0.0 | 97.2 | 65.0 | 51.7 | 71.0 | 67.5 | 56.3 | 93.3 |
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Alves, L.E.R.; Gonçalves, L.G.G.d.; Ávila, Á.V.A.d.; Galetti, G.D.; Maske, B.B.; Nascimento, G.C.d.; Correia Filho, W.L.F. A New Climatology of Vegetation and Land Cover Information for South America. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072606
Alves LER, Gonçalves LGGd, Ávila ÁVAd, Galetti GD, Maske BB, Nascimento GCd, Correia Filho WLF. A New Climatology of Vegetation and Land Cover Information for South America. Sustainability. 2024; 16(7):2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072606
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlves, Laurizio Emanuel Ribeiro, Luis Gustavo Gonçalves de Gonçalves, Álvaro Vasconcellos Araújo de Ávila, Giovana Deponte Galetti, Bianca Buss Maske, Giuliano Carlos do Nascimento, and Washington Luiz Félix Correia Filho. 2024. "A New Climatology of Vegetation and Land Cover Information for South America" Sustainability 16, no. 7: 2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072606