An Integrative Investigation of Travel Satisfaction, Streetscape Perception, and Mental Health in Urban Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Quantitative Assessment of Depression’s Influence on Mental Health
2.2. Streetscape Perception, Depression, and Mental Health
2.3. Differences in Mental Health across Age Groups: A Focus on Depression
2.4. The Relationship between Travel Satisfaction, Quality of Life, and Mental Health with a Focus on Depression
3. Methodology
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Study Design
3.3. Assessment Instruments
3.3.1. Assessing Mental Health Using the Geriatric Depression Scale
3.3.2. Exploring Travel Satisfaction and Perception of the Streetscape
3.3.3. Differences across Age Groups: A Comparative Analysis
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Socioeconomic Characteristics and Mental Health-Related Aspects
4.2. Difference Travel Satisfaction, Perception of the Streetscape and Mental Health by Age Group
4.3. Travel Satisfaction, Perception of the Streetscape, and Mental Health with a Focus on Depression
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Aspect | Aspect | Age Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Adulthood | Middle Adulthood | Later Maturity | All | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Gender | Male | 388 | 27.15 | 723 | 33.83 | 4 | 11.76 | 1115 | 30.97 |
Female | 1033 | 72.29 | 1410 | 65.98 | 30 | 88.24 | 2473 | 68.69 | |
Others | 8 | 0.56 | 4 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.00 | 12 | 0.33 | |
Education level | Lower primary school | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Primary school | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.03 | |
Junior high school | 7 | 0.49 | 21 | 0.98 | 2 | 5.88 | 30 | 0.83 | |
High school | 50 | 3.50 | 76 | 3.56 | 3 | 8.82 | 129 | 3.58 | |
Vocational college | 40 | 2.80 | 59 | 2.76 | 3 | 8.82 | 102 | 2.83 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 1329 | 93.00 | 1970 | 92.19 | 26 | 76.47 | 3325 | 92.36 | |
Postgraduate | 3 | 0.21 | 10 | 0.47 | 0 | 0.00 | 13 | 0.36 | |
Income level (baht/month) | Less than 10,000 | 3 | 0.21 | 11 | 0.51 | 2 | 5.88 | 16 | 0.44 |
10,000–25,000 | 1096 | 76.70 | 1653 | 77.35 | 20 | 58.82 | 2769 | 76.92 | |
25,001–40,000 | 250 | 17.49 | 325 | 15.21 | 7 | 20.59 | 582 | 16.17 | |
40,000–55,000 | 61 | 4.27 | 87 | 4.07 | 4 | 11.76 | 152 | 4.22 | |
55,001–70,000 | 17 | 1.19 | 49 | 2.29 | 1 | 2.94 | 67 | 1.86 | |
70,001–85,000 | 2 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.37 | 0 | 0.00 | 10 | 0.28 | |
More than 85,000 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 0.11 | |
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | Depression unlikely | 66 | 4.62 | 71 | 3.32 | 2 | 5.88 | 139 | 3.86 |
Depression possible | 999 | 69.91 | 1308 | 61.21 | 25 | 73.53 | 2332 | 64.78 | |
Depression likely present | 364 | 25.47 | 758 | 35.47 | 7 | 20.59 | 1129 | 31.36 | |
Travel satisfaction () | 5.33 | 5.05 | 5.39 | 5.17 | |||||
Perception of the streetscape () | 3.96 | 3.98 | 4.11 | 3.97 |
Variables | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental health (GDS) | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | 11.485 | 5.743 | 20.987 | 0.000 *** |
Travel satisfaction (TS) | Daily movement (TS1) | 49.547 | 24.774 | 24.700 | 0.000 *** |
Sufficient opportunities to go out (TS2) | 67.801 | 33.900 | 35.205 | 0.000 *** | |
More opportunities to go out (TS3) | 99.309 | 49.654 | 46.948 | 0.000 *** | |
Increased opportunities to go out (TS4) | 100.086 | 50.043 | 44.453 | 0.000 *** | |
Easy to go to the city center (TS5) | 122.324 | 61.162 | 52.549 | 0.000 *** | |
Transportation environment (TS6) | 53.339 | 26.670 | 23.792 | 0.000 *** | |
Public transportation service (TS7) | 11.984 | 5.992 | 4.935 | 0.007 ** | |
Travel for leisure activities (TS8) | 18.552 | 9.276 | 7.448 | 0.001 ** | |
Travel for daily shopping (TS9) | 104.050 | 52.025 | 56.689 | 0.000 *** | |
Travel for outpatient visits to medical (TS10) | 113.343 | 56.672 | 45.212 | 0.000 *** | |
Perception of the streetscape (PS) | Cross-sectional proportion (PS1) | 3.013 | 1.506 | 0.834 | 0.434 |
Street wall continuity (PS2) | 14.899 | 7.449 | 4.728 | 0.009 ** | |
Greenery (PS3) | 5.731 | 2.866 | 1.643 | 0.193 | |
Openness (PS4) | 27.079 | 13.539 | 6.266 | 0.002 ** | |
Enclosure (PS5) | 6.751 | 3.375 | 1.324 | 0.266 |
Variables | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Adulthood | Middle Adulthood | Later Maturity | ||||||||
A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | ||
Travel satisfaction (TS) | TS1 | 5.61 | 5.49 | 4.93 | 5.48 | 5.28 | 4.81 | 5.00 | 5.76 | 4.86 |
TS2 | 5.59 | 5.49 | 5.06 | 5.49 | 5.29 | 4.76 | 5.50 | 5.40 | 4.71 | |
TS3 | 5.71 | 5.61 | 5.01 | 5.63 | 5.33 | 4.73 | 5.50 | 5.72 | 5.14 | |
TS4 | 5.85 | 5.61 | 4.96 | 5.70 | 5.33 | 4.69 | 6.00 | 5.64 | 4.43 | |
TS5 | 5.65 | 5.36 | 4.81 | 5.65 | 5.02 | 4.52 | 5.00 | 5.68 | 4.43 | |
TS6 | 5.42 | 5.44 | 4.94 | 5.37 | 5.23 | 4.76 | 5.00 | 5.52 | 5.00 | |
TS7 | 5.24 | 5.17 | 4.90 | 4.94 | 5.05 | 4.92 | 5.00 | 5.36 | 5.29 | |
TS8 | 5.42 | 5.31 | 4.91 | 5.30 | 5.19 | 4.86 | 5.50 | 5.44 | 5.00 | |
TS9 | 5.77 | 5.66 | 5.07 | 5.73 | 5.40 | 4.71 | 5.50 | 5.56 | 4.71 | |
TS10 | 5.64 | 5.40 | 4.79 | 5.51 | 5.06 | 4.55 | 5.50 | 5.48 | 4.57 | |
Perception of the streetscape (PS) | PS1 | 4.17 | 4.08 | 3.95 | 4.31 | 4.06 | 3.85 | 5.00 | 4.24 | 3.14 |
PS2 | 4.62 | 4.56 | 4.90 | 4.48 | 4.71 | 4.92 | 6.00 | 4.48 | 4.71 | |
PS3 | 3.82 | 3.59 | 3.47 | 3.83 | 3.58 | 3.34 | 3.50 | 4.00 | 2.86 | |
PS4 | 3.76 | 3.74 | 4.08 | 4.07 | 3.93 | 4.13 | 5.00 | 4.36 | 2.71 | |
PS5 | 3.85 | 3.73 | 3.63 | 4.14 | 3.72 | 3.52 | 4.00 | 4.36 | 3.00 | |
N | 66 | 999 | 364 | 71 | 1308 | 758 | 2 | 25 | 7 | |
% | 1.83 | 27.75 | 10.11 | 1.97 | 36.33 | 21.06 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.19 | |
Variables | Mental Health by Age Group | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||||
Early Adulthood | Middle Adulthood | Later Maturity | All Ages | ||||||||||
Beta | Std. Error | Sig. | Beta | Std. Error | Sig. | Beta | Std. Error | Sig. | Beta | Std. Error | Sig. | ||
Travel satisfaction (TS) | TS1 | −0.071 | 0.079 | ** | −0.043 | 0.065 | * | −0.301 | 0.805 | −0.054 | 0.050 | ** | |
TS2 | 0.030 | 0.087 | −0.005 | 0.070 | −0.006 | 0.728 | 0.006 | 0.054 | |||||
TS3 | −0.064 | 0.094 | * | −0.033 | 0.073 | 0.304 | 0.815 | −0.043 | 0.057 | * | |||
TS4 | −0.130 | 0.090 | ** | −0.094 | 0.068 | ** | −0.450 | 0.606 | −0.107 | 0.054 | *** | ||
TS5 | −0.071 | 0.075 | ** | −0.052 | 0.061 | * | −0.083 | 0.931 | * | −0.063 | 0.047 | ** | |
TS6 | −0.086 | 0.077 | ** | −0.179 | 0.066 | *** | −0.028 | 0.781 | −0.143 | 0.049 | *** | ||
TS7 | 0.038 | 0.063 | 0.135 | 0.056 | *** | 0.164 | 0.682 | 0.096 | 0.042 | *** | |||
TS8 | 0.031 | 0.064 | 0.055 | 0.058 | ** | 0.018 | 0.752 | 0.040 | 0.043 | ** | |||
TS9 | −0.157 | 0.085 | *** | −0.246 | 0.065 | *** | −0.068 | 0.761 | −0.212 | 0.051 | *** | ||
TS10 | −0.004 | 0.075 | 0.038 | 0.065 | −0.090 | 0.931 | 0.024 | 0.049 | |||||
Perception of the streetscape (PS) | PS1 | −0.112 | 0.060 | ** | −0.072 | 0.045 | ** | −0.094 | 0.699 | −0.082 | 0.035 | *** | |
PS2 | 0.103 | 0.053 | *** | 0.090 | 0.050 | *** | 0.304 | 0.457 | 0.097 | 0.036 | *** | ||
PS3 | 0.015 | 0.053 | −0.056 | 0.038 | ** | 0.528 | 0.818 | −0.031 | 0.031 | * | |||
PS4 | 0.067 | 0.052 | ** | 0.083 | 0.040 | ** | −0.850 | 0.478 | ** | 0.074 | 0.031 | *** | |
PS5 | −0.051 | 0.051 | * | −0.079 | 0.036 | ** | 0.282 | 0.710 | −0.068 | 0.029 | *** | ||
R | 0.433 | 0.451 | 0.598 | 0.448 |
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Iamtrakul, P.; Chayphong, S.; Hayashi, Y. An Integrative Investigation of Travel Satisfaction, Streetscape Perception, and Mental Health in Urban Environments. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093526
Iamtrakul P, Chayphong S, Hayashi Y. An Integrative Investigation of Travel Satisfaction, Streetscape Perception, and Mental Health in Urban Environments. Sustainability. 2024; 16(9):3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093526
Chicago/Turabian StyleIamtrakul, Pawinee, Sararad Chayphong, and Yoshitsugu Hayashi. 2024. "An Integrative Investigation of Travel Satisfaction, Streetscape Perception, and Mental Health in Urban Environments" Sustainability 16, no. 9: 3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093526