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Sustainability
Volume 17
Issue 3
10.3390/su17030942
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Article

A Method to Handle Unbalanced Systems in Branch Current-Based State Estimators

by
Andrés Llombart
,
Luis Parada
*,
Miguel Torres
,
Noemi Galán
and
Diego Martinez
CIRCE Technology Centre, Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Avenida Ranillas 3-D, 1st Floor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030942
Submission received: 20 December 2024 / Revised: 18 January 2025 / Accepted: 22 January 2025 / Published: 24 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Sustainability Through Power System Flexibility, Smart Grids, and Energy Digitalization)
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Abstract

The undergoing energy transition to a sustainable future requires, among other things, the application of demand side management (DSM) techniques to maintain grid stability and allow a smooth performance. To successfully implement DSM strategies, near real-time monitoring of the grid is required. This can be achieved through a distribution system state estimator (DSSE). Conventional approaches to state estimation (SE) typically rely on the assumption of a balanced reference bus, which is reasonable for transmission systems but may not be applicable to low-voltage distribution networks, even more with significant distributed generation (DG) penetration. To address this problem, a branch current-based low-voltage DSSE for unbalanced three-phase systems is developed. The algorithm incorporates a virtual bus to account for highly unbalanced systems, enabling it to obtain a more accurate estimation of the grid state. The proposed method is compared to the conventional balanced reference bus method through multiple simulations under different load conditions in the IEEE European low-voltage test feeder.
Keywords: state estimation; unbalanced systems; virtual bus; system monitoring; distribution system state estimator state estimation; unbalanced systems; virtual bus; system monitoring; distribution system state estimator

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MDPI and ACS Style

Llombart, A.; Parada, L.; Torres, M.; Galán, N.; Martinez, D. A Method to Handle Unbalanced Systems in Branch Current-Based State Estimators. Sustainability 2025, 17, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030942

AMA Style

Llombart A, Parada L, Torres M, Galán N, Martinez D. A Method to Handle Unbalanced Systems in Branch Current-Based State Estimators. Sustainability. 2025; 17(3):942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030942

Chicago/Turabian Style

Llombart, Andrés, Luis Parada, Miguel Torres, Noemi Galán, and Diego Martinez. 2025. "A Method to Handle Unbalanced Systems in Branch Current-Based State Estimators" Sustainability 17, no. 3: 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030942

APA Style

Llombart, A., Parada, L., Torres, M., Galán, N., & Martinez, D. (2025). A Method to Handle Unbalanced Systems in Branch Current-Based State Estimators. Sustainability, 17(3), 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030942

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