Key Factors for the Implementation of the Metaverse in Spanish Ports: An Evaluation Based on a Prioritization Matrix

Abstract

The implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports poses challenges and opportunities, but it is crucial to identify and prioritize the key factors ensuring a successful transition to this new technological paradigm. To date, the literature has explored various aspects of digital transformation in ports, but few studies have specifically addressed the integration of the metaverse in this context. This study employed a prioritization matrix to evaluate five categories of factors: new operating models, institutional cooperation and coordination, customer services, data and technological maturity, and sector assimilation. Each category was evaluated based on its potential impact, urgency, ease of implementation, and cost. The results revealed that the factors related to the new operating models and institutional cooperation and coordination were considered the most important and urgent for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports. On the other hand, technological maturity and sectoral assimilation were identified as the lowest priority categories. These findings suggest that the focus should be on improving operability and institutional collaboration to maximize the benefits of the metaverse in the Spanish port environment. In conclusion, this study provides a practical guide for decision-makers in the planning and implementation of digital transformation strategies in Spanish ports. By prioritizing key factors, resources can be optimized and the metaverse adoption process can be accelerated, thus contributing to the improvement of efficiency and competitiveness in the port sector.

1. Introduction

Maritime transport plays a fundamental role in global logistics, not only in the movement of goods and passengers between ports but also in providing critical infrastructure for economic growth. It encompasses a broad spectrum of operations, including port logistics, intermodal connectivity, and regulatory frameworks that ensure efficiency and sustainability.

The term “metaverse” in the context of port operations refers to a collaborative virtual environment powered by advanced technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, digital twins, and real-time data. Within this environment, stakeholders in the port sector can interact, simulate operations, optimize processes, and manage resources more efficiently and sustainably. An introductory section will be added to explain this concept and its relevance to Spanish ports [1].

The metaverse has emerged as a major area of interest for investors in recent years. By 2024, the size of the metaverse market will reach $800 billion. According to experts, the uses of the metaverse will multiply sooner rather than later thanks to the conjunction of various technological advances [1].

The 3D spaces within virtual reality will allow us to interact, learn, shop, collaborate, and play in ways we cannot yet imagine. Areas such as 5G, the cloud, edge computing, and augmented reality and virtual reality are leading to a new global scenario in which development is no longer a capacity restricted to certain computing elites, allowing more and more people to become interested in today’s metaverse [2].

The metaverse represents a significant opportunity for ports, offering numerous advantages that enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability in port operations [3]. Ports can optimize workflows and anticipate bottlenecks before implementing actual changes.

Digitalization as part of the metaverse also deals with the search for the optimization of maritime transport. There are models that consider several factors that affect the efficiency and sustainability of maritime transport, with the aim of designing maritime transport networks that are profitable, have low emissions, and operate efficiently [4]. On the other hand, the technological development of ports can improve environmental and economic sustainability in maritime operations by making ports more efficient and environmentally friendly [5].

The metaverse also allows for improved public–private relations, coordination, and collaboration, providing a platform for efficient communication between port authorities, government, and customers; it is at the service of the entire logistics chain [6]. Customer services are enhanced through real-time interactive experiences and streamlined relationship management.

In terms of sustainability, the metaverse helps to reduce the carbon footprint through the operational optimization and integration with renewable energy technologies [7].

By enabling experimentation with emerging technologies and operational strategies, the metaverse fosters innovation and enhances the resilience and adaptability of ports to evolving challenges [8].

This study aims to identify and prioritize the key factors necessary for the successful implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports This is achieved through the analysis and evaluation of five categories of factors: new operating models, institutional cooperation and coordination, customer services, data and technological maturity, and sector assimilation.

The ultimate goal is to provide assistance to decision-makers in the planning and implementation of digital transformation strategies, specifically in the metaverse in Spanish ports, in order to improve efficiency and competitiveness in the port sector.

The selection of Spanish ports as the case study for this research is based on several key factors. Firstly, the authors have direct expertise in the Spanish port sector and have engaged with experts who possess deep knowledge in digitalization and port operations. This enables a well-grounded and realistic assessment of the feasibility of the metaverse in this specific context [8].

Secondly, there is a strong institutional push towards port digitalization in Spain, led by the public entity Puertos del Estado, which promotes innovation through dedicated programs such as Puertos 4.0. These initiatives aim to accelerate digital transformation by fostering the adoption of emerging technologies, making the metaverse an area of strategic interest [8].

Moreover, digitalization and technological adoption are core elements in the new Strategic Framework for Spanish Ports, reinforcing the relevance of this study. Given the novelty of metaverse applications in port environments, this research represents an initial diagnostic approach, in which we acknowledge its limitations while providing a structured basis for future studies [8].

The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a review of the state-of-the-art digital transformation in ports, highlighting existing gaps in the research. Section 3 describes the methodology employed, including the prioritization matrix and expert selection process. Section 3 presents the results obtained from the prioritization matrix and their implications. Section 4 discusses the findings in the context of current port digitalization efforts. Finally, Section 5 concludes the study and suggests future research directions.

2. Literature Review

Advanced digital technologies represent the main drivers of digitalization and digital transformation. The European Commission has also recognized the importance of advanced technologies [9].

While artificial intelligence has dominated recent discussions, technologies such as augmented reality and the metaverse are poised to reshape the digital landscape in the near future. These tools can help businesses to grow and achieve their goals. Automating tasks, improving efficiency, or saving costs are some of its advantages. Therefore, the use of technology in logistics, especially the metaverse [10], must be studied.

Logistics is an increasingly digital business sector; the importance of technology is becoming more and more relevant. In this sense, the metaverse aims to change the way we connect and communicate in the not-too-distant future [11].

Metaverse means a virtual world, and the word is a portmanteau formed by “meta”, which comes from the Greek and means “beyond or after”, and “verse” [12]. It can be said that it is a kind of virtual world created to resemble reality. It allows people from all over the world to simultaneously enter a single shared environment, such as an urban setting or an infinite universe.

The metaverse in logistics and other sectors offers great opportunities and advantages. Some examples are the following [13]:

• Significantly increases data processing.
• Achieves excellent customer service.
• Optimizes processes and automates tasks, which reduces times and saves on costs.
• Improves communication within the supply chain.
• Is useful in reducing waste and residue generated from reverse logistics.

In the shipping industry, different players in the logistics chain are at different stages of their digital transformation journey. While highly digitized ports and businesses can be considered the most successful examples of digital transformation, many other ports, actors, and companies along maritime supply chains are lagging behind [14].

The industries that will find their place in the metaverse first, according to experts, are the following:

• Banking: The metaverse could offer a more digital and personalized experience to customers in terms of banking [15].
• Education: Much more immersive learning, online training, gamification, hybrid educational models, etc. An immersive 360 experience for students and teachers opens up to the education sector with the help of the metaverse [16].
• Tourism: This new digital universe will transform the promotion and contracting model, and will encourage the discovery of new destinations and cultures hand-in-hand with a new dimension [17].
• Culture and entertainment: The metaverse aims to transform the entertainment sector from start to finish, with the proliferation of online events and mixed reality experiences that will foster a wide range of products and services [18].

2.1. Emerging Technologies and the Transition to Smart and Sustainable Ports

There is little research that offers a global vision of digital transformation in the maritime transport sector. In [19], the authors conduct a literature review of the drivers, success factors, and obstacles facing digital transformation in the maritime transport sector. This study identifies the drivers, success factors, and barriers to digitalization and digital transformation.

The development of innovative technologies definitely fosters digital transformation in the shipping sector. The barriers that hold back digital transformation compared to other industries are highlighted, such as a lack of awareness of how digital transformation can impact business, and a lack of standards and cooperation among stakeholders.

Ports and terminals have undergone a remarkable evolution, and since the 2010s they have entered a fifth stage characterized by their digital transformation and their alignment with Industry 4.0 practices (Figure 1) [20].

In this new phase, cooperation between the different actors has become crucial. The integration not only involves port users, port authorities, and port service providers, but also the city, the port hinterland, and other actors in the global supply chain [21].

Industry 4.0 is underpinned by technologies such as the Internet of Things, sensing solutions, cybersecurity, the horizontal and vertical integration of systems, cloud computing, 3D printing and additive manufacturing, big data and business analytics, augmented reality, and simulation and modeling [22]. While some of these technologies are already sufficiently mature in the port and maritime industry, others are still in their early stages of development and have therefore been addressed very little by the scientific literature [23].

Currently, ports are considered essential components of a country’s infrastructure, contributing significantly to the development of economic relations. These ports play a crucial role in the economy, facilitating trade and interaction between different regions and nations. However, port operations and the associated transport chain represent a potential source of harmful emissions and environmental pollution in their surroundings [8].

Faced with this challenge, the maritime industry as a whole is working to formalize the possible alternatives available. Various measures and technologies are being explored and adopted to mitigate the environmental impact of port and maritime operations, seeking a balance between economic development and environmental sustainability; in this sense, the use of the metaverse can favor environmentally responsible operations [24].

Maritime transport plays a crucial role in the development of state-of-the-art ports; route planning techniques for autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) through different techniques, such as genetic algorithms and the optimization of ant colonies; or approaches based on artificial intelligence, which allow for the optimization of port operations [25]. By collecting different variables in real time, these autonomous vessels can learn and adapt their route in real time based on the data they collect, potentially using artificial intelligence techniques [26].

2.2. Analysis of Advances in Key Technologies in the Port Context

Smart ports leverage cutting-edge technologies to optimize their operations and enhance their overall efficiency [27].

The digitalization of seaports generates vast amounts of data, contributing to increased profitability, efficiency, and sustainability. If Industry 4.0 is combined with the implementation of technologies such as 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), or blockchain, among others, port management processes will be connected and intercommunicated in a single integrated operations platform [23].

The key applications of a 4.0 port that are most cited by authors are as follows:

• Big data. Mass data management, organization, and storage. This minimizes delays, prevents unforeseen events, and improves the port’s production and performance [28].
• Artificial intelligence. This is used to enable production machines to collect, process, and interpret data to improve mechanical automation. These changes bring with them more accurate predictions, for example, in loading and unloading times [29].
• Internet of Things. Container tracking, tracking of goods traffic, improvement of traceability, water level, temperature, etc. Thanks to IoT, all kinds of information stored in the cloud are obtained and managed, keeping an exact track of the port in real time [30].
• An effective, unalterable, and decentralized data record. The objective of this blockchain is to dispense with intermediaries. This prevents these intermediaries from taking your data and trading with it [31].
• Automation is another objective of smart ports [32].
• Digital twins. The use of digital twins helps ports to manage and make more efficient decisions [33].

2.3. The Implementation of the Metaverse in Spanish Ports and Maritime Transport: Challenges and Opportunities

The implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports presents a number of significant challenges and opportunities that must be carefully considered for its successful adoption.

The implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports presents considerable challenges, but it also offers significant opportunities to transform the port sector and maritime transport in general. Addressing the challenges effectively and making the most of the opportunities will enable Spanish ports to become smarter, more efficient, and more sustainable hubs.

Among the most outstanding challenges, the following can be cited:

• Robust technological infrastructure: The integration of new digital technologies with existing port systems requires a robust and scalable technological infrastructure. This involves investments in hardware, software, and communication networks to ensure the smooth and secure operation of the port metaverse [18].
• Cybersecurity: The digitalization and interconnection of systems increases vulnerability to cyberattacks. It is crucial to implement robust security measures to protect sensitive information and critical port systems [34].
• Port staff training: Port staff need to adapt to new virtual environments and develop skills to operate in the metaverse. This requires investments in training and skills development to ensure a smooth transition to the new digital paradigm [20].
• Resistance to change: The adoption of new technologies may face resistance from staff and organizations. It is important to foster a culture of innovation and openness to change to facilitate the acceptance of the metaverse in the port sector [8].
• Standards and regulations: The lack of clear standards and regulations for the metaverse in the port sector can lead to uncertainty and hinder its adoption. An appropriate legal and regulatory framework needs to be established to ensure security, transparency, and interoperability [35].

The opportunities for the use of the metaverse are numerous. Below are those in which the advances are most outstanding:

• Improved operational efficiency: Digitalization and the use of technologies such as virtual and augmented reality can optimize port management, allowing greater precision and real-time control of operations [18].
• Strategic planning and decision-making: The ability to simulate and model different scenarios in a virtual environment facilitates strategic planning and more informed decision-making, reducing risks and optimizing resources [36].
• Cooperation and coordination: The metaverse offers new avenues for collaboration and coordination between the various actors in the port ecosystem, from authorities to operators and service providers [20,37].
• Improved customer experience: Metaverse technologies can provide personalized and efficient customer experiences, improving satisfaction and loyalty [33].
• Sustainability: The metaverse can contribute to port sustainability by optimizing logistics, reducing energy consumption, and promoting greener practices [38].

The latest technologies are already being applied in ports. There are various pilot tests and applications that have taken the concept of smart ports further. The steps that should be taken by the ports to adapt are as follows [39]:

• Identify areas for improvement, in particular, efficiency and productivity.
• Assess data availability. Ports need to assess data availability and consider integrating systems to collect additional data if needed.
• Evaluate infrastructure capacity such as network bandwidth and data storage to determine if they are ready to support the needs of the systems.
• Establish a technology team to lead the implementation of projects and ensure the proper integration of the systems.
• Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing these technologies and determine if the investment is worth it.
• Establish partnerships with specialist companies to assist in the implementation of systems and gain additional experience in the field.

For instance, Tijan et al. (2021) identify the drivers and barriers to digitalization in maritime transport, offering insights into the challenges of technology adoption. Similarly, Maier and Weinberger (2024) examine how the metaverse contributes to sustainability in port operations, emphasizing its potential for improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact. These references provide a robust framework to position our study within the Literature Review [19,40].

Despite the increasing interest in digital transformation within the maritime and port sectors, research on the integration of the metaverse in port operations remains scarce. Most existing studies focus on broader digitalization strategies, such as the implementation of Industry 4.0, the use of big data for logistics optimization, and the adoption of smart port technologies. However, few have specifically addressed how immersive virtual environments can enhance port efficiency, stakeholder collaboration, and sustainability. This lack of focused research highlights a critical knowledge gap in understanding the potential applications, challenges, and benefits of metaverse technologies in port ecosystems.

Furthermore, the current literature lacks empirical validation of metaverse-based solutions in ports. While theoretical discussions suggest that digital twins, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) could significantly improve operational decision-making, there are a limited number of case studies or pilot implementations demonstrating their real-world feasibility. Additionally, methodologies for prioritizing key factors in metaverse adoption within ports remain underdeveloped, often relying on conceptual frameworks rather than structured evaluation models. This study aims to address these gaps by providing a structured prioritization approach that identifies the most critical factors for metaverse implementation in Spanish ports, offering a foundation for future empirical and quantitative research.

From the literature review, it is evident that while significant progress has been made in digital transformation within port operations, there is still a notable gap in research regarding the practical application of metaverse technologies in this sector. Most studies focus on broader digitalization strategies, such as Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, and automation, yet little empirical work has been conducted on immersive virtual environments. This highlights the need for structured assessments, such as the one proposed in this study, to evaluate the feasibility and prioritization of metaverse adoption in port ecosystems.

3. Methodology and Results

With the aim of identifying and prioritizing the key factors for the successful implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports, a methodology based on the use of a prioritization matrix will be developed.

The methodology follows a structured approach, outlined in Figure 2:

3.1. Generating the Work Scenario: Database

At this point, it is a question of defining the evaluation criteria, for which the criteria that will be used to evaluate the key factors identified, such as potential impact, urgency, ease of implementation, and cost, which have been selected for this study, must be clearly established.

The research has been developed according to the following criteria:

• Potential impact: Which action group has the greatest potential to have the greatest positive impact on the operation of ports? What benefits can it generate for operators, customers, and society in general?
• Urgency: Which action group is the most urgent? What benefits can it generate faster?
• Ease of implementation: Which action group is the easiest to implement? Does it require major changes to operations or infrastructure?
• Cost: Which action group is the most expensive to implement? Can it be implemented with existing resources or does it require additional investments?
• The number of factors to be evaluated should be broad enough to cover all relevant dimensions of the problem, but not so large that it hinders management and decision-making.

For the proposed research, the experts were told how to use these criteria to prioritize the action groups:

• If potential impact is the most important criterion, action groups that focus on digitalization and automation may have a high priority.
• If urgency is the most important criterion, action groups that can generate benefits quickly, such as improving customer services, may be a high priority.
• If ease of implementation is the most important criterion, action groups that do not require major changes to operations or infrastructure may be a high priority.
• If cost is the most important criterion, action groups that can be implemented with existing resources may have a high priority.

The next point corresponds to data collection. Collecting relevant information on each of the factors identified from primary and secondary sources, as well as quantitative and qualitative data, are what correspond to this point.

In a study by [39], it is determined that for the ports of the Spanish port system, the new virtual port ecosystem that could be developed in the short term is determined through an affinity diagram, which is a diagram that is used for the organization of ideas provided by a group on a complex problem that is carried out in a specific area; in this case, reaching metaports in the port system.

The main conclusion of this study indicated that in order to advance this concept, new operating models and customers and services are the blocks where the greatest efforts will have to be made. The five main groups obtained in this study were as follows:

• New operating models: considerations related to new operating models, including interfaces, automation, and cybersecurity;
• Institutional cooperation and coordination: strategies and actions related to institutional cooperation and coordination;
• Customer services: includes customer relations, service quality, and port management;
• Data: data collection and management in ports;
• Technological maturity and sectoral assimilation: technological maturity and the assimilation capacity of the port sector in relation to the metaverse.

These are the groups with which we will work to develop the prioritization matrix and that will confirm the work scenario.

3.2. Application of the Methodology: Prioritization Matrix

The next step of the methodology corresponds to the development of the prioritization matrix, which corresponds to building a prioritization matrix that includes the five categories of factors and their respective evaluation criteria, assigning weights and scores to each of them, as described in the previous step of the methodology.

To bridge the methodological gap, this section provides a comprehensive explanation of the steps involved in constructing the prioritization matrix. The prioritization matrix was used to evaluate the factors below.

First, five key factors were defined based on a preliminary analysis of the relevant aspects of metaverse implementation in ports. Second, a panel of experts was selected, including professionals from academia, industry, and technology sectors, ensuring a diverse range of insights. Third, these factors were evaluated using predefined criteria—potential impact, urgency, ease of implementation, and cost. Fourth, weights were assigned to each criterion through consensus among the panel members. Finally, the results were aggregated and normalized to facilitate comparison and ensure consistency in the analysis. This structured approach enhanced the reliability and transparency of the prioritization process.

The need for a prioritization matrix is summarized in Figure 3:

This methodology allows us to achieve the following:

• Structured Assessment: The prioritization matrix provides a clear and systematic structure for evaluating multiple categories of factors. Each factor is analyzed and rated according to its importance and urgency in relation to the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports.
• Strong internal correlation: By employing this matrix, we ensure that the factors evaluated are interrelated in a coherent and logical way. This ensures that our findings are supported by a comprehensive assessment of the various aspects that impact the implementation of the metaverse in a port environment.
• In-depth content research: Applying the prioritization matrix not only allows us to rank factors but also dig deeper into the analysis of each category. This includes identifying the interdependencies between the factors evaluated and how each contributes to the feasibility and effectiveness of the metaverse implementation.
• Support for the findings: The results obtained through the prioritization matrix are fundamental to justify our conclusions on the critical factors that must be addressed as a priority in the process of implementing the metaverse in Spanish ports. These findings are supported by a clear and rigorous methodology that allows for an objective assessment based on predefined criteria.

To improve transparency, this study clearly distinguished between primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through expert consultations, while secondary data were obtained from existing academic literature and industry reports.

A structured approach was followed to integrate these data sources within the prioritization matrix, ensuring that the evaluation criteria reflected both theoretical insights and practical considerations. This clarification aimed to strengthen the credibility of the findings and facilitate future replications of the study.

At this point, the prioritization matrix needed to be applied; that is, the prioritization matrix served as a tool for assessing and ranking key factors based on predefined criteria, producing quantitative results that highlighted their relative importance.

To develop the prioritization matrix, a panel of experts was assembled. The selected experts had in-depth and relevant knowledge about the topic at hand. They came from different areas related to the problem, such as academia, industry, government, or consulting. All of them had hands-on experience in the field and a thorough understanding of the factors being evaluated.

A deliberate approach was used for the selection of the panel of experts, identifying individuals who were recognized as leaders in their field, who had published relevant research, and/or who had demonstrated practical experience in the application of the factors being evaluated.

The selection of experts followed a deliberate approach to ensure representation from the key sectors involved in port digitalization. The panel included experts from academia with extensive experience in port digital transformation, industry representatives knowledgeable about port operations and technology, consultants specializing in emerging technologies, a government expert in port regulation, and a technology company representative working on port-related digital solutions.

By incorporating the perspectives from different stakeholders, this study seeks to provide a well-rounded analysis. However, we acknowledge potential biases in expert selection and recognize that future research could expand the participant base to further strengthen the robustness of the analysis.

The maximum recommended number of experts may vary depending on the complexity of the problem and the availability of resources. However, it is generally considered that an effective panel of experts can be composed of between seven and twelve members.

This range allows for a diversity of opinions and expertise, while also making it easier to manage the panel and make decisions. Too large a group can become unmanageable and can result in protracted debates or the dilution of individual opinions. In this case, nine experts participated in the panel, in addition to a facilitator.

It is important to have a trained facilitator to lead the evaluation process and ensure that established procedures are followed. The facilitator can help experts to understand the evaluation criteria and reach a consensus on the scores assigned to each factor.

To enhance transparency and replicability, this study provided a more detailed explanation of the prioritization matrix methodology. The expert panel selection process was carefully structured to include professionals from academia, industry, and public administration, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of the key factors.

Additionally, the assignment of weights to evaluation criteria (e.g., potential impact, urgency, ease of implementation, cost) was carried out through a consensus among the experts, aligning with established best practices in decision-making frameworks. While the approach was qualitative in nature, it followed a structured methodology that allowed for a systematic ranking of priorities. This initial diagnostic phase served as a foundation for future research, which could incorporate quantitative modeling and empirical validation.

3.3. Analysis of Results and Conclusions

In this step of the methodology, the results obtained from the prioritization matrix must be analyzed to identify priority areas for action and opportunities for improvement in the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports.

Finally, conclusions and recommendations must be developed. We draw meaningful conclusions from the analysis of the results and formulate practical recommendations for decision-makers in the port sector, with the aim of optimizing the implementation of the metaverse and improving the operational efficiency and competitiveness of the sector.

4. Analysis of Results

The results obtained from the panel of experts for the prioritization matrix are in

Table 1. Results of the prioritization matrix.

Category	Subcategory	Value	Agregate Value
Category 1: New operating models	Potential Impact	4.33	15.44
	Urgency	3.33
	Ease of Deployment	3.78
	Cost	4
Category 2: Institutional cooperation and coordination	Potential Impact	4.22	14.33
	Urgency	3.67
	Ease of Deployment	3.22
	Cost	3.22
Category 3: Customer services	Potential Impact	3.89	14.11
	Urgency	4.11
	Ease of Deployment	3.11
	Cost	3
Category 4: Data	Potential Impact	4.22	15.67
	Urgency	3.89
	Ease of Deployment	3.56
	Cost	4
Category 5: Technological maturity and sectoral assimilation	Potential Impact	3.67	13.89
	Urgency	3.22
	Ease of Deployment	3.22
	Cost	3.78

:

The data have then been rescaled. Rescaling helps to normalize the data so that all values fit into a common range, such as 1 to 10.

To rescale the scores on a scale of 1 to 10, we can use a linear transformation. So, the rescaled scores would be approximately as follows (see Figure 4):

• Category 1: 7.25
• Category 2: 4.86
• Category 3: 3.75
• Category 4: 10
• Category 5: 1

Rescaling results can make data easier to interpret, especially in charts and visualizations where a common scale allows for better visual comparison. The rescaling of results is an essential practice to ensure that analyses are accurate, comparable, and easily interpretable.

After the development of the prioritization matrix, it is established that the category with the highest score is data.

Below are the comments on each performance group in order of score from highest to lowest:

• C4_Data: This task force focuses on collecting, analyzing, and using data to improve port operations. The metaverse can be used to collect data more efficiently and to provide more accurate analytics.
• C1_New operating models: This action group focuses on the development of new operating models for ports, which use digital technologies, such as the metaverse. These new models can improve the operational efficiency, safety, and sustainability of ports.
• C2_Cooperation and institutional coordination: This action group focuses on strengthening cooperation and coordination between the different entities operating in ports, such as port authorities, shipping companies, and port service companies. Such cooperation can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of port operations.
• C3_Service to the customer: This action group focuses on improving customer service in ports. The metaverse can be used to provide customers with a more personalized and engaging experience, as well as to facilitate access to information and services.
• Technological C5_maturity and sectoral assimilation: This action group focuses on the development of technological maturity and the sectoral assimilation of the metaverse in the port sector. This development requires investment in training and awareness-raising, as well as collaboration between the different actors in the sector.

The fact that the potential impact of new operating models is the highest factor has several important meanings for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports. Given its high impact, this factor is likely to receive greater attention in terms of investment and development, and the associated cost factor is also quite high.

Prioritizing resources and efforts to develop and adopt new operating models that maximize the benefits of the metaverse implies that the adoption of new operating models is considered crucial to the success of metaverse implementation. These models could include innovations in automation, cybersecurity, and user interface, all of which are critical to creating an efficient and secure virtual ecosystem, many of which are currently underdeveloped in ports.

New operating models have the potential to fundamentally reshape port operations by enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and strengthening security; the current trend in port management bets on these models. The implementation of advanced and automated technologies could revolutionize port operations.

Effectively implementing new operating models can provide substantial long-term benefits, including better resource management, faster and more efficient operations, and a greater responsiveness to market demands.

Ports that successfully adopt new operating models will be better positioned to compete in the global marketplace. Innovation in these models can lead to significant competitive advantages.

The fact that ease of implementation in customer services is the lowest scored factor has several important meanings for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports. Despite the implementation challenges, improving customer services through the metaverse could have a significant impact on the user experience, improving customer satisfaction and potentially offering new methods of interaction and service.

The low score on ease of implementation suggests that there are significant technical and logistical challenges associated with improving customer services in the context of the metaverse. This could include difficulties in integrating new technologies with existing systems, as well as the need for the training and adaptation of staff, which are not perceived by experts as a priority.

Customer services often involve human interaction and established processes, which can make the transition to new technologies more complicated, and that, in ports, is a reality. The low score may also indicate a potential resistance to change on the part of end-users or port staff.

In addition to the above and in relation to resistance to change, the creation of interfaces and systems in the metaverse that improve customer services can be complex, requiring detailed and personalized development to adequately meet the needs and expectations of customers.

Implementing improvements in customer services through the metaverse could require significant investments in the technological infrastructure and training, which can be a barrier to rapid and efficient implementation, as evidenced by the fact that the cost factor has a high score.

Despite the implementation challenges, the improvement in customer service through the metaverse could have a significant impact on the user experience, improving customer satisfaction and potentially offering new methods of interaction and service, so it is necessary to pay attention to this category.

Experts estimate that the costs of implementing the metaverse in ports will be reduced over time as its use becomes more widespread.

The potential impact is the factor to which experts attach the most value for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports; it will be a good lever for the development of metaports, improving the operation of ports and considering the benefits they can generate for operators, customers, and society in general.

The ease of implementation factor is the one to which the panel of experts gives the least value, so they believe that no major changes are required in operations or infrastructure, considering that the metaverse will be easier to implement in customer services.

This study aims to identify and prioritize the key factors for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports using a prioritization matrix. The analysis revealed that factors related to new operating models and institutional cooperation and coordination are the most critical and urgent for successful integration. These findings underscore the importance of developing innovative operating frameworks and fostering strong institutional partnerships to effectively leverage the metaverse.

The practical implications of this study are significant for port authorities and policymakers, as it allows them to know the most critical points where they need to have an impact: planners now know that they must focus on the new operating models in Spanish ports in a way that can improve operational efficiency, optimize processes, and reduce costs. The aspect of better institutional cooperation and coordination will facilitate a better sharing of resources and unified efforts towards common goals, thus boosting the overall success of metaverse integration.

From a theoretical perspective, this research contributes to the limited body of literature on the metaverse in port environments. It highlights the importance of prioritizing factors that align with the unique operational and collaborative needs of ports. This study provides a framework for future research to explore how the metaverse can transform port operations, contribute to broader digital transformation initiatives, and be used to support port operations.

To strengthen and validate the results obtained from the prioritization matrix, a focus group was held with experts from the sector. Participants included representatives from academia, the port industry, and the technology field, with direct experience in digital transformation and the implementation of emerging technologies, such as the metaverse, in port environments.

The focus group was held online for a duration of 1.5 h. During the session, the prioritization matrix was presented to the experts, as well as the five key factors (operating models, institutional cooperation, customer services, data, and technological and sector maturity). The experts evaluated the criteria used in the matrix, including potential impact, urgency, ease of implementation, and cost.

Eight experts from various areas related to the port sector and digital transformation were selected:

• Two academics with extensive experience in port digitalization.
• Two representatives of the port industry with knowledge of operations and technology.
• Two consultants specialized in digital transformation and emerging technology.
• One government expert in port regulation.
• One representative from a technology company that works on solutions for ports.

The experts concurred that the selected criteria effectively assess the feasibility of metaverse implementation in ports. In addition, they validated the results obtained, indicating that the categories of operating models and institutional cooperation are the most critical and urgent for the success of the adoption of the metaverse in the port context.

However, some minor suggestions were made:

• Ease of Implementation: Some experts pointed out that, although this criterion is important, it may not be the determining factor in all cases. However, they agreed to maintain its weight in the matrix due to its operational relevance.
• Environmental Impact: The possibility of including environmental impact as an additional criterion was mentioned, but experts agreed that this aspect is already implicit in the potential benefits of digitalization and automation in ports.

The focus group validated that the prioritization matrix correctly reflected the priorities for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports. The experts confirmed that the weights and criteria used were adequate, and no substantial changes to the results obtained were considered necessary. The slight observations focused on the possibility of exploring environmental sustainability in future studies, but without affecting the results of this phase of the project.

The use of the focus group made it possible to validate the analysis carried out through the prioritization matrix, offering confidence in the results obtained and providing an additional layer of methodological rigor. The experts agreed that the selected criteria are appropriate, and confirmed the importance of operating models and institutional cooperation as the key factors for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports.

The results of the study highlight the critical role of “New Operating Models” and “Institutional Cooperation” in the successful implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports. These findings underscore the need for innovative approaches and collaborative frameworks to address current challenges and leverage opportunities in the port sector. For instance, new operating models could include the integration of digital twins for the predictive maintenance of port infrastructure, automated scheduling systems to optimize cargo flow, and enhanced cybersecurity protocols to protect sensitive data within virtual ecosystems. These innovations would not only improve operational efficiency but also align with broader sustainability and competitiveness goals.

Fostering institutional cooperation is equally essential to ensure the seamless adoption of metaverse technologies. Specific strategies could include the creation of digital collaboration platforms that connect port authorities, logistics operators, and technology providers in real-time. Establishing shared standards for data exchange and interoperability could further facilitate coordination. Additionally, regular workshops and forums involving stakeholders from diverse backgrounds could help to build trust and align objectives. While this study does not aim to develop comprehensive strategies, it provides a snapshot of the current situation and illustrates the potential of the metaverse to transform port operations, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and innovation.

Given the exploratory nature of this study, the findings are primarily based on expert evaluations rather than empirical data. While this approach provides a structured initial assessment, we acknowledge the need for future empirical validation.

To address this, upcoming research could involve pilot studies in specific ports to test the feasibility of metaverse applications in real operational settings. Additionally, the integration of simulation models and data-driven analyses could further enhance the reliability of prioritization findings. Previous studies on digital transformation in ports provide a useful reference for guiding such quantitative assessments.

5. Conclusions

This study serves as a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of metaverse applications in Spanish ports, recognizing both its contributions and inherent limitations. Given the novelty of virtual ecosystems in port environments, our analysis is based on expert evaluations and qualitative prioritization rather than empirical implementation. While this provides a structured first assessment, we recognize the need for further validation through pilot studies and data-driven methodologies.

The results of the research determine that based on the use of a prioritization matrix, the most important category for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports is the category of “Data”.

The next most important category is “New Operating Models,” closely related to the previous category of data. The metaverse offers the possibility of being a digital showcase where companies can showcase their products or services to audiences around the world, building brand awareness and driving sales.

Port management efficiency can be improved by the simplified data structure within these virtual worlds, which reduces the amount of manual data entry needed by employees.

Proper data management is essential to make informed decisions, optimize operations, and improve the quality of services. The ability to collect and analyze data in real-time allows for better adaptation to new technologies and facilitates the integration of technological innovations into the port ecosystem, ensuring that ports can respond quickly to the challenges and opportunities presented by the metaverse.

The lowest scored category is technological maturity and sectoral assimilation, which is considered less critical or less relevant compared to the other categories evaluated. In the context of planning, this could mean that resources and efforts are primarily allocated to areas that are considered most urgent or of greatest impact, in this case data and new operating models.

Even this category, which is not considered urgent at the moment by experts, will be useful to incorporate into longer term plans to raise awareness among the port community, which is so resistant to major changes. This ensures that the child is given the necessary care at the right time and that she is not completely discarded. Their lack of attention could have negative impacts in the long term, as collaboration between the different actors in the port is necessary.

Institutional cooperation and coordination and client services are in the same order of importance. While the potential impact of institutional cooperation and coordination is considered more relevant than client services, in the case of urgency the client services category is perceived to be more important.

It is also important to consider whether there are opportunities to combine or integrate categories to optimize resources and efforts. Ultimately, the goal is to make informed, balanced decisions that maximize value and effectiveness in achieving set goals. In the case of customer services, institutional collaboration is very important and can have a great weight. The metaverse enhances connectivity among companies, customers, and suppliers, fostering improved collaboration across the supply chain.

For the implementation of the metaverse in ports, that is, to achieve metaports, the research carried out concludes that the most determining factor is the potential impact. This means that the transformative capacity and long-term benefits that the metaverse can bring in terms of efficiency, security, and competitiveness are crucial to its adoption.

The relevance of this factor indicates that any investment or effort made in this direction has the potential to generate significant advances and improvements in the operation of ports.

The least decisive factor, although not negligible, is the cost. This suggests that while the expenses associated with implementing the metaverse are significant, they are not the main obstacle or motivator to its adoption. Decision-makers seem to consider the potential benefits to outweigh the investments needed, justifying moving in this direction despite the costs involved.

In intermediate terms, the factors of urgency and ease of implementation also play a relevant role. Urgency indicates the immediate need to adopt these technologies to stay competitive and address current challenges, while ease of implementation refers to the practicality and resources required to integrate the metaverse into existing port operations.

Taken together, these intermediate factors suggest that, although there is a pressing need and practical feasibility for the implementation of the metaverse, these aspects must be carefully managed to ensure a successful and sustainable transition to metaports.

The selection of Spanish ports as the case study is justified by the strong institutional push for digitalization, particularly through initiatives such as Puertos 4.0 and the Strategic Framework for Spanish Ports, which highlight the relevance of emerging technologies in the sector. The inclusion of diverse experts from academia, industry, and government ensures a broad perspective; however, future research should further expand stakeholder participation and integrate quantitative models for enhanced robustness.

One of the strengths of this study is its systematic approach to assessing key factors through a prioritization matrix. This method provides a structured way to assess the impact, urgency, ease of implementation, and cost of each factor. However, this study has some limitations.

The dynamic nature of metaverse technologies implies that some factors may change in importance over time, which could affect the relevance of the results. In addition, although well-defined criteria have been used for evaluation, there is always the possibility of variations in the interpretation and application of these criteria.

Future research should explore the long-term impacts of metaverse integration on port operations and the logistics sector in general. Studies could examine how emerging technologies within the metaverse, such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), specifically affect different port functions. A future study would allow us to investigate the role of regulatory frameworks and standards in facilitating or preventing the adoption of the metaverse in ports.

To maximize the potential of the metaverse, port authorities should prioritize the implementation of digital twins as a key tool for simulation, planning, and predictive management of port operations. These digital twins can provide real-time analysis of infrastructure, anticipate issues, and optimize processes, resulting in greater efficiency and sustainability. Additionally, it is recommended to establish specific key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the impact and progress of metaverse-related initiatives. Such KPIs could include metrics like reduced operational times, improved customer experience, and cost savings in port operations.

Furthermore, fostering public–private partnerships is essential to share costs, risks, and technological innovations. This collaborative approach would not only reduce financial barriers but also accelerate the adoption of the metaverse through access to specialized expertise and advanced technologies. These partnerships could be structured through framework agreements to ensure the alignment of objectives and the commitment from all stakeholders involved.

This study provides valuable insights into the key factors that should be prioritized for the implementation of the metaverse in Spanish ports. This, in turn, will improve the efficiency and competitiveness of the port sector, ensuring a successful transition to the new technological paradigm offered by the metaverse.

Ultimately, this research serves as a diagnostic foundation for future work, aiming to bridge the gap between conceptual analysis and real-world implementation. The findings provide decision-makers with a prioritized roadmap for integrating the metaverse in port environments, paving the way for deeper empirical studies that can refine and expand upon the initial insights presented here.

The findings of this study provide valuable insights for planners and port managers seeking to integrate metaverse technologies into their digital transformation strategies. By identifying and prioritizing key factors, such as new operating models and institutional cooperation, this research offers a structured decision-making framework that can help authorities allocate resources efficiently and set realistic implementation goals. The prioritization matrix provides a structured framework for identifying key areas of metaverse adoption, facilitating a phased and strategic approach to implementation. Additionally, this study highlights potential challenges, such as data governance and technological maturity, allowing decision-makers to anticipate barriers and proactively develop mitigation strategies. By incorporating these insights into their planning, port managers can enhance efficiency, foster innovation, and align their digitalization efforts with broader sustainability and competitiveness objectives.

In addition to its practical relevance for port management, this study contributes to the broader discourse on digital transformation in maritime logistics. By addressing a research gap in the application of metaverse technologies in port environments, it provides an initial conceptual framework that can be expanded upon through empirical studies and pilot projects. Additionally, the study supports sustainable innovation by emphasizing how digital ecosystems can improve operational efficiency while reducing environmental impact. From a societal perspective, the metaverse has the potential to enhance stakeholder collaboration, workforce training, and public engagement in port activities. As digital transformation continues to shape the future of logistics, this research lays the groundwork for further exploration of how immersive technologies can contribute to smarter, more connected, and more sustainable port ecosystems.

The findings of this study provide a structured foundation for decision-makers aiming to integrate the metaverse into port digitalization strategies. Future research should focus on empirical validations through pilot programs and real-world implementations, ensuring that technological adoption aligns with industry needs. Additionally, the prioritization framework established in this study could serve as a reference for evaluating emerging digital transformation initiatives beyond the metaverse.