Sustainability

22 pages, 2346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Green Chemistry and Energy- and Cost-Effective Approach in Innovative Advanced Oxidation Processes Through Photoactive Microgels for Sustainable Applications

by Víctor Fabregat and Juana María Pagán

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052331 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Current sustainability challenges for the chemical industry include developing advanced wastewater treatment technologies and transitioning to renewable biomass for more sustainable processes. This study aims to design and develop photoactive colloidal microgels for environmental applications, focusing on the removal of pollutants and the [...] Read more.

Current sustainability challenges for the chemical industry include developing advanced wastewater treatment technologies and transitioning to renewable biomass for more sustainable processes. This study aims to design and develop photoactive colloidal microgels for environmental applications, focusing on the removal of pollutants and the green synthesis of sustainable materials. PNIPAM-based microgels with covalently integrated Rose Bengal as a photosensitizer was synthesized and characterized. The stimuli-responsive colloidal structure of the microgels enhances substrate adsorption and reaction kinetics, surpassing free Rose Bengal due to the local concentration effect provided by the polymeric matrix at the reaction temperature and pH. These materials, designed according to green chemistry principles, enable the sustainable synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, a C4 building block intermediate, achieving over 99% conversion in aqueous media, which is a novel aspect compared to the literature. The removal of Diclofenac from wastewater has been highly efficient, reaching degradation rates of over 99% in 160 min. The photoactive microgels act as efficient photocatalysts, validated under direct solar irradiation, capable of generating singlet oxygen (O₂(¹Δg)) with full recoverability and reusability over multiple cycles. This approach provides a cost-effective eco-friendly solution to economic and environmental challenges in water treatment, as shown by scale-up economic simulations. Full article

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27 pages, 4128 KiB

Open AccessReview

Outdoor Thermal Comfort Research and Its Implications for Landscape Architecture: A Systematic Review

by Tingfeng Liu, Yaolong Wang, Longhao Zhang, Ninghan Xu and Fengliang Tang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052330 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1477

Abstract

Amid global warming and urbanization, outdoor thermal comfort has become a critical consideration in landscape architecture. This study integrates a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 1417 empirical studies (1980–2024) sourced from Web of Science, aiming to clarify the current state of research, [...] Read more.

Amid global warming and urbanization, outdoor thermal comfort has become a critical consideration in landscape architecture. This study integrates a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 1417 empirical studies (1980–2024) sourced from Web of Science, aiming to clarify the current state of research, identify core themes, and propose future directions. This study examines key evaluation models, the influence of spatial morphology, and their practical applications using keyword co-occurrence, citation networks, and thematic analyses. Findings show a significant rise in research over the past decade, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Core themes include thermal comfort indices (PMV, PET, and UTCI), microclimate regulation, and important spatial indicators (height-to-width ratio, sky view factor, and greening). The field is increasingly shifting towards simulation tools (such as ENVI-met and CFD) rather than traditional field measurements, with artificial intelligence emerging as a tool for predictive and regulatory purposes, though its application remains limited. However, much of the research focuses on small-scale morphological optimization and lacks a systematic framework for spatial representation. Future research should prioritize developing a comprehensive evaluation system adaptable to diverse landscapes, investigating the interplay between spatial form and thermal comfort, and advancing sustainable, low-carbon design strategies. The insights from this study provide a solid foundation for improving outdoor thermal comfort and guiding sustainable urban development through landscape architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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22 pages, 3823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Life Cycle Cost of Excavation and Trenchless Cured-in-Place Pipeline Technologies for Sustainable Wastewater Applications

by Gayatri Thakre, Vinayak Kaushal, Eesha Karkhanis and Mohammad Najafi

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052329 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 804

Abstract

Sanitary sewer pipelines frequently experience blockages, structural failures, and overflows, underscoring the dire state of U.S. wastewater infrastructure, which has been rated a D-, while America’s overall infrastructure scores only slightly better at C-. Traditional open-trench excavation methods or excavation technology (ET) for [...] Read more.

Sanitary sewer pipelines frequently experience blockages, structural failures, and overflows, underscoring the dire state of U.S. wastewater infrastructure, which has been rated a D-, while America’s overall infrastructure scores only slightly better at C-. Traditional open-trench excavation methods or excavation technology (ET) for replacing deteriorated pipes are notoriously expensive and disruptive, requiring extensive processes like route planning, surveying, engineering, trench excavation, pipe installation, backfilling, and ground restoration. In contrast, trenchless technologies (TT) provide a less invasive and more cost-effective alternative. Among these, cured-in-place pipe technology (CIPPT), which involves inserting resin-impregnated fabric into damaged pipelines, is widely recognized for its efficiency. However, a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) directly comparing ET and TT, accounting for the net present value (NPV) across installation, maintenance, and rehabilitation costs, remains unexplored. This study aims to establish an LCCA framework for both CIPPT and ET, specifically for sanitary sewer pipes ranging from 8 to 42 inches in diameter. The framework incorporates construction, environmental, and social costs, providing a holistic evaluation. The key costs for ET involve pipe materials and subsurface investigations, whereas TT’s costs center around engineering and design. Social impacts, such as road and pavement damage, disruption to adjacent utilities, and noise, are pivotal, alongside environmental factors like material use, transportation, project duration, and equipment emissions. This comprehensive framework empowers decision makers to holistically assess economic and environmental impacts, enabling informed choices for sustainable sewer infrastructure renewal. Full article

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28 pages, 6540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Spectral Clustering and Long Short-Term Memory Techniques for Green Hotel Recommendations in Saudi Arabia

by Abdullah Alghamdi

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2328; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052328 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 618

Abstract

Online recommendation agents have demonstrated their value in various contexts by helping users navigate information overload, supporting decision-making, and influencing user behavior. There is a lack of studies focusing on recommendation systems for green hotels that utilize user-generated content from social networking and [...] Read more.

Online recommendation agents have demonstrated their value in various contexts by helping users navigate information overload, supporting decision-making, and influencing user behavior. There is a lack of studies focusing on recommendation systems for green hotels that utilize user-generated content from social networking and e-commerce platforms. While numerous studies have explored the use of real-world datasets for hotel recommendations, the development of recommendation systems specifically for green hotels remains underexplored, particularly in the context of Saudi Arabia. This study attempts to develop a new approach for green hotel recommendations using text mining and Long Short-Term Memory techniques. Latent Dirichlet Allocation is used to identify the main aspects of users’ preferences from the user-generated content, which will help the recommender system to provide more accurate recommendations to the users. Long Short-Term Memory is used for preference prediction based on numerical ratings. To better perform recommendations, a clustering technique is used to overcome the scalability issue of the proposed recommender system, specifically when there is a large amount of data in the datasets. Specifically, a spectral clustering algorithm is used to cluster the users’ ratings on green hotels. To evaluate the proposed recommendation method, 4684 reviews were collected from Saudi Arabia’s green hotels on the TripAdvisor platform. The method was evaluated for its effectiveness in solving sparsity issues, recommendation accuracy, and scalability. It was found that Long Short-Term Memory better predicts the customers’ overall ratings on green hotels. The comparison results demonstrated that the proposed method provides the highest precision (Precision at Top @5 = 89.44, Precision at Top @7 = 88.21) and lowest prediction error (Mean Absolute Error = 0.84) in hotel recommendations. The author discusses the results and presents the research implications based on the findings of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Consumer Behavior and Green Brands in the Tourism/Hospitality Industry)

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21 pages, 26848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Morphology of Urban Residential Space: A Complex Network Analysis Integrating Social and Physical Space

by Fan Yang, Linxi Xu and Jiayin Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2327; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052327 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 745

Abstract

Residential areas are primary functional spaces of urban built-up areas, representing urban social structure externally and influencing urban spatial fabric (SF). Chinese cities have increasingly experienced urban renewal following significant population growth and urban expansion in the last four decades. We selected built-up [...] Read more.

Residential areas are primary functional spaces of urban built-up areas, representing urban social structure externally and influencing urban spatial fabric (SF). Chinese cities have increasingly experienced urban renewal following significant population growth and urban expansion in the last four decades. We selected built-up urban areas of Shanghai as the research scope, considering 6731 residential quarters as research objects, which were identified and classified into six types. Based on complex network theory and analysis methods, an urban residential spatial network (URSN) was constructed in central Shanghai implementing through code. The degree of distribution and network robustness of the URSN was examined, and network “communities” were identified. The findings indicate that URSN stability, like robustness, implies harmonious and smooth social interactions and information transfer, consistent with the SDG 11, where the large-degree node residential quarters play an important role and must be prioritized in urban renewal. Meanwhile, the identification results of the URSN “communities” help us understand territory identity in built-up urban areas. This research provides new concepts and methods for examining SF in urban residential areas that integrate “physical” and “social” spaces, compares this approach to the traditional point-axis structure, and pioneers the study of urban SF from the perspective of complex networks by providing a new way of visualizing the spatial relationship between residential quarters as a network-like structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use—2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Financial and Technological Drivers of Sustainable Development: The Role of Communication Technology, Financial Efficiency and Education in BRICS

by Wang Xing and Ali Imran

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052326 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 574

Abstract

A clean environment enhances well-being and drives economic growth. BRICS nations aim to cut emissions while sustaining growth, aligning with global sustainability goals. Their strong economic progress underscores the need to explore the links between communication technology, financial efficiency, education, and renewable energy [...] Read more.

A clean environment enhances well-being and drives economic growth. BRICS nations aim to cut emissions while sustaining growth, aligning with global sustainability goals. Their strong economic progress underscores the need to explore the links between communication technology, financial efficiency, education, and renewable energy consumption (RENC). Therefore, to analyze these dynamics, this study examines data spanning from 1990 to 2020 using a rigorous methodological framework. Initially, model selection was guided by AIC and BIC criteria by ensuring optimal model fit. Furthermore, multicollinearity was assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), while heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation issues were tested through the Breusch–Pagan Test and the Ljung–Box Test, respectively. Additionally, cross-sectional dependence (CSD) was checked, followed by stationarity analysis using the second-generation CIPS. The Westerlund Cointegration Test was employed to confirm long-run relationships. As a final preliminary test, the study uses the Hausman test for selection of the appropriate model specification. Subsequently, the PMG-ARDL approach was utilized to examine both short- and long-term dynamics. The findings reveal a significant negative relationship between RENC, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and CO₂ emissions. Conversely, RENC exhibits a strong positive association with education (EDUC), information and communication technology (IACT), the financial markets efficiency index (FMEI), and the financial institutions efficiency index (FIEI). Finally, the robustness of the PMG-ARDL results was validated through advanced techniques, including Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), reinforcing the reliability of the findings. The study offers valuable policy recommendations to support sustainable development in BRICS nations. Full article

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17 pages, 2362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing a Seamless Integrated Project-Based Learning Framework Mediated by an Evidence-Based Project-Based Learning System

by Xinxin Ma and Xiaopeng Wu

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052325 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 613

Abstract

This empirical study establishes a seamless integrated project-based learning framework mediated by an evidence-based project-based learning system. Combining theoretical model construction and practical application, this research aims to bridge gaps in learning objectives, processes, resources, and assessments. The model employs conceptual clusters, problem [...] Read more.

This empirical study establishes a seamless integrated project-based learning framework mediated by an evidence-based project-based learning system. Combining theoretical model construction and practical application, this research aims to bridge gaps in learning objectives, processes, resources, and assessments. The model employs conceptual clusters, problem chains, and evidence-driven task design to foster the development of interdisciplinary competency. A 40 h case study, centered on the “Interior Space Design of Teachers’ Apartments” project, demonstrated quantifiable improvements; students’ design proposal scores increased by 45.5%, problem-solving efficiency improved by 62.5%, and team collaboration scores rose from 60 to 85. Additionally, innovative applications per design surged from 2–3 to 6–8, while student engagement time doubled. These results validate the effectiveness of the seamless integrated project-based learning framework in enhancing interdisciplinary knowledge integration, core competencies, and intrinsic motivation, providing a data-supported framework for technology-enhanced educational reform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation and Sustainable Development of Seamless Education and Teaching Methods)

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21 pages, 5507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Load-Bearing Performance of Precast Piles with Integrated Side Drainage Channels in Coastal Soft Soil

by Shu-Hao Hu, Yue-Bao Deng, Shan Yu and Ri-Hong Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052324 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 459

Abstract

To accelerate the dissipation of excess pore water pressure, enhance the bearing capacity of piles, and mitigate long-term settlement in soft ground, a novel green and lowcarbon pile foundation technology, termed the precast drainage pile (PDP) technology, is proposed. This innovative approach integrated [...] Read more.

To accelerate the dissipation of excess pore water pressure, enhance the bearing capacity of piles, and mitigate long-term settlement in soft ground, a novel green and lowcarbon pile foundation technology, termed the precast drainage pile (PDP) technology, is proposed. This innovative approach integrated precast pipe piles with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) attached to their sides. The piles were installed using static pile pressing and were subsequently subjected to vacuum-induced negative pressure to facilitate soil consolidation, which enhances the resource utilization rate of pile foundations and promotes the sustainable utilization of soft soil foundations. To investigate the bearing characteristics of the PDP, this study combined the shear displacement method for piles with the consolidation theory of soft soil foundations. A calculation model for the load-settlement behavior of precast piles, accounting for the influence of vacuum-induced soil consolidation, was derived, establishing a method for analyzing the load transfer mechanism of PDPs. The reliability of the theoretical model was validated through comparisons with engineering test results. Building on this foundation, the influence of factors such as consolidation period and pile length on the bearing characteristics of PDPs was analyzed. The results demonstrated that, compared to a 10 m precast pile without drainage, the ultimate bearing capacity of single piles with drainage durations of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days increased by 7.3%, 12.7%, 20.3%, and 29.6%, respectively. Furthermore, under a 7-day drainage condition, the bearing capacity of piles with lengths of 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m increased by 12.7%, 12.8%, and 13.1%, respectively. Overall, the findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the research, development, and design calculations of this new sustainable pile technology. Full article

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24 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Sustainable QR Menus on Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk

by Vedat Yiğitoğlu, Esra Şahin, Beysun Güneri and Mehmet Özer Demir

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052323 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 662

Abstract

Technological applications have become increasingly important as competitive tools in the food and beverage industry. However, the effects of quick response (QR) menus, which exemplify sustainable menu practices, on service quality, e-service quality, and customer satisfaction, as well as the moderating role of [...] Read more.

Technological applications have become increasingly important as competitive tools in the food and beverage industry. However, the effects of quick response (QR) menus, which exemplify sustainable menu practices, on service quality, e-service quality, and customer satisfaction, as well as the moderating role of perceived risk in these relationships, have not been sufficiently explored. To address this gap, data were collected through a face-to-face survey from 508 participants at three full-service casual dining establishments in the city center of Antalya, Türkiye, between 10 May and 26 June 2024. The research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The analysis revealed that technology-based service innovation and service quality significantly influence customer satisfaction, while e-service quality impacts customer satisfaction indirectly through service quality. Furthermore, when examining the moderating effect of perceived risk, it was found that perceived risk does not moderate the relationship between technology-based service innovation and customer satisfaction. In conclusion, the study presents managerial and practical implications that underscore the effect of technological innovations in enhancing service quality and customer satisfaction in the food and beverage sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management in Tourism and Hospitality: Understanding Consumer Trends)

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14 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Source–Knowledge–Use-Based Interdisciplinary Teaching Framework for Enhancing Sustainability: A Humanities–Science–Technology Model for Fuzzy Mathematics as a Case

by Yafeng Yang, Ru Zhang, Lihong Li and Hongrui Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2322; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052322 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Interdisciplinary teaching is a pivotal strategy for deepening disciplinary theory and broadening students’ cognitive boundaries, crucial for the sustainability of education. By considering scientific knowledge’s humanistic background and technological evolution, this study proposes a novel interdisciplinary teaching framework based on the Source–Knowledge–Use (SKU) [...] Read more.

Interdisciplinary teaching is a pivotal strategy for deepening disciplinary theory and broadening students’ cognitive boundaries, crucial for the sustainability of education. By considering scientific knowledge’s humanistic background and technological evolution, this study proposes a novel interdisciplinary teaching framework based on the Source–Knowledge–Use (SKU) paradigm. Then, taking fuzzy mathematics as a case, the Humanities–Science–Technology Model (HSTM), based on a tripartite progression from humanistic foundations to scientific principles and then to technological applications, was established. This study systematically expounds the HSTM’s framework, contents, and implementation design, while critically examining potential challenges and corresponding mitigation strategies. The proposed SKU-based interdisciplinary teaching framework not only provides methodological guidance for interdisciplinary instruction in fuzzy mathematics but also offers transferable insights for cognate disciplines seeking to implement sustainable educational practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Futures: Innovations in Education)

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14 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Biochar–Nitrogen Application Enhances Soil Fertility and Compensates for Nutrient Deficiency, Improving Wheat Production in Calcareous Soil

by Bilal Ahmad, Hafeez Ur Rahim, Ishaq Ahmad Mian and Waqas Ali

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2321; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052321 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Nutrient deficiencies, low organic matter content, and a limited soil–water saturation percentage in calcareous soils hinder plant growth and crop production. To address these challenges, sustainable and green-based farming practices have been introduced. This study investigates the synergistic effects of biochar and nitrogen [...] Read more.

Nutrient deficiencies, low organic matter content, and a limited soil–water saturation percentage in calcareous soils hinder plant growth and crop production. To address these challenges, sustainable and green-based farming practices have been introduced. This study investigates the synergistic effects of biochar and nitrogen levels as sustainable solutions for improving soil fertility and supporting wheat growth in calcareous soils. A pot experiment assessed the effects of biochar (5-, 10-, and 15-tons ha⁻¹) and nitrogen levels (60, 90, and 120 kg ha⁻¹) on soil physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, and wheat growth. The randomized complete block design included three replicates and a control. The results highlight that the highest biochar rate (15 tons ha⁻¹) combined with the highest nitrogen level (120 kg ha⁻¹) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved soil physicochemical properties and nutrient status. Notably, soil pH increased by 2.8%, electrical conductivity by 29.8%, and soil organic matter by 185%, while bulk density decreased by 22.3%. Soil total nitrogen surged by 163.7%, soil–water saturation percentage by 27.2%, plant-available phosphorus by 66.8%, and plant-available potassium by 96.8%. Wheat growth parameters also showed marked improvement, with plant height up 29.7%, spike length by 20.7%, grains per spike by 41.5%, thousand-grain weight by 24.7%, grain yield by 81.3%, and biological yield by 26.5%. There was a strong positive correlation between enhanced soil properties and improved wheat growth, except for soil bulk density, which showed a negative correlation. This underscores the role of biochar in boosting soil fertility and crop productivity. A principal component analysis further validated these findings, suggesting that integrating biochar with appropriate nitrogen fertilization offers a sustainable strategy to enhance soil health, manage nutrient availability, and strengthen crop yields in calcareous soil. Biochar application combined with elevated nitrogen levels significantly enhances soil fertility and wheat productivity in semi-arid regions, offering a sustainable solution for improving calcareous soils. Future studies should explore the long-term impacts and scalability of this approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications for Sustainable Agriculture: Strategies for Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Stress Mitigation)

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14 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Influence of Sustainability Using Artificial Neural Networks in Construction Projects

by Manikandaprabhu Sundaramoorthy, Durgesh Kumar Sahu, Varadharajan R, Sudarsan Jayaraman Sethuraman and Ahmad Baghdadi

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2320; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052320 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 666

Abstract

Sustainability is maintained by regular practices, but many factors may directly or indirectly affect sustainability in the construction industry. This paper introduces an enhancement in manageability to improve the factors that can actualize some imperative factors with the help of an ANN framework [...] Read more.

Sustainability is maintained by regular practices, but many factors may directly or indirectly affect sustainability in the construction industry. This paper introduces an enhancement in manageability to improve the factors that can actualize some imperative factors with the help of an ANN framework approach. The primary approach of this paper is to discover the present variables that influence supportability in the development of the construction industry. This paper considers the qualitative meta-analysis approach for collecting all information and contents. The major problems and sub-problems are identified through a combination of literature study, case studies, and conversational interviews which inform the development of the questionnaire survey. A statistical analysis was conducted to explore the most impacting factors causing/affecting sustainability in construction projects. Furthermore, a comparative study between various assigned personnel was analyzed. This investigation will recognize the factors that impact sustainability the most in construction projects. The investigation reveals that sustainability in a development venture is primarily influenced by job security, which is distinguished as the basic factor. The other major factors are material usage and facility; internal and external challenges within the construction industry are the main considerations which are fundamentally in charge of the sustainability of construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilizing Farmers’ Views and Attitudes to Hinder Climate Change Threats: Insights from Greece

by Theodoros Markopoulos, Lambros Tsourgiannis, Sotirios Papadopoulos and Christos Staboulis

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052319 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 545

Abstract

The anthropogenic origin of climate change is well-documented in the scientific literature, with agriculture recognized as both a significant contributor and a sector highly vulnerable to its impacts. This dynamic creates a vicious circle, where farming activities exacerbate climate change, while farmers simultaneously [...] Read more.

The anthropogenic origin of climate change is well-documented in the scientific literature, with agriculture recognized as both a significant contributor and a sector highly vulnerable to its impacts. This dynamic creates a vicious circle, where farming activities exacerbate climate change, while farmers simultaneously bear its adverse consequences. As a result, they play a pivotal role in both mitigation and adaptation efforts. Using this as a starting point, the overarching aim of the present study is to investigate farmers’ climate change views and to indicate how farmers envisage their role, responsibilities, and possibilities to mitigate and adapt to climate change. To this end, a primary questionnaire survey was conducted based on a sample of 150 farmers in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in Greece. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted in order to identify the key views and attitudes of farmers towards their role and responsibilities about the impact of climate change. Additionally, clustering techniques were employed to classify farmers with similar attitudes, providing a typology regarding their behavior toward climate adaptation and mitigation issues. Lastly, a series of non-parametric statistical tests were performed to profile the identified groups of farmers and additionally to define differences among farmers’ features, agricultural holdings’ features, and cluster solution groups. The results of this process provide a comprehensive understanding of Greek farmers’ views and attitudes towards climate change. Acknowledging farmers’ views and attitudes towards climate change at the national level is crucial for the national and regional authorities in their effort to plan successful future climate policies for the agricultural sector and to ensure success in farm-scale implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impeding Future Perils via Social, Agri-Food and Ecosystem Interlinkages)

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39 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Digital Twins, Extended Reality, and Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing Reconfiguration: A Systematic Literature Review

by Anjela Mayer, Lucas Greif, Tim Markus Häußermann, Simon Otto, Kevin Kastner, Sleiman El Bobbou, Jean-Rémy Chardonnet, Julian Reichwald, Jürgen Fleischer and Jivka Ovtcharova

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2318; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052318 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1080

Abstract

This review draws on a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis to examine how Digital Twins (DTs), Extended Reality (XR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) support the reconfiguration of Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs) in modern manufacturing. The review aims to provide an updated overview of [...] Read more.

This review draws on a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis to examine how Digital Twins (DTs), Extended Reality (XR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) support the reconfiguration of Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs) in modern manufacturing. The review aims to provide an updated overview of these technologies’ roles in CPS reconfiguration, summarize best practices, and suggest future research directions. In a two-phase process, we first analyzed related work to assess the current state of assisted manufacturing reconfiguration and identify gaps in existing reviews. Based on these insights, an adapted PRISMA methodology was applied to screen 165 articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, focusing on those published between 2019 and 2025 addressing DT, XR, and AI integration in Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMSs). After applying the exclusion criteria, 38 articles were selected for final analysis. The findings highlight the individual and combined impact of DTs, XR, and AI on reconfiguration processes. DTs notably reduce reconfiguration time and improve system availability, AI enhances decision-making, and XR improves human–machine interactions. Despite these advancements, a research gap exists regarding the combined application of these technologies, indicating potential areas for future exploration. The reviewed studies recognized limitations, especially due to diverse study designs and methodologies that may introduce risks of bias, yet the review offers insight into the current DT, XR, and AI landscape in RMS and suggests areas for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Sustainable Development: Applications and Impacts across Industries)

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14 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Green Patents in Innovation: An fsQCA Study of Chinese Listed Agricultural Enterprises

by Yangyang Zhao, Bojun Gu, Xin Xu and Dingding Yang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2317; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052317 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

This study employs a comparative fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine the combined effects of traditional factors and green patents on innovation performance in Chinese listed agricultural enterprises, offering insights into sustainability in agriculture through innovation. By analyzing 84 valid cases from [...] Read more.

This study employs a comparative fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine the combined effects of traditional factors and green patents on innovation performance in Chinese listed agricultural enterprises, offering insights into sustainability in agriculture through innovation. By analyzing 84 valid cases from 107 agricultural companies, we conduct two fsQCA analyses to compare innovation pathways with and without green patents as a conditional factor. The first analysis investigates the impacts of five factors—firm size, executives’ educational background, return on net assets, ownership concentration, and government subsidies—on non-green innovation performance, identifying four distinct pathways: executive-dispersed, employee-financed, executive-centralized, and executive-profitable. In the second analysis, green patents are introduced as an independent variable. The overall solution coverage remains stable, but the configurational landscape shifts, with two original pathways persisting and two new pathways emerging—both involving green patents. The findings suggest that the impact of green patents on innovation is condition-dependent rather than universally beneficial. Green patents amplify innovation performance only when supported by strong managerial education, financial stability, and policy incentives, particularly in the executive green synergy pathway, where raw coverage reaches 0.41, underscoring their role as a conditional multiplier in sustainable innovation. These results provide theoretical and empirical evidence for balancing economic benefits with environmental responsibility in agricultural enterprises and emphasize the need for targeted policy subsidies, enhanced managerial education, and optimized shareholder structures to drive sustainable innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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23 pages, 2660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transitioning Hochschule Geisenheim University: A Shift from NET Source to NET Sink Regarding Its CO₂ Emissions

by Georg Ardissone-Krauss, Moritz Wagner and Claudia Kammann

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052316 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

Various Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) set themselves goals to become carbon neutral through the implementation of different reduction strategies such as the replacement of fossil-fueled vehicles with electric cars. However, even if all reduction measures are taken, residual GHG emissions will still remain. [...] Read more.

Various Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) set themselves goals to become carbon neutral through the implementation of different reduction strategies such as the replacement of fossil-fueled vehicles with electric cars. However, even if all reduction measures are taken, residual GHG emissions will still remain. Therefore, most HEIs have to compensate for the remaining emissions by, for example, buying carbon credits. However, due to growing criticism of carbon credit purchases, HEIs need to explore options for establishing carbon sinks on their own premises to offset their remaining, unavoidable emissions. This study aimed to assess the CO₂ footprint of Hochschule Geisenheim University (HGU) as an exemplary HEI, identify emission hot-spots, and investigate the potential of biomass utilization for achieving carbon neutrality or even negative emissions. The analysis found that HGU’s main emissions were scope 1 emissions, primarily caused by on-site heat supply. The research determined that conversion to a wood chip-based heating system alone was insufficient to achieve climate neutrality, but this goal could be achieved through additional carbon dioxide removal (CDR). By operating a pyrolysis-based bivalent heating system, the study demonstrated that heat demand could be covered while producing sufficient C-sink certificates to transform HGU into the first carbon-negative HEI, at a comparable price to conventional combustion systems. Surplus C-sink certificates could be made available to other authorities or ministries. The results showed that bivalent heating systems can play an important role in HEI transitions to CO₂ neutrality by contributing significantly to the most urgent challenge of the coming decades: removing CO₂ from the atmosphere to limit global warming to as far below 2 °C as possible at nearly no extra costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency: The Key to Sustainable Development)

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49 pages, 14903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach to Integrating Community Knowledge into Fuzzy Logic-Adapted Spatial Modeling in the Analysis of Natural Resource Conflicts

by Lawrence Ibeh, Kyriakos Kouveliotis, Deepak Rajendra Unune, Nguyen Manh Cuong, Noah Mutai, Anastasios Fountis, Svitlana Samoylenko, Priyadarshini Pattanaik, Sushma Kumari, Benjamin Bensam Sambiri, Sulekha Mohamud and Alina Baskakova

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2315; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052315 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 626

Abstract

Resource conflicts constitute a major global issue in areas rich in natural resources. The modeling of factors influencing natural resource conflicts (NRCs), including environmental, health, socio-economic, political, and legal aspects, presents a significant challenge compounded by inadequate data. Quantitative research frequently emphasizes large-scale [...] Read more.

Resource conflicts constitute a major global issue in areas rich in natural resources. The modeling of factors influencing natural resource conflicts (NRCs), including environmental, health, socio-economic, political, and legal aspects, presents a significant challenge compounded by inadequate data. Quantitative research frequently emphasizes large-scale conflicts. This study presents a novel multilevel approach, SEFLAME-CM—Spatially Explicit Fuzzy Logic-Adapted Model for Conflict Management—for advancing understanding of the relationship between NRCs and drivers under territorial and rebel-based typologies at a community level. SEFLAME-CM is hypothesized to yield a more robust positive correlation between the risk of NRCs and the interacting conflict drivers, provided that the conflict drivers and input variables remain the same. Local knowledge from stakeholders is integrated into spatial decision-making tools to advance sustainable peace initiatives. We compared our model with spatial multi-criteria evaluation for conflict management (SMCE-CM) and spatial statistics. The results from the Moran’s I scatter plots of the overall conflicts of the SEFLAME-CM and SMCE-CM models exhibit substantial values of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Territorial resource violence due to environmental drivers increases coast-wards, more than that stemming from rebellion. Weighing fuzzy rules and conflict drivers enables equal comparison. Environmental variables, including proximity to arable land, mangrove ecosystems, polluted water, and oil infrastructures are key factors in NRCs. Conversely, socio-economic and political factors seem to be of lesser importance, contradicting prior research conclusions. In Third World nations, local communities emphasize food security and access to environmental services over local political matters amid competition for resources. The synergistic integration of fuzzy logic analysis and community perception to address sustainable peace while simultaneously connecting environmental and socio-economic factors is SEFLAME-CM’s contribution. This underscores the importance of a holistic approach to resource conflicts in communities and the dissemination of knowledge among specialists and local stakeholders in the sustainable management of resource disputes. The findings can inform national policies and international efforts in addressing the intricate underlying challenges while emphasizing the knowledge and needs of impacted communities. SEFLAME-CM, with improvements, proficiently illustrates the capacity to model intricate real-world issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Spatial Patterns of Disaster Risk Assessment via Remote Sensing)

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12 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Which Factors Are More Important in Land Consolidation Block Planning? An Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach for Prioritization

by Müge Kirmikil

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052314 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 449

Abstract

Land consolidation is a comprehensive and challenging process in which block boundaries integrate parcels within natural and infrastructural boundaries such as roads, irrigation systems, and drainage networks, acting as a core framework. Effective block design is of critical importance, as it affects the [...] Read more.

Land consolidation is a comprehensive and challenging process in which block boundaries integrate parcels within natural and infrastructural boundaries such as roads, irrigation systems, and drainage networks, acting as a core framework. Effective block design is of critical importance, as it affects the long-term usability and productivity of agricultural parcels. In this study, the criteria effective in block planning were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and an attempt was made to determine the priority order of the criteria. The criteria affecting block planning in the study were determined as land slope and topography, soil properties and fertility, climatic conditions, water resources and irrigation facilities, current ownership structure (shareholding), road planning and transportation, environmental and ecological factors, social and economic factors, plant species and agricultural activities, infrastructure and technological facilities, fixed facilities, parcel structure, and existence of projects made or to be made by the investor institutions or organizations. It was determined that the most important of these was the “existence of fixed facilities” criterion. Determining the priority order of the criteria used in block planning also provides the opportunity to use the obtained results in GIS. Full article

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19 pages, 2561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Design and Control System of a Backup Power System Based on Batteries and Generator Set

by Iñigo Aramendia, Ekaitz Zulueta, Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede, Daniel Teso-Fz-Betoño and Unai Fernandez-Gamiz

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2313; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052313 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 526

Abstract

Grid complexity is expected to increase in the near future, and therefore, research on it is highly increasing due to the interest in optimizing power distribution along with the implementation of renewable energy sources. The grid presented in the current work uses a [...] Read more.

Grid complexity is expected to increase in the near future, and therefore, research on it is highly increasing due to the interest in optimizing power distribution along with the implementation of renewable energy sources. The grid presented in the current work uses a hybrid storage system with batteries and a generator set. A supervisor is also added to the model in order to distribute the load between the batteries and the generator when a power grid outage is detected. The main objective of this study is to find optimal supervisor operating values and battery capacity sizing. To that end, a recently developed intelligent algorithm, called Basque optimization (BO), is applied to model the battery capacity sizing and its depth of discharge. The results obtained provided an optimum value of 0.7267, which implies a battery sizing of 72.67% of the maximum battery capacity proposed in the optimization algorithm. Additionally, an optimal state of charge (SoC_lim) of the battery of 3.87% is obtained, corresponding to a depth of discharge (DoD_lim) of 96.13%. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate different time horizons and load profiles. The results showed that longer simulation horizons reduce the DoD, preserving battery life, while battery utilization increases in longer time horizons and variable load conditions, ensuring energy availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 12th European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 2413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Estimation Bias of Carbon Emission Efficiency in China’s Power Industry by Carbon Transfer from Inter-Provincial Power Transmission

by Yiling Han, Bin Zhou, Huangwei Deng and Jiwei Qin

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052312 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Current evaluations of carbon emission efficiency in China’s provincial power industry often neglect the impact of carbon transfers from inter-regional power transmission, leading to biased assessments that hinder the sustainable development of the energy transition. To address this, we propose an advanced efficiency [...] Read more.

Current evaluations of carbon emission efficiency in China’s provincial power industry often neglect the impact of carbon transfers from inter-regional power transmission, leading to biased assessments that hinder the sustainable development of the energy transition. To address this, we propose an advanced efficiency evaluation model that incorporates a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) framework, refining CO₂ emission calculations and correcting parameter deviations in the slack-based measure (SBM) model. This model improves both the precision and fairness of carbon emission efficiency assessments. We apply the MRIO-SBM model to evaluate carbon emission efficiency in the power industry across 30 provinces in China for 2012, 2015, and 2017, revealing the impact of carbon transfers on efficiency. The results indicate that incorporating MRIO improves the precision of SBM evaluations. Significant regional disparities are observed: eastern coastal regions achieve higher efficiencies, while northeastern and western regions typically exhibit lower values, ranging from 0.5 to 0.7. Efficiency evaluations must account for carbon transfer dynamics, as these transfers can lead to overestimations of efficiency by up to 19% in electricity-importing regions and underestimations of approximately 10% in electricity-exporting regions. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the need to foster low-carbon cross-regional collaboration to promote sustainable development in the power industry. Full article

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28 pages, 6499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Port Seafood Logistics Paths: A Multi-Objective Approach for Zero-Carbon and Congestion Management

by Ruiqi Xiao, Min Xiao, Hanbin Xiao and Ze Zhu

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052311 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 554

Abstract

Cold chain logistics possesses unique characteristics, particularly the necessity to maintain low temperatures within containers throughout the distribution process. Real-world traffic conditions, such as congestion, significantly impact the efficiency of cold chain logistics and contribute to increased carbon emissions. To foster green and [...] Read more.

Cold chain logistics possesses unique characteristics, particularly the necessity to maintain low temperatures within containers throughout the distribution process. Real-world traffic conditions, such as congestion, significantly impact the efficiency of cold chain logistics and contribute to increased carbon emissions. To foster green and sustainable development in this sector, a carbon emission trading mechanism has been established, incentivizing companies to invest in energy conservation and emission reduction through economic transactions. This study introduces a multi-objective optimization model for route planning in port seafood logistics, integrating considerations of traffic congestion and zero-carbon transportation. To accurately reflect real-world traffic conditions, a time-dependent function is utilized to model traffic congestion within actual road networks. The road segments are divided, and the travel time for vehicles in each segment is computed. Additionally, the costs associated with the distribution process are analyzed, leading to the development of a multi-objective optimization model aimed at minimizing both distribution costs and zero-carbon transportation costs. The proposed model demonstrates significant economic savings and environmental advantages, providing a theoretical foundation for decision-making processes that support the green and sustainable development of port seafood logistics. Full article

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24 pages, 576 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Breaking Barriers to Meaningful Learning in STEM Subjects in Africa: A Systematic Review of the Culturo-Techno-Contextual Approach

by Adekunle Ibrahim Oladejo, Taibat Tejumola Olateju, Peter A. Okebukola, Rasheed Sanni, Hakeem Akintoye, Franklin Onowugbeda, Musa Adekunle Ayanwale, Deborah O. Agbanimu, Sakibu Saibu and Umar Adam

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2310; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052310 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 605

Abstract

Meaningful learning is central to every teaching and learning exercise. The attainment of this goal in the face of the cultural diversity of students suggests the use of culturally sensitive approaches. Several studies have shown that teachers are adopting tenets of culturally relevant [...] Read more.

Meaningful learning is central to every teaching and learning exercise. The attainment of this goal in the face of the cultural diversity of students suggests the use of culturally sensitive approaches. Several studies have shown that teachers are adopting tenets of culturally relevant education to promote meaningful learning of STEM subjects for culturally, linguistically, and socially diverse populations of learners. In Africa, the culturo-techno-contextual approach (CTCA) has witnessed great exploration in Science Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education to ensure students learn meaningfully. However, missing in the literature is a systematic review study on the use of CTCA in STEM teaching and learning. By synthesizing the findings of studies on the use of CTCA, this review highlights the unique contributions of CTCA to promoting meaningful learning of STEM subjects for African learners through quality research reports connecting CTCA to students’ positive outcomes in science, technology, and mathematics from 2015 to 2025. Data were sought from peer-reviewed experimental studies found in Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Web of Science with specific selection criteria, and 24 studies were found eligible for inclusion. The findings demonstrated that CTCA has been repeatedly effective in breaking the barriers to meaningful learning of STEM subjects, helping students to understand difficult STEM concepts and improving their academic achievement. Additionally, the findings indicated several implications for practice and future research on the use of CTCA. Hence, we concluded that this review study will be a useful reference for teachers, STEM educators, and educational researchers willing to rewrite the narratives of STEM learning in Africa by decolonizing STEM education and bringing the African indigenous knowledge to the frontier of STEM teaching and learning. Full article

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28 pages, 603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teachers’ Digital Competencies Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Aleksandra Ivanov, Aleksandar Radonjić, Lazar Stošić, Olja Krčadinac, Dragana Božilović Đokić and Vladimir Đokić

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2309; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052309 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 718

Abstract

The study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital competencies of teachers and the educational achievements of students, focusing on Serbia and comparisons with other countries. For this study, a survey was conducted in three phases, completed by teachers. The [...] Read more.

The study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital competencies of teachers and the educational achievements of students, focusing on Serbia and comparisons with other countries. For this study, a survey was conducted in three phases, completed by teachers. The time periods during which the surveys were filled out are characteristic because they correspond to specific points in time (June 2019, June 2022, and May 2023). The aim of the first study, conducted in June 2019, was for every school in the Republic of Serbia to explore teachers’ digital competencies as a recommendation of the Ministry of Education. Later, this survey took on a different purpose with the onset of the pandemic. The pandemic exposed challenges such as insufficient teacher preparation for online teaching, educational inequalities affecting students from lower socio-economic backgrounds, and varying levels of adaptability among students. The hypothesis of this research is as follows: Teachers demonstrate a significantly higher level of digital literacy after the crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus than before the crisis. The findings reveal improvements in teachers’ digital skills after the crisis situation, particularly in hardware, software, and internet use, alongside a shift in the primary purpose of digital tools from entertainment to education. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous professional development, standardized e-learning devices, and improved digital infrastructure to enhance the quality of education. The research found that teachers in Serbia showed a significantly higher level of digital competencies after the crisis situation. Key recommendations include integrating digital skills into teacher training, fostering innovative pedagogical practices, and addressing the digital divide to ensure equitable access to education in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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19 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Purpose-Driven Resilience: A Blueprint for Sustainable Growth in Micro- and Small Enterprises in Turbulent Contexts

by Ali Saleh Alshebami

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2308; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052308 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 577

Abstract

Micro- and small enterprises, despite their effective and significant role in strengthening the economy, especially in developing countries, continue to struggle, particularly in adverse conditions and unstable governments. Accordingly, there is a need to understand the key factors that can internally enhance micro- [...] Read more.

Micro- and small enterprises, despite their effective and significant role in strengthening the economy, especially in developing countries, continue to struggle, particularly in adverse conditions and unstable governments. Accordingly, there is a need to understand the key factors that can internally enhance micro- and small enterprises and support them in standing strong and becoming more resilient during adverse times, ultimately ensuring better economic contribution. This research investigates how coping with unexpected challenges, described as the ability to manage and adapt to unexpected challenges, and defining core purpose, defined as the ability to define core vision and values for the business, enhances micro- and small enterprises’ resilience during adverse conditions. This study further investigates whether business resilience, described as the ability of a business to adapt effectively to changing unstable environments, positively influences business economic sustainability. This study also examined whether business resilience can positively mediate the relationship between coping with unexpected challenges, defining core purpose and having business economic sustainability. Accordingly, a sample of 303 respondents was collected from micro- and small entrepreneurs operating different types of activities. This study’s findings reported that coping with unexpected challenges and defining core purposes positively influenced business resilience and economic sustainability. This study also revealed that business resilience can directly and significantly influence business economic sustainability and could partially mediate the connection between coping with unexpected challenges, defining core purpose and having business economic sustainability. This study concluded by offering theoretical and practical implications to entrepreneurs, policymakers and stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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29 pages, 3833 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Energy Systems in a Post-Pandemic World: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Global Energy-Related Markets Responses and Strategies Following COVID-19

by Tawfiq M. Aljohani, Yasser O. Assolami, Omar Alrumayh, Mohamed A. Mohamed and Abdulaziz Almutairi

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052307 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 754

Abstract

The global energy sector has been profoundly reshaped by the COVID-19 pandemic, triggering diverse reactions in energy demand patterns, accelerating the transition toward renewable energy sources, and amplifying concerns over global energy security and the digital safety of energy infrastructure. Five years after [...] Read more.

The global energy sector has been profoundly reshaped by the COVID-19 pandemic, triggering diverse reactions in energy demand patterns, accelerating the transition toward renewable energy sources, and amplifying concerns over global energy security and the digital safety of energy infrastructure. Five years after the pandemic’s onset, this study provides a taxonomy-based lesson-learned analysis, offering a comprehensive examination of the pandemic’s enduring effects on energy systems. It employs a detailed analytical framework to map short-, medium-, and long-term transformations across various energy-related sectors. Specifically, the study investigates significant shifts in the global energy landscape, including the electric and conventional vehicle markets, the upstream energy industry (oil, coal, and natural gas), conventional and renewable energy generation, aerial transportation, and the broader implications for global and continental energy security. Additionally, it highlights the growing importance of cybersecurity in the context of digital evolution and remote operations, which became critical during the pandemic. The study is structured to dissect the initial shock to energy supply and demand, the environmental consequences of reduced fossil fuel consumption, and the subsequent pivot toward sustainable recovery pathways. It also evaluates the strategic actions and policy measures implemented globally, providing a comparative analysis of recovery efforts and the evolving patterns of energy consumption. In the face of a global reduction in energy demand, the analysis reveals both spatial and temporal disparities, underscoring the complexity of the pandemic’s impact on the energy sector. Drawing on the lessons of COVID-19, this work emphasizes the need for flexible, forward-thinking strategies and deeper international collaboration to build energy systems that are both resilient and sustainable in the face of uncertainties. Full article

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23 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessReview

Economic and Public Health Impacts of Transportation-Driven Air Pollution in South Asia

by Saman Janaranjana Herath Bandara and Nisanshani Thilakarathne

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052306 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1168

Abstract

South Asia, a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing region, faces critical air quality challenges, with transportation emissions becoming a major source of urban pollution. These emissions contribute significantly to public health issues, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while imposing substantial economic burdens on affected [...] Read more.

South Asia, a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing region, faces critical air quality challenges, with transportation emissions becoming a major source of urban pollution. These emissions contribute significantly to public health issues, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while imposing substantial economic burdens on affected populations. This study aims to examine regional trends, evaluate the economic impact of transportation-driven air pollution, and offer actionable insights for policy development. Using a narrative review approach, the study synthesizes evidence on air quality, transportation emissions, and public health in major South Asian cities. Key findings reveal that in Sri Lanka, transportation emissions, driven by traffic congestion and industrial activity, worsen respiratory conditions, especially in Colombo. In India, cities like Delhi suffer from severe health risks linked to pollution from the growing transportation sector. Pakistan’s expanding transportation sector increases energy consumption and emissions, particularly in Lahore, which experiences significant health impacts. In Bangladesh, Dhaka faces intense pollution due to urbanization and vehicle growth, while Kathmandu in Nepal struggles with diesel vehicle emissions. The economic burden of transportation-driven air pollution is considerable, with rising healthcare costs and productivity losses in major cities. The study recommends cleaner transportation technologies, enhanced public transit, and regional cooperation to address pollution, urging a comprehensive approach to urban planning and sustainable transport infrastructure for improved air quality and economic resilience in South Asia’s cities. Full article

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26 pages, 4157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Effect and Path of CBAM on Green Technology Innovation in China’s High-Carbon Manufacturing Industries

by Lin Yang, Zhengnan Lu and Mengsha Shen

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052305 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 629

Abstract

To cope with global warming, the European Union will implement the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in 2026. CBAM may seriously affect the export of China’s high-carbon manufacturing products. To illustrate this issue, this paper uses DID for analysis, taking CBAM as a [...] Read more.

To cope with global warming, the European Union will implement the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in 2026. CBAM may seriously affect the export of China’s high-carbon manufacturing products. To illustrate this issue, this paper uses DID for analysis, taking CBAM as a shock policy. To further explore the impact pathway, this article utilizes a high-dimensional fixed-effect model for mechanism analysis. The results are as follows: (1) CBAM stimulates the vitality of green technology innovation in the high-carbon manufacturing industry; (2) public environmental concern has a positive moderating effect on green technology innovation; (3) financial support plays a mediating role; (4) green technology innovations are more likely to be influenced by CBAM in the eastern region, the petrochemical, and nonferrous industries. Based on research findings, suggestions are as follows: (1) promote green technology innovation in high-carbon industries; (2) increase financial support for green technology innovation in high-carbon enterprises; (3) guide the public towards green and low-carbon consumption; (4) strengthen policy support for low-carbon development in the central and western regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multiple Roads to Achieve Net-Zero Emissions by 2050)

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24 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Critical Review of Residents’ Satisfaction in Urban Village Sustainable Development

by Jiaoyang Chu, Sittimont Kanjanabootra and Waiching Tang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052304 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 578

Abstract

Urban village redevelopment plays an important role in advancing sustainable and inclusive urbanization, aligning with global and national priorities, including China’s five-year plans. Residents’ satisfaction is one of the important measures of the success of urban village development. This review focuses on residents’ [...] Read more.

Urban village redevelopment plays an important role in advancing sustainable and inclusive urbanization, aligning with global and national priorities, including China’s five-year plans. Residents’ satisfaction is one of the important measures of the success of urban village development. This review focuses on residents’ satisfaction in urban villages in China and its correlation to the SDGs rather than analyzing urban village transformation itself. This review employs a dual-method approach: a traditional review identifies the characteristics of urban village development phases, and a systematic review examines the indicators influencing residents’ satisfaction and their alignment with Sustainable Development Goals. This study highlights critical indicators influencing residents’ satisfaction, such as building quality, green space, and sense of security, and the changing trends in the value of these indicators through different urban village development phases. The findings reveal significant challenges, including housing affordability, governance methods, and social cohesion, emphasizing the need for redevelopment strategies to be aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote equity and create sustainable urban environments. This review provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners, offering a framework for providing a knowledge base to understand the dynamics of satisfaction and support sustainable urban regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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23 pages, 2476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Stochastic Process-Based Approach for Power System Modeling and Simulation: A Case Study on China’s Long-Term Coal-Fired Power Phaseout

by Rui Yang, Wensheng Wang, Chuangye Chang and Zhuoqi Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2303; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052303 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Power systems hold huge potential for emission reduction, which has made the modeling and pathway simulations of their decarbonizing development a subject of widespread interest. However, current studies have not yet provided a useful modeling method that can deliver analytical probabilistic information about [...] Read more.

Power systems hold huge potential for emission reduction, which has made the modeling and pathway simulations of their decarbonizing development a subject of widespread interest. However, current studies have not yet provided a useful modeling method that can deliver analytical probabilistic information about future system behaviors by considering various uncertainty factors. Therefore, this paper proposes a stochastic process-based approach that can provide analytical solutions for the uncertainty ranges, as well as their changing momentum, accumulation, and probabilistic distributions. Quantitative probabilities of certain incidents in power systems can be deduced accordingly, without massive Monte Carlo simulations. A case study on China’s long-term coal-fired power phaseout was conducted to demonstrate the practical use of the proposed approach. By modeling the coal-fired power system at the unit level based on stochastic processes, phaseout pathways are probabilistically simulated with consideration of national power security. Simulations span from 2025 to 2060, presenting results and accumulated uncertainties for annual power amounts, full-process emissions, and carbon efficiencies. Through this modeling and simulation, the probabilities of China’s coal-fired power system achieving carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 are 91.15% and 42.13%, respectively. It is expected that there will remain 442 GW of capacity with 0.18 Gt of carbon emissions in 2060. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Water Footprint for a Medium-Size City in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona: Gavà

by Iago Ferreiro-Crespo, Pedro Villanueva-Rey, Mario Ruiz, Yago Lorenzo-Toja and Gumersindo Feijoo

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052302 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 613

Abstract

Assessing water demand is essential for urban planning, aligning with socio-economic and climatic needs. The territorial water footprint identifies water requirements across sectors and detects sources of consumption. This aids in mitigating impacts and evaluating alternative water sources like reclaimed water. In Gavà, [...] Read more.

Assessing water demand is essential for urban planning, aligning with socio-economic and climatic needs. The territorial water footprint identifies water requirements across sectors and detects sources of consumption. This aids in mitigating impacts and evaluating alternative water sources like reclaimed water. In Gavà, water impacts were assessed for residential, commercial, municipal, tourism, industrial, agricultural, and livestock sectors. The total water footprint is 6,458,118 m³, comprising 3,293,589 m³ from blue water, 2,250,849 m³ from green water, and 913,680 m³ from grey water. Agriculture (54.2%), residential (30.9%), and industrial activities (5.8%) are the main water footprint contributors. A key methodological advancement of this study is the refinement of grey water footprint calculations for livestock facilities within the RWF framework, allowing for a more precise assessment of their environmental impact. Integrating geographic information systems with land use mapping helps localize impacts, detect hotspots, and identify infrastructure improvement opportunities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management in the Face of Climate Change and Water Scarcity)

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