Spatial Distribution of Fragmentation by Diversion-Typed Hydroelectric Plant Exploitation in East Baoxing Catchment from 1999 to 2013
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Preprocessing and Interpretation
2.3. Landscape Division Index
2.4. Grid of Division Index Produced by Moving Window
2.5. Spatial Characteristics Analysis of Division Change through Spatial Influence Factors
2.5.1. Acquisition of Change Layer of Division
2.5.2. Selection of Spatial Influence Factors
- (1)
- Distance from river line (DFR)
- (2)
- Distance from Qiaoqi Reservoir (DFQ)
- (3)
- Elevation (ELV) and (4) Slope (SLP)
2.5.3. Spatial Correlation Analysis
2.5.4. Zonal Statistics by Reclassification Zones of Different Factors
Class | Slope | Elevation | River Distance | Qiaoqi Distance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper Boundary (Degree) | AREA (hm2) | Upper Boundary (Degree) | AREA (hm2) | Upper Boundary (Degree) | AREA (hm2) | Upper Boundary (Degree) | AREA (hm2) | |
1 | 8 | 2402.01 | 2000 | 13,953.87 | 500 | 11,182.68 | 500 | 1126.53 |
2 | 15 | 8676.81 | 2500 | 20,727.99 | 1000 | 9869.13 | 1000 | 921.15 |
3 | 25 | 31,358.43 | 3000 | 28,274.13 | 2000 | 17,962.11 | 2000 | 2177.73 |
4 | 35 | 48,940.02 | 3500 | 29,028.33 | 3000 | 15,786.09 | 3000 | 2746.26 |
5 | 45 | 30,071.88 | 4000 | 26,150.22 | 5000 | 24,680.61 | 5000 | 7335.81 |
6 | 55 | 6140.97 | 4500 | 9769.86 | 8000 | 22,700.34 | 8000 | 13,702.68 |
7 | 75 | 597.24 | 5000 | 452.43 | 12,000 | 19,006.65 | 12,000 | 21,871.71 |
8 | 18,000 | 6962.31 | 18,000 | 33,168.42 | ||||
9 | 25,000 | 17.64 | 25,000 | 45,117.27 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Change Analysis on the Division Index
3.2. Spatial Correlation Analysis Based on the Whole Range of Study Area
CODIV1999~2006 | CODIV2006~2013 | CODIV1999~2013 | |
---|---|---|---|
DFR | −0.0115 | −0.1483 | −0.1356 |
DFQ | −0.0219 | 0.0379 | 0.0159 |
ELV | −0.0286 | −0.1713 | −0.1662 |
SLP | 0.0062 | 0.0861 | 0.0797 |
3.3. Correlation Analysis by Zonal Statistics
SLP | ELV | DFR | DFQ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
R | 0.857 | −0.770 | −0.837 | 0.241 |
p-value | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.533 |
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Moving window based fragmentation index calculation combined with Spatial Correlation Analysis can clearly show the spatial distribution rule of the landscape fragmentation and its relationship with related spatial factors on a local scale.
- (2)
- Although there is almost no relationship between the selected factors and CODIV from the view of the whole range of study area, when comparing the latter with the former intervals, it proved that the human activities of plant building led to the increase in the DIVISION value.
- (3)
- Correlation analysis after reclassification of the selected factors shows that high positive relationship exists between SLP and CODIV, where r is 0.857, while the relationship between DFR and CODIV is high negative correlation, where r is −0.837. Medium negative relationship lies between ELV and CODIV, while there is no obvious linear relationship between DFQ and CODIV.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ouyang, W.; Skidmore, A.K.; Hao, F.H.; Toxopeus, A.G.; Abkar, A. Accumulated effects on landscape pattern by hydroelectric cascade exploitation in the Yellow River basin from 1977 to 2006. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2009, 93, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lü, Y.H.; Sun, R.H.; Fu, B.J.; Wang, Y.F. Carbon retention by check dams: Regional scale estimation. Ecol. Eng. 2012, 44, 139–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Q.H.; Liu, S.L.; Deng, L.; Dong, S.K.; Yang, Z.F.; Liu, Q. Determining the influencing distance of dam construction and reservoir impoundment on land use: A case study of Manwan Dam, Lancang River. Ecol. Eng. 2013, 53, 235–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, C.Y.; Ni, J.R.; Borthwick, A.G.L. Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River basin, China. Progress Phys. Geogr. 2010, 34, 541–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, C.Y.; Ni, J.R.; Borthwick, A.G.L.; Yang, L. A preliminary estimate of human and natural contributions to the changes in water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2011, 76, 196–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.Y.; Wu, B.S.; Wang, G.Q. Fluvial processes and morphological response in the Yellow and Weihe Rivers to closure and operation of Sanmenxia Dam. Geomorphology 2007, 91, 65–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.R.; Lu, X.X.; Higgitt, D.L.; Chen, C.T.A.; Han, J.T.; Sun, H.G. Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Basin, China. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2008, 60, 365–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, C.Y.; Duan, Q.Y.; Sun, Q.H.; Li, J.D. Evaluation and application of Bayesian multi-model estimation in temperature simulations. Progress Phys. Geogr. 2013, 37, 727–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, C.Y.; Duan, Q.Y.; Sun, Q.H.; Huang, Y.; Kong, D.X.; Yang, T.T.; Ye, A.Z.; Di, Z.H.; Gong, W. Assessment of CMIP5 climate models and projected temperature changes over Northern Eurasia. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Q.H.; Miao, C.Y.; Duan, Q.Y. Projected changes in temperature and precipitation in ten river basins over China in 21st century. Int. J. Climatol. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Q.H.; Miao, C.Y.; Duan, Q.Y.; Kong, D.X.; Ye, A.Z.; Di, Z.H.; Gong, W. Would the “real” observed dataset stand up? A critical examination of eight observed gridded climate datasets for China. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rutledge, D. Landscape Indices As Measures of the Effects of Fragmentation: Can Pattern Reflect Process? (DOC Science Internal Series 98); Department of Conservation: Wellington, New Zealand, 2003; pp. 7–9.
- Jaeger, J.A.G.; Raumer, H.G.S.V.; Esswein, H.; Müller, M.; Schmidt-Lüttmann, M. Time series of landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure and urban development: A case study from Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Ecol. Soc. 2007, 12, 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Saunders, D.A.; Hobbs, R.J.; Margules, C.R. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conserv. Biol. 1991, 5, 18–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- With, K.A.; King, A.W. Dispersal success on fractal landscapes: A consequence of lacunarity thresholds. Landsc. Ecol. 1999, 14, 73–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- With, K.A.; King, A.W. Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes. Conserv. Biol. 1999, 13, 314–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collinge, S.K. Ecology of Fragmented Landscapes, 1st ed.; The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2009; pp. 3–5. [Google Scholar]
- Bombino, G.; Tamburino, V.; Zimbone, S.M. Assessment of the effects of check-dams on riparian vegetation in the mediterranean environment: A methodological approach and example application. Ecol. Eng. 2006, 27, 134–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon, E.; Meentemeyer, R.K. Effects of dam operation and land use on stream channel morphology and riparian vegetation. Geomorphology 2006, 82, 412–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, W.; Hao, F.H.; Zhao, C.; Lin, C. Vegetation response to 30 years hydropower cascade exploitation in upper stream of Yellow River. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 2010, 15, 1928–1941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, W.; Hao, F.H.; Song, K.Y.; Zhang, X.A. Cascade Dam-Induced Hydrological Disturbance and Environmental Impact in the Upper Stream of the Yellow River. Water Resour. Manag. 2011, 25, 913–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Q.H.; Liu, S.L.; Deng, L.; Dong, S.K.; Cong, C.; Wang, W.; Wang, C.; Yang, Z.F.; Yang, J.J. Landscape change and hydrologic alteration associated with dam construction. Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf. 2012, 16, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.J.; Liu, S.L.; Wang, C.; Deng, L.; Dong, S.K. Forest pattern dynamics and landscape connectivity changes in the Manwan Basin after dam construction in the Lancang River, China. Landsc. Ecol. Eng. 2014, 10, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.L.; Zhao, Q.H.; Wen, M.X. Assessing the impact of hydroelectric project construction on the ecological integrity of the Nuozhadu Nature Reserve, southwest China. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 2013, 27, 1709–1718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGarigal, K.; Cushman, S.A.; Neel, M.C.; Ene, E. FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Available online: http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html (accessed on 20 June 2005).
- McGarigal, K.; Romme, W.H.; Crist, M.; Roworth, E. Cumulative effects of roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado (USA). Landsc. Ecol. 2001, 16, 327–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, Y.; Zheng, L.; Wang, D.; Chen, W.; Wang, Q. Spatial Distribution of Fragmentation by Diversion-Typed Hydroelectric Plant Exploitation in East Baoxing Catchment from 1999 to 2013. Sustainability 2015, 7, 3515-3527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7043515
Huang Y, Zheng L, Wang D, Chen W, Wang Q. Spatial Distribution of Fragmentation by Diversion-Typed Hydroelectric Plant Exploitation in East Baoxing Catchment from 1999 to 2013. Sustainability. 2015; 7(4):3515-3527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7043515
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yong, Li Zheng, Dongchuan Wang, Wengang Chen, and Qianqian Wang. 2015. "Spatial Distribution of Fragmentation by Diversion-Typed Hydroelectric Plant Exploitation in East Baoxing Catchment from 1999 to 2013" Sustainability 7, no. 4: 3515-3527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7043515