Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Linking Time, Space and Energy
2.1. Time Policy and Time-Use Research
2.2. Time-Use Patterns and Urban Form
2.3. Urban Energy Use
3. Research Design: Time-Use Data and Urban Form Indicators
3.1. Time Use: Data and Definition
Re/Production of system | Encompasses activities from Austrian time survey | Time-use category |
---|---|---|
person | Personal Care & Sleep | Personal time |
household | Household & Food; Family, Care & Support | Committed time |
economy | Employment & Study | Contracted time |
community | Leisure & Activities for society, politics, culture | Free time |
transport | Travel | Travel time |
3.2. Definition and Indicators of Urban Form
Urban Form Dimension | Definition of sustainable urban form | Indicators to measure urban form [city/district/neighbourhood] | How these variables might affect sustainable time-use patterns and quality of life (e.g.) | Time-use activities |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density | Maintaining resources and rural land through intense land use and restriction of urban sprawl | Residential units per ha Inhabitants per residential square kilometre Per cent of households ≤ 2P./≥ 3P. per area | Urban density enables choice for more sustainable modes of transport (e.g., lower densities encourage car-use) and less travel time | Travel |
Mixed Land Use | Efficient use of transport infrastructure, energy and resources by mixed-use and diversity of functions: housing, workplaces, educational institutions, leisure- and supply-infrastructure in close proximity to one another | Share of residential and industrial/commercial/transport (i/c/t) land use of the total built-up area [per cent] Share of workplaces per area [No. per 1000 residents] No. of supermarkets/public health care facilities/schools/day-care facilities/… per 1000 residents Green area [sqm per 1000 residents/per capita] | Mixed Land Use minimizes travel time between activities, less commuting timeand travelling time for shopping, social interaction, leisure activities; different activities can easier be balanced | Household & Food |
Family, Care & Support | ||||
Leisure & Activities for society, politics, culture | ||||
Travel | ||||
Sustainable Transport (Infrastructure & Accessibility) | Infrastructure and accessibility that facilitates more sustainable modes of transport (public transport, bicycle, walking) | Km. of public transport system per 1000 residents No. of public transport stops per 1000 residents Pct. of commuters using a travel mode to work other than a personal vehicle Km. of bicycle paths and lanes per 1000 residents No. of personal automobiles per capita | Sustainable Transport facilitates multi-use of time (e.g., walking, cycling/health, mobile work in public transport), more time-sovereignty to use time of travelling | Travel |
3.3. How to Link Time Use and Urban Form
- -
- Urban density enables choice for more sustainable modes of transport and less travel time.
- -
- Mixed land use minimizes travel time between activities and makes stipulating different activities easier.
- -
- Sustainable transport enables multi-use of time (e.g., walking, cycling/health, mobile work in public transport), and more time-sovereignty to use time of travelling.
4. Case Study: Fasanviertel, Vienna
4.1. Case Study Area, Multi-Stage Selection Process
Property | Indicator |
---|---|
Age | ‰ of population ≤ 19 year/≥ 65 year |
Household Size | ‰ of households ≤ 2 P./≥ 3 P. |
Income | ‰ of persons with yearly income < €12,000/> €50,000 |
Green area | Green area (sqm per 1000 residents) |
Workplaces | Number of workplaces per 1000 residents |
Public Transport Access | Number of public transport stops per 1000 residents (separate for sub-/railway & bus/tram) |
Infrastructure | Number of supermarkets per 1000 residents |
Number of schools + day-care facilities per 1000 residents | |
Main road km per 1000 residents |
- (1)
- “Small households and old population”: higher representation of old residents and very low representation of young residents, high representation of small households.
- (2)
- “Commercial”: high per-capita number of workplaces, supermarkets, public transport stops, main road kilometres.
- (3)
- “Green”: high representation of green areas per capita, high per-capita number of schools/day-care facilities
- (4)
- “High Income”: large share of high income & low share of low income residents.
Cluster | Small Households & Old Population | Commercial | Green | High Income | Cluster Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 1.64 | High income, older population, small households |
2 | 0.07 | −0.20 | −0.32 | −1.03 | Low income, less central, less green |
3 | 0.72 | −0.18 | −0.14 | −0.16 | Old population, small households, lower income, less central, less green |
4 | −0.04 | 1.60 | 2.34 | −0.26 | Low population density areas (green or high workplace/infrastructure share) |
5 | −1.27 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 0.34 | Young population/Families |
4.2. Case Study Area Fasanviertel: Urban Form and Infrastructure
Area | Population (2014) | Area [km²] | Population density [people/km² in 2014] |
---|---|---|---|
Vienna | 1,766,746 a | 415 | 4.257 |
Fasanviertel | 10,722 b | 0.286 | 37,490 |
4.3. Participative Process
4.4. Results
Personal Time | Committed Time | Contracted Time | Free Time | Travel Time | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Care & Sleep | Household & Food | Family, Care and Support | Employment & Study | Leisure & Activities for society, politics, culture | Travel |
age | number of household members | caring | working hours | personal values | availability of public transport |
education and information level | type of family (single, parents, more generations) | age of children | type of profession (employed, self-employed, …) | trends (social media, sports, ...) | distance to working place |
income | division of labour | other persons in need of caring | professional training | urban facilities | distance to educational infrastructure |
organisational competences | urban infrastructure: shops | public services for caring | universities/schools time-plans | recreational needs | distance to shopping facilities |
personal competences/skills and abilities | urban infrastructure: restaurants | density of social network | lifestyle | season | |
personal energy level (balance) | urban infrastructure: services | access to information | social commitment | number of holidays | |
physical ability | business hours | other obligations (work, dates, …) | attractiveness of the local infrastructure |
5. Participatory Modelling to Link Time Use and Urban Form with Energy Use
5.1. Participatory Modelling: Discussing Time Use and Energy Use
5.2. Agent-Based Model of Urban Time and Energy Use
5.3. Implementation in Different Types of Urban Areas
Indicator | Urban renewal areas | Large scale residential areas | Urban development areas |
---|---|---|---|
UrbanDevelopment structure | densely built-up area, traditional block perimeter development with narrow courtyards | five to seven-storey buildings, ribbon or block perimeter development | moderate building density, mixed structural types |
Age of the buildings | up to 50% built before 1918 (promoterism), numerous buildings from the inter- or post-war period | up to 60% built after 1965 | future planning |
Location | inner city, centrally located, directly adjacent or close to the historic centre | periphery, suburban location | suburb |
Land use types | small scale residential and commercial use | uniformly residential area | residential buildings, offices, commercial and educational institutions |
Transport and mobility infrastructure | good public transport accessibility, restricted accessibility for private vehicles (narrow traffic lanes, restricted parking areas, congestions) | restricted access to public transport (limited number, intervals and directions), good accessibility for private vehicles | high-level public transport system, good accessibility for private vehicles but with restricted areas (pedestrian zones) |
Social infrastructure and services | well-established infrastructure, short distances (walking distance) | limited social infrastructure and services (choice, long distances) | good infrastructure for everyday necessities (shops, restaurants, libraries...), moderate offer of educational and public institutions |
Green and open space structure | barely parks and open spaces | parks or wide-open green spaces and wilderness areas in the immediate surroundings | parks or wide-open green spaces and wilderness areas in the immediate surroundings |
- -
- Local times and infrastructure (opening hours of municipal offices, public/private services and shops, hours of school and childcare facilities, etc.)
- -
- Urban planning and development, urban renewal (urban density, mixed land use, sustainable transport)
- -
- Transport and mobility (working hours, time schedules of public transportation, etc.)
- -
- Buildings (energy services, household preferences)
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Haselsteiner, E.; Smetschka, B.; Remesch, A.; Gaube, V. Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links. Sustainability 2015, 7, 8022-8050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7068022
Haselsteiner E, Smetschka B, Remesch A, Gaube V. Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links. Sustainability. 2015; 7(6):8022-8050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7068022
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaselsteiner, Edeltraud, Barbara Smetschka, Alexander Remesch, and Veronika Gaube. 2015. "Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links" Sustainability 7, no. 6: 8022-8050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7068022