The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Calculating Virtual Water Flows for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Virtual Water Flow Calculation for Commodities at Municipal, County, and National Scales
2.3. Virtual Water Flow Calculation for Labor at Intra-Metropolitan Scales
2.4. Disaggregation by Scale and Boundary of a Municipality’s Water Footprint
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Virtual Water Inflows from the Nation and the Metropolitan Area
3.2. Virtual Water Outflows to the Nation and the Metropolitan Area
Virtual Water Outflow Destination | Virtual Water Outflows (VC,Out) (Thousand m3) | % Total Virtual Water Export |
---|---|---|
Tucson AZ MSA | 132,579 | 5% |
Remainder of Arizona | 309,351 | 12% |
Phoenix AZ MSA * | 1,237,404 | 48% |
Total Virtual Water Export to AZ | 1,679,334 | 65% |
Total Virtual Water Export | 2,583,530 | 100% |
* Includes Maricopa and Pinal County |
3.3. The Net Water Footprint of Commodities Consumed in the Metropolitan Area
3.4. Virtual Water Flows Associated with Labor
3.5. Intra-Metropolitan Net Water Footprints
3.6. A Hydro-Economic Typology for Communities
4. Conclusions
4.1. Summary
4.2. Broader Implications
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rushforth, R.R.; Ruddell, B.L. The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area. Sustainability 2015, 7, 8522-8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078522
Rushforth RR, Ruddell BL. The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area. Sustainability. 2015; 7(7):8522-8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078522
Chicago/Turabian StyleRushforth, Richard R., and Benjamin L. Ruddell. 2015. "The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area" Sustainability 7, no. 7: 8522-8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078522