Eco-Innovation Indices as Tools for Measuring Eco-Innovation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Concept of Eco-Innovation
2.2. Measuring Eco-Innovation
2.3. Indicators
2.4. Linking Indicators Back to Theories on Innovation Systems and Transitions
3. Eco-Innovation Indices
3.1. ASEM Eco-Innovation Index
3.2. Eco-Innovation Scoreboard (ECO-IS)
4. Method
4.1. Relevance of Covering Areas and Stakeholders
4.2. Ability to Indicate Changes
4.3. Directions towards Common Goals
4.4. Ability to Facilitate Further Changes
5. Analysis Results of Eco-Innovation Indices
5.1. ASEI
5.1.1. Relevance of Covering Areas and Stakeholders
5.1.2. Ability to Indicate Changes
5.1.3. Directions towards Common Goals
5.1.4. Ability to Facilitate Further Changes
5.2. Eco-Innovation Scoreboard (Eco-IS)
5.2.1. Relevance of Covering Areas and Stakeholders
5.2.2. Ability to Indicate Changes
5.2.3. Directions towards Common Goals
5.2.4. Ability to Facilitate Further Changes
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Component | Indicators | Obtained Data | Data Source (Year) | Measuring Element |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eco-innovation Capacity | 1.1 Nation’s Economic Competitiveness | Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) | World Economic Forum (2015) | Composite Index |
1.2 Nation’s General Innovation Capacity | Global Innovation Index (GII) | INSEAD (2015) | Composite Index | |
1.3 Green Technology R&D Institution Capacity | Cleantech | Cleantech group data | Number of green technology R&D institutions, centers and university | |
1.4 Green Technology possessed/acquired Enterprises | Cleantech | Cleantech group data | Number of green technology possessed firms | |
1.5 Awareness of Sustainability Management | UN Global Compact (UNGC) Business Sector participants | UNGC (2015) | Number of participating enterprise | |
2. Eco-innovation Supporting Environment | 2.1 Government’s R&D expenditure in Green Industry | OECD Statics | OECD (2013) | Size of expenditure |
2.2 Implementation of Environmental Regulations | WEF Executive Opinion Survey | World Economic Forum (2015) | Composite Index | |
2.3 Maturity of Investment Setting for Green Technology Industry | Cleantech | Cleantech group data | Value of investment towards green technology firms | |
2.4 Investment Scale of Green Technology SMEs | Cleantech | Cleantech group data | Number of venture capitals and deals made towards green technology SMEs | |
3. Eco-innovation Activities | 3.1 Commercialization Level of Green Technology | Cleantech | Cleantech group data | Number of companies with green technology widely commercialized |
3.2 Enterprises’ Participation on Environmental Management System | ISO 14001 environmental certificates | IMF (2014) | Number of participating enterprise | |
3.3 Economic Influence of Leading Environmentally Responsive Enterprises | World’s Greenest Companies | Trucost by Newsweek (2015) | Amount of annual sales | |
3.4 Green Patents | OECD Environmental technology patent statistics | OECD (2014) | Number of patent | |
3.5 Activeness of Renewable Energy Utilization | IEA (International Energy Agency) | IEA (2015) | Measures the contribution of renewable to total primary energy supply | |
4. Eco-innovation Performance | 4.1 Level of Environmental Impact on Society | EPI (Environmental Performance index) | EPI (2015) | Composite Index |
4.2 CO2 Emission Intensity | Key World Energy Statistics | International Energy Agency (2015) | Amount of Carbon dioxide generated | |
4.3 Country’s Energy Sustainability Level | ESI (Energy Sustainability Index) | World Energy Council (2015) | Composite Index | |
4.4 Water Consumption Intensity | IMD (International Institute for Management Development) World Competitiveness Yearbook | IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (2014) | Water withdrawal for each 1,000 USD of GDP in cubic meter | |
4.5 Jobs in Green Technology Industry | Cleantech | Cleantech group data | Number of employees | |
4.6 Green Industry Market Size | UK BIS (The UK Department for Business Innovation and Skills) | LCEGS (Low Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services) Country Market Size (2011–2012) | Green Industry total sales |
Appendix B
Component | Indicators | Obtained Data | Data Source (Year) |
---|---|---|---|
1. Eco-innovation inputs | 1.1 Governments environmental and energy R&D appropriations and outlays | EUROSTAT (2014) | Governments budget appropriations and outlays (percent of GDP) |
1.2 Total R&D personnel and researchers | EUROSTAT (2014) | Number of R&D personnel and researchers (percent of total employment) | |
1.3 Total value of green early stage investments | Cleantech (2012–2015) | Total value of investments (USD/capita) | |
2. Eco-innovation activities | 2.1 Firms having implemented innovation activities aiming at a reduction of material input per unit output | EUROSTAT (2008) | Number of firms having implemented innovation activities for material efficient (percent of total firms) |
2.2 Firms having implemented innovation activities aiming at a reduction of energy input per unit output | EUROSTAT (2008) | Number of firms having implemented innovation activities for energy efficiency (percent of total firms) | |
2.3 ISO 14001 registered organizations | ISO Survey of Certifications (2014) | Number of ISO 14001 registered organizations (per mln population) | |
3. Eco-innovation outputs | 3.1 Eco-innovation related patents | Patstat (2012) | Number of patents (per mln population) |
3.2 Eco-innovation related academic publications | Scopus (2014) | Number of publications (per mln population) | |
3.3 Eco-innovation related media coverage | Meltwater (2015) | per number of electronic media | |
4. Environmental outcomes | 4.1 Material productivity | EUROSTAT (2007) | Direct material productivity (GDP/Domestic material Consumption) |
4.2 Water productivity | Water Footprint Network (1996–2005) | GDP/Water footprint | |
4.3 Energy Productivity | EUROSTAT (2013) | Energy productivity (GDP/gross inland energy consumption)) | |
4.4 GHG emissions intensity | EEA (2013) | CO2e/GDP | |
5. Socio-economic outcomes | 5.1 Exports of products from eco-industries | EUROSTAT (2014) | Percent of total exports |
5.2 Employment in eco-industries and circular economy | Orbis (2014) | Percent of total employment across all companies | |
5.3 Revenue in eco-industries and circular economy | Orbis (2014) | Percent of total revenue across all companies |
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Europe (31) | Asia (20) |
---|---|
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK | Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam |
Component | Indicator |
---|---|
1. Eco-innovation Capacity | 1.1. Nation’s Economic Competitiveness |
1.2. Nation’s General Innovation Capacity | |
1.3. Green Technology R&D Institution Capacity | |
1.4. Green Technology possessed/acquired Enterprises | |
1.5. Awareness of Sustainability Management | |
2. Eco-innovation Supporting Environment | 2.1. Government’s R&D expenditure in Green Industry |
2.2. Implementation of Environmental Regulations | |
2.3. Maturity of Investment Setting for Green Technology Industry | |
2.4. Investment Scale of Green Technology SMEs | |
3. Eco-innovation Activities | 3.1. Commercialization Level of Green Technology |
3.2. Enterprises’ Participation on Environmental Management System | |
3.3. Economic Influence of Leading Environmentally Responsive Enterprises | |
3.4. Green Patents | |
3.5. Activeness of Renewable Energy Utilization | |
4. Eco-innovation Performances | 4.1. Level of Environmental Impact on Society |
4.2. CO2 Emission Intensity | |
4.3. Nation’s Energy sustainability level | |
4.4. Water Consumption Intensity | |
4.5. Jobs in Green Technology Industry | |
4.6. Green Industry Market Size |
Component | Indicator |
---|---|
1. Eco-innovation inputs | 1.1 Governments environmental and energy R&D appropriations and outlays |
1.2 Total R&D personnel and researchers | |
1.3 Total value of green early stage investments | |
2. Eco-innovation activities | 2.1 Firms having implemented innovation activities aiming at a reduction of material input per unit output |
2.2 Firms having implemented innovation activities aiming at a reduction of energy input per unit output | |
2.3 ISO 14001 registered organizations | |
3. Eco-innovation outputs | 3.1 Eco-innovation related patents |
3.2 Eco-innovation related academic publications | |
3.3 Eco-innovation related media coverage | |
4. Environmental outcomes | 4.1 Material productivity |
4.2 Water productivity | |
4.3 Energy Productivity | |
4.4 GHG emissions intensity | |
5. Socio-economic outcomes | 5.1 Exports of products from eco-industries |
5.2 Employment in eco-industries | |
5.3 Turnover in eco-industries |
Analysis Criteria | Description | Theoretical Background |
---|---|---|
Relevance of covering areas and stakeholders | Appropriateness of priority issues, consideration of stakeholders | Green economy [49] Stakeholders [50] |
Ability to indicate changes | Validity, consistency, reliability, measurability, cost-effectiveness | Technical characteristics of indicators [28] |
Directions towards common goals | Linkage with well-articulated visions and social, environmental and economic goals | Sustainable Development Goals [51] |
Ability to facilitate further changes | Encouragement to governmental action and enterprises’ strategies | Roles of indicators [48] Sustainability-oriented innovation [47] |
Category | Meaning | Key Question of Analysis |
---|---|---|
Validity | Data are well-grounded and accurately depict a real situation | How are indices constructed logically? How do indices depict a real situation? |
Consistency and reliability | Indicators can be researched reliably over a period of time | Are data transparent? Does data have good quality? |
Measurability | Data can be obtained for a community | Can data be obtained at the national level? |
Comprehensiveness | Indicators represent relevant parts of an issue and reduce the need for excessive number of indicators | How do indices cover the multiple areas of eco-innovation? |
Cost-effectiveness | Data collection is not overly expensive | How much costs are necessary for collecting data? |
Comparability | Indicators are sufficiently general so that they can be compared with other communities | Are indices comparable across countries? |
Accessibility | Indicators use affordable, relevant, and accessible data sources | Are data accessible for measuring indicators? |
Goal No. | Content |
---|---|
Goal 1 | End poverty in all its forms everywhere |
Goal 2 | End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture |
Goal 3 | Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages |
Goal 4 | Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all |
Goal 5 | Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls |
Goal 6 | Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
Goal 7 | Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all |
Goal 8 | Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all |
Goal 9 | Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
Goal 10 | Reduce inequality within and among countries |
Goal 11 | Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable |
Goal 12 | Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns |
Goal 13 | Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts |
Goal 14 | Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development |
Goal 15 | Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably mange forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss |
Goal 16 | Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels |
Goal 17 | Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development |
Component | Indicator | SDGs |
---|---|---|
1. Eco-Innovation Capacity | 1.1. Nation’s Economic Competitiveness | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
1.2. Nation’s General Innovation Capacity | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production | |
1.3. Green Technology R&D Institution Capacity | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
1.4. Green Technology possessed/acquired Enterprises | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
1.5. Awareness of Sustainability Management | G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production | |
2. Eco-Innovation Supporting Environment | 2.1. Government’s R&D expenditure in Green Industry | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
2.2. Implementation of Environmental Regulations | G. 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions | |
2.3. Maturity of Investment Setting for Green Technology Industry | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
2.4. Investment Scale of Green Technology SMEs | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
3. Eco-Innovation Activities | 3.1. Commercialization Level of Green Technology | G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
3.2. Enterprises’ Participation on Environmental Management System | G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production | |
3.3. Economic Influence of Leading Environmentally Responsive Enterprises | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
3.4. Green Patents | G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production | |
3.5. Activeness of Renewable Energy Utilization | G. 7 Clean energy | |
4. Eco-Innovation Performances | 4.1. Level of Environmental Impact on Society | G. 3 Good health G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
4.2. CO2 Emission Intensity | G. 13 Climate action | |
4.3. Nation’s Energy sustainability level | G. 7 Clean energy | |
4.4. Water Consumption Intensity | G. 6 Clean water | |
4.5. Jobs in Green Technology Industry | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
4.6. Green Industry Market Size | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth G. 9 Industry and infrastructure |
Nations | Capacity | Supporting Environment | Activity | Performance | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand | 61.88 | 87.69 | 30.74 | 68.55 | 62.21 |
Lao PDR | 17.40 | 21.79 | 11.23 | 19.61 | 17.51 |
Malaysia | 63.23 | 70.77 | 15.01 | 62.18 | 52.80 |
Mongolia | 31.41 | 4.10 | 1.88 | 22.54 | 14.98 |
Myanmar | 24.72 | 0.00 | 33.38 | 30.58 | 22.17 |
Bangladesh | 27.48 | 16.41 | 12.94 | 26.63 | 20.86 |
Vietnam | 46.04 | 18.21 | 18.77 | 34.24 | 29.31 |
Brunei | 33.58 | 53.59 | 0.00 | 42.21 | 32.34 |
Singapore | 79.51 | 89.74 | 7.48 | 66.95 | 60.92 |
India | 48.15 | 37.69 | 13.79 | 32.55 | 33.05 |
Indonesia | 45.61 | 39.49 | 19.24 | 52.42 | 39.19 |
Japan | 78.51 | 94.36 | 19.53 | 71.27 | 65.92 |
China | 67.40 | 35.64 | 30.99 | 55.00 | 47.26 |
Kazakhstan | 38.16 | 39.49 | 0.98 | 43.34 | 30.49 |
Cambodia | 21.29 | 18.46 | 32.91 | 28.19 | 25.21 |
Thailand | 48.12 | 28.97 | 13.66 | 43.01 | 33.44 |
Pakistan | 25.82 | 14.87 | 18.79 | 31.17 | 22.66 |
Philippines | 43.81 | 41.54 | 23.55 | 42.30 | 37.80 |
Korea | 72.73 | 46.41 | 20.11 | 52.22 | 47.87 |
Australia | 71.67 | 80.00 | 23.67 | 65.16 | 60.13 |
Greece | 43.34 | 35.13 | 20.30 | 59.68 | 39.61 |
Netherlands | 79.76 | 86.92 | 21.97 | 65.73 | 63.60 |
Norway | 72.66 | 88.46 | 44.02 | 76.57 | 70.43 |
Denmark | 79.14 | 100.00 | 33.87 | 72.63 | 71.41 |
Germany | 82.27 | 95.38 | 22.76 | 71.08 | 67.87 |
Latvia | 46.30 | 62.05 | 39.96 | 66.00 | 53.58 |
Russia Federation | 48.69 | 27.18 | 24.15 | 52.67 | 38.17 |
Romania | 42.85 | 33.85 | 53.88 | 57.68 | 47.07 |
Luxembourg | 67.17 | 90.51 | 23.71 | 64.66 | 61.51 |
Lithuania | 52.37 | 62.31 | 50.96 | 67.00 | 58.16 |
Malta | 43.11 | 57.69 | 5.59 | 58.74 | 41.28 |
Belgium | 67.05 | 87.69 | 14.49 | 64.05 | 58.32 |
Bulgaria | 49.95 | 25.13 | 42.88 | 48.42 | 41.59 |
Sweden | 81.96 | 87.95 | 35.94 | 78.41 | 71.06 |
Switzerland | 88.68 | 98.97 | 30.27 | 75.02 | 73.24 |
Spain | 70.67 | 52.05 | 37.75 | 74.37 | 58.71 |
Slovakia | 40.20 | 53.59 | 39.37 | 64.65 | 49.45 |
Slovenia | 49.21 | 66.67 | 45.44 | 64.47 | 56.45 |
Ireland | 65.41 | 72.31 | 16.56 | 69.71 | 56.00 |
Estonia | 50.71 | 74.87 | 40.09 | 44.86 | 52.63 |
United Kingdom | 84.51 | 76.92 | 24.06 | 79.08 | 66.14 |
Austria | 67.12 | 94.87 | 38.61 | 70.31 | 67.73 |
Italy | 58.94 | 43.08 | 36.64 | 67.56 | 51.55 |
Czech Republic | 55.07 | 64.87 | 60.01 | 57.90 | 59.46 |
Croatia | 44.33 | 48.46 | 47.96 | 64.11 | 51.21 |
Cyprus | 42.55 | 56.41 | 6.15 | 59.05 | 41.04 |
Portugal | 54.51 | 71.03 | 29.20 | 67.20 | 55.48 |
Poland | 51.78 | 50.26 | 30.15 | 56.49 | 47.17 |
France | 79.76 | 67.95 | 22.86 | 77.09 | 61.92 |
Finland | 74.78 | 98.97 | 39.50 | 70.36 | 70.90 |
Hungary | 43.16 | 47.95 | 42.14 | 64.05 | 49.33 |
Component | Indicator | SDGs |
---|---|---|
1. Eco-innovation inputs | 1.1 Governments environmental and energy R&D appropriations and outlays | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth G. 9 Industry and infrastructure |
1.2 Total R&D personnel and researchers | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth | |
1.3 Total value of green early stage investments | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
2. Eco-innovation activities | 2.1 Firms having implemented innovation activities aiming at a reduction of material input per unit output | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
2.2 Firms having implemented innovation activities aiming at a reduction of energy input per unit output | G. 7 Clean energy G. 9 Industry and infrastructure G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production | |
2.3 ISO 14001 registered organizations | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production | |
3. Eco-innovation outputs | 3.1 Eco-innovation related patents | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
3.2 Eco-innovation related academic publications | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
3.3 Eco-innovation related media coverage | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
4. Environmental outcomes | 4.1 Material productivity | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure G. 12 Sustainable consumption and production |
4.2 Water productivity | G. 6 Clean water | |
4.3 Energy Productivity | G. 7 Clean energy G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
4.4 GHG emissions intensity | G. 13 Climate action | |
5. Socio-economic outcomes | 5.1 Exports of products from eco-industries | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure |
5.2 Employment in eco-industries | G. 8 Good jobs and economic growth G. 9 Industry and infrastructure | |
5.3 Turnover in eco-industries | G. 9 Industry and infrastructure |
Index | Criteria | Strength | Weakness |
---|---|---|---|
ASEI | Relevance of covering areas and stakeholders |
|
|
Ability to indicate changes |
|
| |
Directions towards common goals |
|
| |
Ability to facilitate further changes |
|
| |
Eco-IS | Relevance of covering areas and stakeholders |
|
|
Ability to indicate changes |
|
| |
Directions towards common goals |
|
| |
Ability to facilitate further changes |
|
|
Country | Eco-IS Score | ASEI Score | Eco-IS Rank | ASEI Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bulgaria | 41 | 41.59 | 28 | 25 |
Hungary | 60 | 49.33 | 27 | 22 |
Malta | 65 | 41.28 | 26 | 26 |
Romania | 69 | 47.07 | 25 | 24 |
Cyprus | 70 | 41.04 | 24 | 27 |
Poland | 72 | 47.17 | 23 | 23 |
Estonia | 78 | 52.64 | 22 | 19 |
Belgium | 81 | 58.32 | 21 | 12 |
Croatia | 81 | 51.21 | 20 | 21 |
Slovakia | 85 | 56.45 | 19 | 14 |
Latvia | 85 | 53.58 | 18 | 18 |
Lithuania | 86 | 58.16 | 17 | 13 |
Netherlands | 91 | 63.60 | 16 | 7 |
Portugal | 95 | 55.48 | 15 | 17 |
Greece | 96 | 39.61 | 14 | 28 |
Spain | 97 | 58.71 | 13 | 11 |
Ireland | 98 | 56.00 | 12 | 16 |
France | 99 | 61.92 | 11 | 8 |
Czech Republic | 100 | 59.46 | 10 | 10 |
Slovenia | 104 | 56.45 | 8 | 14 |
Austria | 104 | 67.73 | 8 | 5 |
Italy | 105 | 51.56 | 7 | 20 |
United Kingdom | 110 | 66.14 | 6 | 6 |
Sweden | 115 | 71.06 | 5 | 2 |
Denmark | 126 | 71.41 | 4 | 1 |
Finland | 137 | 70.90 | 3 | 3 |
Luxembourg | 139 | 61.52 | 2 | 9 |
Germany | 140 | 67.87 | 1 | 4 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Park, M.S.; Bleischwitz, R.; Han, K.J.; Jang, E.K.; Joo, J.H. Eco-Innovation Indices as Tools for Measuring Eco-Innovation. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122206
Park MS, Bleischwitz R, Han KJ, Jang EK, Joo JH. Eco-Innovation Indices as Tools for Measuring Eco-Innovation. Sustainability. 2017; 9(12):2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122206
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Mi Sun, Raimund Bleischwitz, Ki Joo Han, Eun Kyung Jang, and Ji Hyung Joo. 2017. "Eco-Innovation Indices as Tools for Measuring Eco-Innovation" Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122206