Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Coastal Soil Chronosequence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Soil Formation
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Spectra Determination
2.4. Statistical Analysis and Transformation of the Spectral Data
2.5. Datasets Partitioning and Accuracy Evaluating
3. Results
3.1. Basic Statistics of Soil Properties
3.2. Soil Property Changes in Chronosequence and Pedogenic Interpretations
3.3. Spectroscopy Analysis of Top Soil
3.4. Soil Property Predictions
3.5. Soil Age Calibration Using Spectra From Multiple Depths
4. Discussion
4.1. Reflectance Spectroscopy and Soil Genesis
4.2. Combination of Horizontal Spectroscopy
4.3. Limitation of Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Property | Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV (%) | Skew | Kurt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOM | 1.4 | 33.4 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 86.9 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
Clay | 1.9 | 18.3 | 7.7 | 4.0 | 51.3 | 0.7 | −0.3 |
CaCO3 | 0.9 | 63.8 | 30.8 | 16.8 | 54.4 | 0.0 | −1.0 |
pH | 6.4 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 0.4 | 5.1 | −1.7 | 5.3 |
Fed | 1.8 | 6.6 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 20.5 | 0.9 | 3.7 |
Fed/Fet | 7.8 | 26.8 | 15.0 | 3.3 | 21.7 | 0.8 | 2.0 |
SOM | Clay | CaCO3 | pH | Fed | Fed/Fet | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOM | 1.00 | 0.75 ** | −0.64 ** | −0.48 ** | −0.08 | −0.03 |
Clay | 1.00 | −0.76 ** | −0.41 ** | 0.20 * | 0.21 * | |
CaCO3 | 1.00 | 0.39 ** | −0.28 ** | −0.33 ** | ||
pH | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.10 | |||
Fed | 1.00 | 0.89 ** | ||||
Fed/Fet | 1.00 |
Soil Property | LVs Number | Calibration (n = 102) | Cross Validation | Prediction (n = 26) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSEC | RMSECV | RMSEP | RPD | |||||
SOM | 9 | 1.76 | 0.92 | 2.22 | 0.88 | 1.98 | 0.89 | 3.04 |
Clay | 9 | 1.35 | 0.89 | 1.74 | 0.82 | 1.62 | 0.81 | 2.33 |
CaCO3 | 10 | 4.40 | 0.93 | 5.40 | 0.90 | 7.13 | 0.83 | 2.42 |
pH | 3 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 1.28 |
Fed | 3 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.34 | 1.26 |
Fed/Fet | 3 | 2.61 | 0.37 | 2.75 | 0.31 | 2.56 | 0.31 | 1.23 |
Layer Number | Depth | LVs Number | Calibration (n = 10) | Cross Validation | Prediction (n = 6) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSEC | RMSECV | RMSEP | RPD | ||||||
1 | 0–5 cm | 2 | 131.11 | 0.80 | 188.88 | 0.66 | 138.72 | 0.62 | 1.79 |
2 | 0–10 cm | 2 | 137.59 | 0.77 | 198.75 | 0.62 | 157.58 | 0.51 | 1.57 |
3 | 0–20 cm | 2 | 141.37 | 0.76 | 206.70 | 0.59 | 155.19 | 0.53 | 1.60 |
4 | 0–30 cm | 2 | 133.98 | 0.79 | 201.96 | 0.61 | 133.63 | 0.65 | 1.85 |
5 | 0–40 cm | 3 | 99.76 | 0.88 | 167.47 | 0.73 | 140.78 | 0.61 | 1.76 |
6 | 0–60 cm | 4 | 80.94 | 0.92 | 177.19 | 0.70 | 145.15 | 0.59 | 1.71 |
7 | 0–80 cm | 4 | 78.10 | 0.93 | 187.05 | 0.66 | 148.85 | 0.57 | 1.66 |
8 | 0–100 cm | 4 | 72.38 | 0.94 | 201.58 | 0.61 | 154.29 | 0.53 | 1.61 |
SOM | Clay | CaCO3 | pH | Fed | Fed/Fet | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LV-1 (68%) | 0.78 ** | 0.52 * | −0.62 * | −0.41 | −0.14 | 0.33 |
LV-2 (12%) | 0.46 | 0.66 ** | −0.71 ** | −0.37 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
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Zheng, G.; Ryu, D.; Jiao, C.; Xie, X.; Cui, X.; Shang, G. Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Coastal Soil Chronosequence. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202336
Zheng G, Ryu D, Jiao C, Xie X, Cui X, Shang G. Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Coastal Soil Chronosequence. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(20):2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202336
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Guanghui, Dongryeol Ryu, Caixia Jiao, Xianli Xie, Xuefeng Cui, and Gang Shang. 2019. "Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Coastal Soil Chronosequence" Remote Sensing 11, no. 20: 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202336
APA StyleZheng, G., Ryu, D., Jiao, C., Xie, X., Cui, X., & Shang, G. (2019). Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Coastal Soil Chronosequence. Remote Sensing, 11(20), 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202336