Spatially Explicit Mapping of Soil Conservation Service in Monetary Units Due to Land Use/Cover Change for the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Overview of Methodology
3.2. Land Use/Cover Change Analysis
3.3. Estimating Soil Conservation Service Value Due to Land Use/Cover Change
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Conservation Service Value Changes to Land Use/Cover Change
3.5. Materials and Pre-Processing
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of Land Use/Cover Change for 1995–2015
4.2. Analysis of Land Use/Cover Change for Different Construction Periods
4.3. Soil Conservation Service Value under the Influence of Land Use/Cover Change
4.4. Sensitivity of Changes of Soil Conservation Service Value to Land Use/Cover Change
5. Discussion
5.1. Characteristics of Land Use/Cover Change in the TGRA for Different Periods
5.2. Comparisons with Previous Studies of Soil Conservation Service Value Mapping
5.3. Spatially Explicit Identification of Soil Conservation Service Value Sensitive Areas in Response to Land Use/Cover Change and Protection Policies for Them
5.4. Limitations and Caveats
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1st Level Classes | 2nd Level Classes | Descriptions | Score |
---|---|---|---|
Construction land | Urban built-up | Lands used for urban | 10 |
Rural settlements | Lands used for settlements in villages | 8 | |
Others | Lands used for factories, quarries, mining, oil-field slattern outside cities, and for special uses, such as transportation and airports | 9 | |
Cropland | Paddy/dry land | Cultivated lands for crops, such as mature cultivated land, newly cultivated land, fallow, and shifting cultivated land; intercropping land, such as crop-fruiter, crop-mulberry, and crop-forest land in which a crop is a dominant species; bottomland and beach areas cultivated for ≥3 years | 7 |
Grassland | Dense grassland | Grassland with canopy coverage >50% | 2 |
Moderate grassland | Grassland with canopy coverage between 20% and 50% | 1 | |
Sparse grassland | Grassland with canopy cover between 5% and 20% | 0 | |
Forestland | Forest | Natural or planted forests with canopy cover >30% | 1 |
Shrub | Lands covered by trees <2 m high with the canopy cover >40% | 0 | |
Woods | Lands covered by trees with canopy cover between 10–30% | 0 | |
Others | Lands such as tea-garden, orchards, groves, and nurseries | 2 | |
Water body | Stream and rivers | Lands covered by rivers, including canals | 1 |
Reservoir/ponds | Man-made facilities for water reservation | 1 | |
Bottomland | Lands between normal water levels and flood levels | 1 | |
Lakes | Lands covered by lakes | 0 | |
Barren land | See descriptions | Lands not put into practical use or simply difficult to use, such as sandy land, Gobi, salina, swampland, bare soil, and bare rock, among others. | 0 |
Land Use Types | 1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | 1995–2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOC a (km2) | LUDD b (%) | AOC (km2) | LUDD (%) | AOC (km2) | LUDD (%) | AOC (km2) | LUDD (%) | AOC (km2) | LUDD (%) | |
Construction land | 102.1 | 5.41 | 90.5 | 3.77 | 203.1 | 7.13 | 515.1 | 13.3 | 910.7 | 12.12 |
Water body | 1.7 | 0.04 | 87.5 | 2.26 | 104.6 | 2.42 | 34.0 | 0.7 | 227.7 | 1.47 |
Forestland | −128.2 | −0.09 | 204.7 | 0.15 | 54.0 | 0.04 | −72.6 | −0.1 | 57.8 | 0.01 |
Cropland | −70.3 | −0.06 | −269.4 | −0.24 | −339.7 | −0.31 | −455.1 | −0.4 | −1134.4 | −0.26 |
Grassland | 94.8 | 0.26 | −110.8 | −0.30 | −21.1 | −0.06 | −21.4 | −0.1 | −58.5 | −0.04 |
Barren land | 0 | 0.00 | −2.5 | −5.13 | −0.6 | −1.62 | 0 | 0.0 | −3.1 | −1.58 |
Classification | County | 1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | Trendline | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase continuously | Yichang | 0.26 | 0.6 | 0.79 | 0.88 | | |
Changshou | 0.81 | 0.92 | 1.36 | 1.61 | | | |
Yunyang | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.62 | 1.52 | | | |
Increase with fluctuations | Zhongxian | 1.63 | 0.8 | 0.56 | 2.97 | | |
Xingshan | 0.22 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.27 | | | |
Wulong | 0.63 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.79 | | | |
Fuling | 1.21 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 1.23 | | | |
Wanxian | 1.17 | 0.37 | 0.76 | 1.54 | | | |
Fengdu | 1.05 | 0.32 | 0.62 | 1.3 | | | |
Kaixian | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.3 | 1.18 | | | |
Wuxi | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.51 | | | |
Zigui | 0.23 | 0.66 | 0.93 | 0.41 | | | |
Badong | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.57 | 0.34 | | | |
Banan | 0.79 | 1.64 | 0.85 | 1.55 | | | |
Decrease with fluctuations | Chongqing | 2.59 | 2.55 | 3.94 | 1.72 | | |
Yubei | 1.83 | 1.99 | 2.63 | 1.78 | | | |
Beibei | 1.71 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.27 | | | |
Shizhu | 1.17 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.82 | | | |
Fengjie | 2.45 | 0.2 | 0.65 | 0.61 | | | |
Wushan | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | | | |
Decrease continuously | Jiangjin | 1.57 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.07 | | |
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Li, S.; Bing, Z.; Jin, G. Spatially Explicit Mapping of Soil Conservation Service in Monetary Units Due to Land Use/Cover Change for the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040468
Li S, Bing Z, Jin G. Spatially Explicit Mapping of Soil Conservation Service in Monetary Units Due to Land Use/Cover Change for the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(4):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040468
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shicheng, Zilu Bing, and Gui Jin. 2019. "Spatially Explicit Mapping of Soil Conservation Service in Monetary Units Due to Land Use/Cover Change for the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China" Remote Sensing 11, no. 4: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040468