Evaluation of Seven Atmospheric Profiles from Reanalysis and Satellite-Derived Products: Implication for Single-Channel Land Surface Temperature Retrieval
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Atmospheric Profiles
2.1.2. Landsat Data
2.1.3. ASTER GED Data
2.1.4. In Situ LST Measurements
2.1.5. In Situ LST Uncertainty
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Single-Channel LST Retrieval Algorithm
2.2.2. Calculation of atmospheric parameters
2.2.3. Surface Emissivity Estimation
2.2.4. Sensitivity Analysis of Single-Channel Algorithm
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Vertical Distributions of Different Atmospheric Profiles
3.2. Comparison of Atmospheric Parameters Calculated from Different Atmospheric Profiles
3.3. Comparison of Retrieved LST Using Different Atmospheric Profiles
3.4. LST Validation Using in Situ Measurements
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor | Platform | Launch Date | Decommission | Equatorial Crossing Time | Repeat Cycle | Number of TIR Bands | Spectral Range | Spatial Resolution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM | Landsat 4 | 16 July 1982 | 30 June 2001 | 9:45 | 16 days | 1 | Band 6: 10.4–12.5 µm | 120 m |
TM | Landsat 5 | 1 March 1984 | 5 June 2013 | 9:45 | 16 days | 1 | Band 6: 10.4–12.5 µm | 120 m |
ETM+ | Landsat 7 | 15 April 1999 | Operational | 10:00 | 16 days | 1 | Band 6: 10.4–12.5 µm | 60 m |
TIRS | Landsat 8 | 11 February 2013 | Operational | 10:00 | 16 days | 2 | B10: 10.60-11.19 µm B11: 11.50–12.51 µm | 100 m |
Atmospheric Profile | Data Source | Data Periods | Temporal Resolution | Spatial Resolution | Vertical Resolution | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radio sounding | UWYO | 1973 to present | Twice daily | — | varying | http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html |
Satellite-derived profile | MxD07 | 2000 to present | Twice daily | 5 km×5 km | 20 pressure levels | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/ |
AIRS | 2002 to present | Twice daily | 1° × 1° | 24 pressure levels | https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/ | |
Reanalysis profile | ECMWF | 1979 to present | 6 hourly | 0.125° × 0.125° | 37 pressure levels | http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/ |
MERRA2 | 1980 to present | 3 hourly | 0.625° × 0.5° | 42 pressure levels | https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov | |
NCEP /GFS | 2007 to present | 6 hourly | 0.5° × 0.5° | 31 pressure levels | https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/data/gfsanl/ | |
NCEP /FNL | 1999 to present | 6 hourly | 1.0° × 1.0° | 26 pressure levels | http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/ | |
NCEP /DOE | 1979 to present | 6 hourly | 2.5° × 2.5° | 17 pressure levels | http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds091.0/ |
ID | Country | Station | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
02365 | Sweden | Sundsvall-Harnosand | 62.53° N | 17.45° E | 6 |
02591 | Sweden | Visby Aervlogiska Stn | 57.65° N | 18.35° E | 47 |
11035 | Austria | Wien | 48.25° N | 16.36° E | 200 |
11747 | Czech Republic | Prostejov | 49.45° N | 17.13° E | 216 |
11952 | Slovakia | Poprad-Ganovce | 49.03° N | 20.31° E | 706 |
12120 | Poland | Leba | 54.75° N | 17.53° E | 6 |
12374 | Poland | Legionowo | 38.43° N | 27.16° E | 96 |
12425 | Poland | Wroclaw | 51.13° N | 16.98° E | 116 |
12843 | Hungary | Budapest | 47.43° N | 19.18° E | 139 |
12982 | Hungary | Szeged | 46.25° N | 20.10° E | 83 |
13275 | Serbia | Beograd | 44.76° N | 20.42° E | 203 |
14240 | Croatia | Zagreb | 45.82° N | 16.03° E | 246 |
14430 | Croatia | Zadar | 44.10° N | 15.34° E | 79 |
15420 | Romania | Bucuresti lnmh-Banesa | 44.50° N | 26.13° E | 91 |
16320 | Italy | Brindisi | 40.65° N | 17.95° E | 10 |
17064 | Turkey | Istanbul | 40.90° N | 29.15° E | 17 |
17220 | Turkey | Izmir | 38.43° N | 27.16° E | 29 |
Atmospheric Profile | Transmittance | Upwelling Radiance (W/m2/sr/μm) | Downwelling Radiance (W/m2/sr/μm) | Water Vapor Content (g/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MYD07 | 0.059 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.43 |
AIRS | 0.031 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.21 |
ECMWF | 0.022 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
MERRA2 | 0.024 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.19 |
NCEP/GFS | 0.019 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.14 |
NCEP/FNL | 0.020 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
NCEP/DOE | 0.039 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.27 |
Site | Num | Mean WVC (g/cm2) | MOD07 | AIRS | ECMWF | MERRA2 | NCEP/GFS | NCEP/FNL | NCEP/DOE | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | Bias (K) | RMSE (K) | |||
S1 | 3 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.64 | 0.86 | −0.03 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.32 | −0.02 | 0.30 | −0.01 | 0.29 | −0.08 | 0.35 |
S2 | 16 | 0.90 | −0.82 | 1.50 | −0.58 | 1.25 | −0.77 | 1.15 | −0.42 | 1.25 | −0.64 | 1.24 | −0.73 | 1.25 | −1.13 | 1.85 |
S3 | 8 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 0.09 | 0.54 |
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Yang, J.; Duan, S.-B.; Zhang, X.; Wu, P.; Huang, C.; Leng, P.; Gao, M. Evaluation of Seven Atmospheric Profiles from Reanalysis and Satellite-Derived Products: Implication for Single-Channel Land Surface Temperature Retrieval. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 791. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050791
Yang J, Duan S-B, Zhang X, Wu P, Huang C, Leng P, Gao M. Evaluation of Seven Atmospheric Profiles from Reanalysis and Satellite-Derived Products: Implication for Single-Channel Land Surface Temperature Retrieval. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(5):791. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050791
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Jingjing, Si-Bo Duan, Xiaoyu Zhang, Penghai Wu, Cheng Huang, Pei Leng, and Maofang Gao. 2020. "Evaluation of Seven Atmospheric Profiles from Reanalysis and Satellite-Derived Products: Implication for Single-Channel Land Surface Temperature Retrieval" Remote Sensing 12, no. 5: 791. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050791