A Study of the Application and the Limitations of GPR Investigation on Underground Survey of the Korean Expressways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Principle of GPR
2.2. Attenuation
2.3. Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Depth Converting
3. Research Targets and Methods
3.1. Testbed
3.2. GPR Equipment
3.3. GPR Data Analysis
4. Test Results
4.1. Asphalt Pavement
4.2. Concrete Pavement
4.3. Signal Characteristics of GPR According by the Type of Abnormality
4.3.1. Investigation Performance According to the Type of Pavement
4.3.2. Cavity
4.3.3. PE Bottle
4.3.4. Steel Plate
5. Discussion
5.1. The Effective Depth of Investigation
5.2. The Detection Ability on Buried Objects
5.3. The Depth Analysis of Buried Objects
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The combination of the plan view by depth and cross- and longitudinal sections of the GPR data achieved from the 3D GPR such as the multichannel GPR, which makes analysis easier and more accurate.
- (2)
- The deeper the depth of survey, the greater the attenuation of the received GPR wave, resulting in lower sensitivity of the signal. Signal attenuation occurred more severe in concrete pavements than in the asphalt pavement. This seems to be the result of greater attenuation per unit depth in propagation through concrete, because it has a higher dielectric constant and conductivity of young concrete than asphalt [19,43,50].
- (3)
- The effective depth of cavity investigation under asphalt pavement was estimated to be about 1 to 1.5 m. Reflected GPR signals from subsurface anomalies at shallower depths appeared clearer within this range.
- (4)
- Under the concrete pavement, most of subsurface anomalies could not be detected by the GPR, except for a simulated ground cavity, which is an EPS hemisphere placed next to the pavement layer made of plain concrete. In addition, reflected waves (scattering) were found to be occurring from rebars embedded in the CRCP, which hindered the detection of objects beneath the rebar. Therefore, the GPR survey under the concrete pavement is not reasonable and practical because of high signal attenuation and scattering.
- (5)
- The estimated depth from TWTT converted by assuming one dielectric constant based on experience and engineering judgement could cause significant errors in the actual test in which as the depth increases the error also increases. This is believed to be due to the practice of assuming only one dielectric constant for a multilayered road. Therefore, it is required to use core data when depth information is required, such as for mapping of 3D underground utilities or underground objects.
- (6)
- The negative polarity reflection of the received GPR signal was found to be reflected from a simulated cavity, which is the EPS (cavity), and a PE bottle with air. On the other hand, the positive polarity reflection of the received GPR signal was found in GPR data reflected from a PE bottle filled with water and a steel plate. This is because the GPR signal changed in amplitude direction according to the EM characteristics of the reflector. In other words, the reflection polarity in GPR data can be associated with different relative permittivity objects, i.e., cavities or buried things. Therefore, it is believed that it is helpful to check the reflection polarity in GPR data when estimating the characteristics of the buried materials. Moreover, even individual reflection traces can be studied for polarity changes, which can help in identifying the types of buried mediums that are producing such reflections.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Division | Cavity | Relaxed Zones | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EPS | Earthenware | PE Bottle | Sand + EPS Fragments | |
Depth | 0.27–3 m | 2–2.5 m | 0.27–1 m | 0.27–2 m |
Dimension | Φ 0.5 m, Φ 1 m | Φ 0.4 m | 4 L | 2–6 m |
Appearance | ||||
Note | Filled with air/water | |||
Division | Others | |||
Ascon Block | Concrete Block | Rock | Drainage | |
Depth | 0.27–2.5 m | 0.27–2.5 m | 2–2.5 m | 1.5 m |
Dimension | 0.1–1 m | 0.1–0.5 m | Φ 0.6 m | Φ 0.9 m |
Appearance |
Division | System A | System B |
---|---|---|
Antenna frequency (MHz) | 400 | 100–4000 |
Antenna type | Impulse | Coded signal |
No. of channels | 25 | 30 |
Survey width(m) | 2.4 | 2.4 |
Sampling rate(m) | Length 0.08, width 0.1 | Length 0.045, width 0.08 |
Range(ns) | 40 | 50 |
Operating software | MIRA Soft ver. 3.82 | Radar Portal Control ver. 2 |
Analysis software | rSlicer-090902 GPRIS System Vision 1.17.1.11 | Radar Portal Control ver. 2 |
Survey Date | R.H. | Season | Average Temperature | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 December 2019 | About 45% | Winter | 0.8–5.7 °C (min. 3.9–max. 11.2 °C) | 3 raining days 2, 3 foggy days |
Division | Asphalt Pavement | Plain Concrete Pavement | CRCP |
---|---|---|---|
A-A’ | EPS 4 ea. | EPS 1 ea. | - |
B-B’ | Steel plate 1 ea., PE bottle 2 ea. | - | - |
Depth | 0.27–1.0 m | 0.45 m | - |
Division | Status | Test Result | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
System A | System B | ||||||||
Size (m) | Location in Length (m) | Depth (m) | Depth (m) | Error (m) | Ratio (%) | Depth (m) | Error (m) | Ratio (%) | |
AP-A01 | D0.5 | 2.00 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 11.11 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 11.11 |
AP-A02 | D0.5 | 5.00 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 16.00 | 0.80 | 0.05 | 6.67 |
AP-A03 | D0.5 | 8.00 | 1.00 | 1.27 | 0.27 | 27.00 | 1.20 | 0.20 | 20.00 |
CP-A02 | D1.0 | 2.00 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 22.22 | 0.50 | 0.05 | 11.11 |
Assumed dielectrics | 9.0 1 | 8.0 1 |
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Rhee, J.-Y.; Park, K.-T.; Cho, J.-W.; Lee, S.-Y. A Study of the Application and the Limitations of GPR Investigation on Underground Survey of the Korean Expressways. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1805. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091805
Rhee J-Y, Park K-T, Cho J-W, Lee S-Y. A Study of the Application and the Limitations of GPR Investigation on Underground Survey of the Korean Expressways. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(9):1805. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091805
Chicago/Turabian StyleRhee, Ji-Young, Keon-Tae Park, Jin-Woo Cho, and Sang-Yum Lee. 2021. "A Study of the Application and the Limitations of GPR Investigation on Underground Survey of the Korean Expressways" Remote Sensing 13, no. 9: 1805. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091805