Response Relationship between the Regional Thermal Environment and Urban Forms during Rapid Urbanization (2000–2010–2020): A Case Study of Three Urban Agglomerations in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Measurement of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity
2.3.2. Composition and Configuration Characteristics of Urban Form
2.3.3. Analysis of the Relationship between the Urban Form and RHII
3. Results
3.1. Urban Form Patterns of Each Urban Agglomeration
3.2. Temporal and Spatial Patterns of RHI
3.3. Relationship between the Built-Up Area and RHI
3.3.1. Relationship between the Built-Up Area and RHI
3.3.2. Relative Importance of Potential Urban Form Drivers on RHII
4. Discussion
4.1. Response Relationship between the Urban Agglomeration Expansion Mode and RHII
4.2. Driving Forces and Underlying Mechanisms of RHI
4.3. Implications and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Urban Agglomeration | Total Area (km2) | Core Cities | Total Population (Million) | Percentage of Urban Population (%) | GDP (Billion USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei | 218,000 | Beijing, Tianjin | 107.57 (90.26) | 107.0 (38.9) | 1299.6 (124.1) |
Yangtze River Delta | 359,000 | Shanghai | 105.8 (195.53) | 67.26 (42.5) | 3936.1 (271.7) |
Pearl River Delta | 56,000 | Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong | 132.3 (49.99) | 84.33 (72.9) | 1461.2 (307.9) |
RHI Level | Abbreviation | Range |
---|---|---|
Strong cold island | SCI | RHII < −3 °C |
Sub-strong cold island | SSCI | −3 °C < RHII < −1 °C |
No heat island | NHI | −1 °C < RHII < 1 °C |
Sub-strong heat island | SSHI | 1 °C < RHII < 3 °C |
Strong heat island | SHI | 3 °C < RHII |
Indicator | Abbreviation | Formula | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Composition | |||
Percent of landscape | PLAND | Pi = proportion of the landscape occupied by patch type (class) i aij = area (m2) of patch ij A = total landscape area (m2) | Reflects the proportion of built-up surfaces to the total area of regional land. |
Configuration | |||
Mean patch area | AREA_MN | aij = area (m2) of patch ij N = total number of patches in the landscape | Reflects the patch area or size of each landscape type. |
Landscape shape index | LSI | E = total length of edge in landscape A = total landscape area | Measures the shape complexity of patches. |
Aggregation Index | AI | gii = number of like adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch type (class) i based on the single-count method. max→gii = maximum number of like adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch type (class) i based on the single-count method. | Assesses the spatial connectedness and aggregation of cells within a grid-cell patch. |
BTH | YRD | PRD | |
---|---|---|---|
PLAND | |||
2000 | 6.90 | 5.86 | 7.71 |
2010 | 8.14 | 8.51 | 9.14 |
2020 | 12.94 | 12.94 | 16.44 |
AREA_MN | |||
2000 | 47.41 | 41.27 | 106.96 |
2010 | 52.00 | 59.21 | 132.80 |
2020 | 71.86 | 83.45 | 147.85 |
LSI | |||
2000 | 192.60 | 191.20 | 70.16 |
2010 | 195.35 | 182.54 | 69.58 |
2020 | 213.60 | 196.47 | 92.49 |
AI | |||
2000 | 52.64 | 48.73 | 67.31 |
2010 | 55.80 | 59.39 | 70.25 |
2020 | 62.50 | 64.58 | 70.47 |
PLAND | AREA_MN | AI | LSI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.233 ** | 0.118 * | 0.268 ** | −0.396 ** |
Shanghai | 0.678 ** | 0.516 ** | 0.401 ** | −0.011 |
Guangzhou | 0.854 ** | 0.550 ** | 0.690 ** | −0.064 |
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Zhang, N.; Ye, H.; Wang, M.; Li, Z.; Li, S.; Li, Y. Response Relationship between the Regional Thermal Environment and Urban Forms during Rapid Urbanization (2000–2010–2020): A Case Study of Three Urban Agglomerations in China. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153749
Zhang N, Ye H, Wang M, Li Z, Li S, Li Y. Response Relationship between the Regional Thermal Environment and Urban Forms during Rapid Urbanization (2000–2010–2020): A Case Study of Three Urban Agglomerations in China. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(15):3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153749
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ninghui, Haipeng Ye, Miao Wang, Zehong Li, Shifeng Li, and Yu Li. 2022. "Response Relationship between the Regional Thermal Environment and Urban Forms during Rapid Urbanization (2000–2010–2020): A Case Study of Three Urban Agglomerations in China" Remote Sensing 14, no. 15: 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153749