Risk Zoning of Permafrost Thaw Settlement in the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Prediction Model of Permafrost Thaw Settlement
2.2.1. Determination of the Thaw Settlement Coefficient (A)
2.2.2. Prediction Model of Permafrost Thaw Depth (∆h)
2.3. Risk Classification of Thaw Settlement
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Thaw Depth
3.2. Risk Characteristics of Thaw Settlement
3.3. Influence Analysis of Ice Content
4. Discussion
4.1. Error Analysis of RBF Neural Network Models
4.2. Analysis of Influencing Factors of Thaw Settlement
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Large thaw depth areas were widely distributed in the Qinghai–Tibet engineering corridor, among which thaw depths of more than 9 m were mainly distributed in the Gaerqu River Basin and Riachiqu River Basin, and thaw depths of 6–9 m were mainly distributed in the Beiluhe River Basin, Riachiqu River Basin and Buqu River Basin regions.
- (2)
- Thaw settlement risk was divided into four risk levels, namely significant risk (I ≥ 0.5), high risk (0.25 ≤ I < 0.5), medium risk (0.1 ≤ I < 0.25) and low risk (I < 0.1) levels, with the areas of these four risk levels covering 3868.67 km2, 1594.21 km2, 2456.10 km2 and 558.78 km2, respectively. The main thaw settlement risk in the Qinghai–Tibet engineering corridor was the significant risk level, which was distributed across the Chumar River Basin, Beiluhe River Basin, Gaerqu River Basin and Tanggula Mountain regions.
- (3)
- Ice content was found to be the most significant influence factor of regional thaw settlement, while the elevation, surface temperature, vegetation index and latitude factors also had an impact on the thaw settlement, although their specific relationships with thaw settlement need to be further studied.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Source | Resolution |
---|---|---|
Elevation | SRTM DEM | 90 × 90 m |
Surface temperature | MOD11A2 (2000~2016) | 1000 × 1000 m |
Vegetation index (NDVI) | MOD13Q1 (2000~2016) | 250 × 250 m |
Ice Content | Ice-Poor | Icy Soil | Ice-Rich | Ice-Saturated | Ice Layer with Soil Inclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thaw settlement coefficient | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.065 | 0.175 | 0.25 |
Thaw Settlement/m | I < 0.1 | 0.1 ≤ I < 0.25 | 0.25 ≤ I < 0.5 | I ≥ 0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Risk classification | Low risk | Medium risk | High risk | Significant risk |
Evaluating Indicator | Mean Annual Ground Temperatures | Active-Layer Thicknesses |
---|---|---|
R2 | 0.81 | 0.84 |
MAE | 0.27 | 0.11 |
RMSE | 0.37 | 0.33 |
Impact Factor | Ice Content | Elevation | Equivalent Latitude | Surface Temperature | Vegetation Index | Latitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kunlun Mountains | 0.120 | 0.097 | −0.300 | 0.072 | 0.037 | −0.438 ** |
Chumar River Plain | 0.258 ** | −0.664 ** | 0.020 | 0.464 ** | 0.314 ** | −0.313 ** |
Hoh Xil Mountains | 0.582 ** | −0.441 ** | −0.116 ** | 0.328 ** | −0.410 ** | 0.209 ** |
Beiluhe Basin | 0.859 | −0.147 ** | −0.012 | 0.234 ** | −0.406 ** | −0.157 ** |
Fenghuo Mountains | 0.889 ** | −0.569 ** | −0.072 | 0.577 ** | −0.372 ** | 0.583 ** |
Chiqu Valley | 0.544 ** | −0.189 ** | 0.022 | 0.174 ** | −0.035 | −0.024 |
Wuli Basin | 0.250 ** | −0.259 ** | 0.040 | −0.087 | 0.035 | −0.160 * |
Tuotuohe Basin | 0.067 | −0.487 ** | 0.100 | 0.156 * | −0.388 ** | −0.026 |
Kaixinling Mountains | 0.160 ** | −0.043 | −0.159 ** | 0.061 | −0.096 | −0.739 ** |
Tongtianhe Basin | 0.074 | −0.179 ** | −0.135 ** | −0.110 ** | 0.230 ** | 0.670 ** |
Buqu River Valley | 0.194 ** | −0.548 ** | 0.072 * | 0.490 ** | −0.044 | 0.429 ** |
Wenquan Faulted Basin | −0.026 | −0.293 ** | 0.032 | 0.176 ** | 0.300 ** | −0.257 ** |
Tanggula Mountains | 0.054 * | −0.425 ** | −0.119 ** | 0.345 ** | 0.137 ** | −0.267 ** |
Touerjiu Mountains | 0.049 | −0.192 ** | −0.028 | 0.104 ** | 0.258 ** | −0.080 * |
Region | Mean Annual Ground Temperatures | Active-Layer Thicknesses | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig | F | Sig | |
Kunlun Mountains | 1.566 | 0.281 | 1.306 | 0.383 |
Chumar River Plain | 7.497 | 0 | 1.478 | 0.055 |
Hoh Xil Mountains | 2.654 | 0 | 3.418 | 0 |
Beiluhe Basin | 1.429 | 0.143 | 1.531 | 0.034 |
Fenghuo Mountains | 2.450 | 0.031 | 1.323 | 0.065 |
Chiqu Valley | 1.531 | 0.022 | 1.830 | 0 |
Wuli Basin | 1.312 | 0.212 | 2.470 | 0.001 |
Tuotuohe Basin | 5.885 | 0 | 7.846 | 0 |
Kaixinling Mountains | 1.579 | 0.001 | 1.795 | 0 |
Tongtianhe Basin | 6.594 | 0 | 5.145 | 0.116 |
Buqu River Valley | 1.304 | 0.035 | 2.421 | 0.002 |
Wenquan Faulted Basin | 8.307 | 0 | 11.073 | 0 |
Tanggula Mountains | 1.385 | 0.684 | 8.607 | 0 |
Touerjiu Mountains | 2.851 | 0.037 | 2.875 | 0.019 |
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Liu, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, J.; Cui, F.; Zhu, W.; Liu, J.; Yu, H. Risk Zoning of Permafrost Thaw Settlement in the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153913
Liu Z, Zhu Y, Chen J, Cui F, Zhu W, Liu J, Yu H. Risk Zoning of Permafrost Thaw Settlement in the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(15):3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153913
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zhiyun, Yu Zhu, Jianbing Chen, Fuqing Cui, Wu Zhu, Jine Liu, and Hui Yu. 2023. "Risk Zoning of Permafrost Thaw Settlement in the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor" Remote Sensing 15, no. 15: 3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153913