Robust Landslide Recognition Using UAV Datasets: A Case Study in Baihetan Reservoir
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Dataset
2.1. Study Area and Data Acquisition
2.2. Dataset Creation
2.3. Dataset Augmentation
3. Methods
3.1. DeepLabV3+
3.1.1. Model Architecture
3.1.2. The Dilated Convolution & ASPP Optimizations
3.2. DeepLab4LS: A Dual-Encoder DeepLab Model for Landslide
3.2.1. Basic Design of Model
3.2.2. Encoders Design
3.2.3. Model Architecture
- (1)
- Encoder1
- (2)
- Encoder2
- (3)
- Mixer
- (4)
- Decoder
3.2.4. Improved Loss Function
3.3. Training Strategy
3.4. Evaluation Metrics
4. Results
4.1. Segmentation Results and Comparison Experiments
4.2. Ablation Experiments
- (1)
- The contribution of the new combination of loss functions.
- (2)
- The contribution of the Mixer module.
- (3)
- The contribution of the dual-encoder architecture.
5. Discussion
5.1. Topographic Features in Landslide Segmentation
5.2. Mixer of DeepLab4LS Model
5.3. Loss Function in Landslide Segmentation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environment and Parameters | Name and Value |
---|---|
Development Environment | Python 3.7.13/PyTorch 1.10.1/NVIDIA CUDA 11.3 |
Epoch | 50 (freeze) + 450 (unfreeze) |
Batch Size | 8 (freeze)/4 (unfreeze) |
Optimizer | Stochastic gradient descent |
Momentum | 0.9 |
Weight Decay | 10−4 |
Learning Rate | 7 × 10−3 (beginning)/7 × 10−5 (minimum) |
Learning Rate Decay | Cosine annealing |
Optical Semantic Extraction Backbone | Topographic Semantic Extraction Backbone | mIoU (%) | mPA (%) | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MobileNetV2 | MobileNetV2 | 76.0 | 85.3 | 92.3 |
VGG-16 | 72.6 | 86.3 | 90.3 | |
ShuffleNetV2 | 75.5 | 83.7 | 92.4 | |
ResNet-18 | 74.1 | 84.1 | 91.5 | |
ResNet-50 | 74.8 | 83.7 | 92.0 |
Model | mIoU (%) | mPA (%) | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|
DeepLab4LS (with MobileNetV2 as the topographic backbone) | 76.0 | 85.3 | 92.3 |
DeepLabV3+ | 70.5 | 80.1 | 90.4 |
PSPNet | 70.5 | 81.2 | 90.1 |
SegFormer | 70.1 | 77.8 | 90.8 |
U-Net | 67.6 | 77.5 | 89.3 |
HRNet | 69.6 | 80.0 | 89.8 |
Base Model | Encoder1 | Encoder2 | Mixer | Loss Functions | mIoU (%) | mPA (%) | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DeepLab4LS (with MobileNetV2 as the topographic backbone) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | CE 2 + PE 3 | 76.0 | 85.3 | 92.3 |
✔ | ✔ | ✔ | CE | 72.2 | 81.2 | 91.1 | |
✔ | ✔ | ✔ | PE | 75.6 | 85.0 | 92.2 | |
✔ | ✔ | CE + PE | 74.4 | 81.7 | 92.2 | ||
✔ | CE + PE | 63.9 | 76.4 | 83.9 | |||
✔ 1 | CE + PE | 75.0 | 84.0 | 92.1 |
Base Model | Loss Functions | mIoU (%) | mPA (%) | Precision (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DeepLab4LS (with MobileNetV2 as the topographic backbone) | CE 1 | 72.7 | 81.5 | 91.3 |
CE + PE 2 | 76.0 | 85.3 | 92.3 | |
CE + dice | 72.9 | 81.5 | 91.5 | |
CE + classic SI 3 | 74.0 | 84.3 | 91.4 | |
CE + logarithmic SI 3 | 72.2 | 82.5 | 90.8 |
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Share and Cite
Li, Z.-H.; Shi, A.-C.; Xiao, H.-X.; Niu, Z.-H.; Jiang, N.; Li, H.-B.; Hu, Y.-X. Robust Landslide Recognition Using UAV Datasets: A Case Study in Baihetan Reservoir. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142558
Li Z-H, Shi A-C, Xiao H-X, Niu Z-H, Jiang N, Li H-B, Hu Y-X. Robust Landslide Recognition Using UAV Datasets: A Case Study in Baihetan Reservoir. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(14):2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142558
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhi-Hai, An-Chi Shi, Huai-Xian Xiao, Zi-Hao Niu, Nan Jiang, Hai-Bo Li, and Yu-Xiang Hu. 2024. "Robust Landslide Recognition Using UAV Datasets: A Case Study in Baihetan Reservoir" Remote Sensing 16, no. 14: 2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142558