Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Variation and Estimation of Citrus Tree under Two Labor-Saving Cultivation Modes Using Hyperspectral Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Experimental Design
2.2. Hyperspectral Data Acquisition
2.3. Determination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content of Citrus Leaves
2.4. Spectral Information
2.4.1. Vegetation Indices
2.4.2. First-Order Differential Spectral Acquisition
2.5. Machine Learning Algorithms and Random Forest Importance Ranking
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content in Citrus Leaves
3.2. RF, BPNN, SVM, and PLS Algorithms
3.3. Estimation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content by Cultivation Mode Using RF Algorithm
3.4. Estimation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content by Canopy Layer Using the RF Algorithm
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Canopy Layer and Cultivation Mode on Leaf N and P Contents of Citrus Trees
4.2. Effect of Canopy Layer and Cultivation Modes on Estimation of N and P Content
4.3. Limitations and Future Prospects
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Name | Formulation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Anthocyanin Reflectance Index | ARI2 = R803(1/R549 − 1/R702) | [34] |
2 | Transformed Chlorophyll Absorbtion Ratio | TCARI = (R700/R670)/((1 + 0.16) (R800 − R670)) | [35] |
3 | Transformed Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index | TSAVI = | [36] |
4 | Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | mNDVI705 = (R750 − R705)/(R705 + R705 − 2R445) | [36] |
5 | Photochemical Reflectance Index 570/515 | PRI(570,515) = (R570 − R515)/(R570 + R515) | [37] |
6 | Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index | ARVI = (R872 − R488)/(R872 − R488 + 2R661) | [38] |
7 | DATT4 | DATT4 = R672/(R550 × R708) | [39] |
8 | Derivative of Normalized Difference 1 | DND1 = (D742 − D529)/(D742 + D529) | [40] |
9 | Derivative of Normalized Difference 7 | DND7 = (D742 − D702)/(D742 + D702) | [40] |
10 | Derivative Maximum | DMAX42 = D712/D742 | [40] |
11 | Modified Simple Ratio | MSRCHL = (R800 − R445)/(R680 − R445) | [41] |
Band Area | Band Name | |
---|---|---|
Nitrogen inversion model | Visible light region | Band 458, Band 462, Band 466, Band 467, Band 481, Band 551, Band 555, Band 623, Band 653, Band 654, Band 661, Band 743 |
Near infrared region | Band 911, Band 926, Band 927, Band 949, Band 1017, Band 1023, Band 1034, Band 1035 | |
Phosphorus inversion model | Visible light region | Band 421, Band 430, Band 437, Band 446, Band 448, Band 453, Band 454, Band 460, Band 658, Band 660 |
Near infrared region | Band 985, Band 1018, Band 1019, Band 1027, Band 1038, Band 1040, Band 1042, Band 1055 |
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Li, D.; Hu, Q.; Zhang, J.; Dian, Y.; Hu, C.; Zhou, J. Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Variation and Estimation of Citrus Tree under Two Labor-Saving Cultivation Modes Using Hyperspectral Data. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3261. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173261
Li D, Hu Q, Zhang J, Dian Y, Hu C, Zhou J. Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Variation and Estimation of Citrus Tree under Two Labor-Saving Cultivation Modes Using Hyperspectral Data. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(17):3261. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173261
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Dasui, Qingqing Hu, Jinzhi Zhang, Yuanyong Dian, Chungen Hu, and Jingjing Zhou. 2024. "Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Variation and Estimation of Citrus Tree under Two Labor-Saving Cultivation Modes Using Hyperspectral Data" Remote Sensing 16, no. 17: 3261. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173261