Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from FY-3B/VIRR Data in an Arid Area of Northwestern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. The GSW Algorithm for FY-3B/VIRR
2.2. Obtaining GSW Algorithm Coefficients
2.3. Sensitivity Analysis
2.3.1. Sensitivity to Brightness Temperatures Uncertainty
2.3.2. Sensitivity to LSE Uncertainty
- (a)
- The values of α and the absolute values of β when LST ϵ [305, 325] K are larger than that those of LST ϵ [275, 295] K for each sub-range, implying that the emissivity sensitivity increases as LST increases, because the emissivity effect is compensated partially by the reflected downward atmospheric radiation.
- (b)
- The absolute values of β are two times greater than α in two LST sub-ranges in dry atmospheric conditions (Figure 5a,c) but are approximately the same in wet atmospheric conditions (Figure 5b,d), indicating that the GSW algorithm is more sensitive to uncertainty in ∆ε in dry atmospheric conditions. This finding is consistent with the emissivity sensitivity analysis for MODIS, where the sensitivity decreases as WVC increases because of the compensative effect of the reflected downward atmospheric thermal infrared radiation [45].
- (c)
- The value of α (absolute β) at VZA = 0° is approximately two times larger than that at VZA = 69° for a wet atmosphere but is the same for a dry atmosphere, implying that the effect of VZA on both α and β increases from dry to wet atmospheres.
2.3.3. Sensitivity Analysis to Atmospheric WVC
2.3.4. Root Sum Square (RSS) of Uncertainties
Uncertainties | Viewing Angle | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 20° | 40° | 60° | 69° | |
WVC ϵ [0, 1.5], LST ϵ [290, 310], ε ϵ [0.94, 1.00] | |||||
error in algorithm | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.33 |
0.01 error in (1 − ε)/ε and ∆ε/ε2 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.22 | 1.24 |
error due to ∆T and T45 (0.28 K) | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.85 |
±0.4 g/cm−2 error in WVC | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.34 |
RSS (K) | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 1.47 | 1.58 |
WVC ϵ [4, 5.5], LST ϵ [290, 310], ε ϵ [0.94, 1.00] | |||||
error in algorithm | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 1.36 | 2.27 |
0.01 error in (1 − ε)/ε and ∆ε/ε2 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.24 |
error due to ∆T and T45 (0.28 K) | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.19 | 1.54 | 1.75 |
10% error in WVC | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 1.27 | 1.29 |
RSS (K) | 1.41 | 1.46 | 1.66 | 2.44 | 3.15 |
3. Evaluation with Ground-Measured LST
3.1. Study Area and Datasets
Site | Latitude/Longitude | Elevation (m) | Land Cover | Land Cover type | Radiometers | Time Period (year/month/day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIRR | MODIS_IGBP | ||||||
GB | 38.9150°N 100.3042°E | 1567 | Gobi | 7, 16 | 10 | CNR1 | 2012/08/01–2013/12/31 |
SSW | 38.7892°N 100.4933°E | 1555 | Sand dune | 16 | 10 | CNR1 | 2012/06/08–2013/12/31 |
HZZ | 38.7652°N 100.3186°E | 1735 | Desert steppe | 7, 16, 10 | 10 | SI-111 | 2012/06/04–2013/12/31 |
JCHM | 38.7781°N 100.6967°E | 1625 | Desert steppe | 16 | 10 | SI-111 | 2012/06/29–2013/12/31 |
3.2. Ground-Measured LST Estimation
3.3. The LST Retrieval
3.3.1. Calculations of LSE
Site | εAG1km | ΔεAG1km | ε2012 | Δε2012 | εspec. | Δεspec. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GB | 0.966 | −0.009 | 0.966 | −0.010 | 0.971 | −0.009 |
SSW | 0.955 | −0.018 | 0.957 | −0.019 | 0.971 | −0.009 |
HZZ | 0.971 | −0.005 | 0.975 | −0.006 | 0.971 | −0.009 |
JCHM | 0.967 | −0.008 | 0.975 | −0.006 | 0.971 | −0.009 |
3.3.2. Determination of the TOA BT
3.4. Results and Discussion
Site | Bias | STD | RMSE | N | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAG1km − Tg | T2012 − Tg | TSpec − Tg | TAG1km − Tg | T2012 − Tg | TSpec − Tg | TAG1km − Tg | T2012 − Tg | TSpec − Tg | ||
GB | −0.28 | −0.17 | −0.47 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.38 | 1.45 | 279 |
SSW | −0.08 | −0.08 | −1.77 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 2.14 | 271 |
HZZ | 0.61 | 0.54 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.73 | 1.71 | 1.94 | 235 |
JCHM | −0.30 | −0.84 | −0.31 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.41 | 1.17 | 290 |
ALL | −0.04 | −0.17 | −0.41 | 1.38 | 1.42 | 1.65 | 1.38 | 1.43 | 1.70 | 1075 |
Site | Bias | STD | RMSE | N | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAG1km − Tg | T2012 − Tg | TSpec − Tg | TAG1km − Tg | T2012 − Tg | TSpec − Tg | TAG1km − Tg | T2012 − Tg | TSpec − Tg | ||
GB | −1.60 | −1.50 | −1.85 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 2.60 | 2.54 | 2.76 | 207 |
SSW | −0.10 | −0.12 | −2.05 | 2.22 | 2.22 | 2.10 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.93 | 229 |
HZZ | −1.17 | −1.28 | −0.70 | 2.71 | 2.71 | 2.70 | 2.95 | 2.99 | 2.78 | 202 |
JCHM | −2.23 | −2.89 | −2.28 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 1.95 | 2.96 | 3.51 | 3.00 | 221 |
ALL | −1.26 | −1.44 | −1.74 | 2.38 | 2.47 | 2.29 | 2.69 | 2.85 | 2.87 | 859 |
Site | Bias | Std |
---|---|---|
GB | 16.81 | 3.30 |
SSW | 21.62 | 2.91 |
HZZ | 19.86 | 5.83 |
Variable | All | GB | SSW | HZZ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | R2 | R2 | R2 | |||||
Daytime | Nighttime | Daytime | Nighttime | Daytime | Nighttime | Daytime | Nighttime | |
VZA | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.050 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0 |
Soil Water Content | 0 | 0.013 | 0 | 0.021 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.055 | 0.003 |
Surface Air Humidity | 0.013 | 0 | 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.099 | 0.030 | 0.004 |
Wind Speed | 0.013 | 0 | 0.007 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.029 | 0.004 |
Tair | 0.012 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.208 | 0.001 | 0.028 | 0.004 |
Tg | 0.073 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 0.193 | 0.004 | 0.201 | 0.002 |
Tg − Tair | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.063 | 0.009 | 0.121 | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jiang, J.; Li, H.; Liu, Q.; Wang, H.; Du, Y.; Cao, B.; Zhong, B.; Wu, S. Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from FY-3B/VIRR Data in an Arid Area of Northwestern China. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 7080-7104. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70607080
Jiang J, Li H, Liu Q, Wang H, Du Y, Cao B, Zhong B, Wu S. Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from FY-3B/VIRR Data in an Arid Area of Northwestern China. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(6):7080-7104. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70607080
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Jinxiong, Hua Li, Qinhuo Liu, Heshun Wang, Yongming Du, Biao Cao, Bo Zhong, and Shanlong Wu. 2015. "Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from FY-3B/VIRR Data in an Arid Area of Northwestern China" Remote Sensing 7, no. 6: 7080-7104. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70607080