Bohai Sea Ice Parameter Estimation Based on Thermodynamic Ice Model and Earth Observation Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of Previous Studies on Sea Ice Concentration and Thickness Retrieval
1.1.1. Sea Ice Concentration
1.1.2. Sea Ice Thickness
2. Study Area
3. Data Sets and Their Processing
3.1. RADARSAT-2 SAR
3.1.1. SAR Data Pre-Processing
3.1.2. SAR Features
3.2. AMSR2 Radiometer
3.3. HJ-1B Optical Imagery
3.4. MODIS Spectrometer Imagery
3.4.1. MODIS Ice Thickness Charts
3.4.2. MODIS Optical Imagery Open-Water-Sea Ice Chart
3.5. In-Situ Data
3.6. Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model HIGHTSI
4. Estimation of Sea Ice Concentration and Thickness
4.1. Background Ice Thickness Fields Based on HIGHTSI and AMSR2 Radiometer Data
4.2. Sea Ice Concentration Estimation and Ice/Open-Water Discrimination Based on SAR Imagery
4.2.1. Linear Model Between in-Situ SIC and SAR Data
4.2.2. SIC Estimation with a Neural Network Approach
4.2.3. Evaluation of the SIC Estimates
4.3. Ice Thickness Estimation Based on the Background Field and SAR
Evaluation of the SIT Estimates Using MODIS SIT
5. Bohai Sea Ice Volume
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Acquisition Start Time (UTC) | Orbit | Center (Lat, Long) () |
---|---|---|---|
2 January 2013 | 09:56:20 | Ascending | 38.85 N, 120.05 E |
6 January 2013 | 21:53:00 | Descending | 38.89N, 122.89E |
9 January 2013 | 22:06:16 | Descending | 39.18N, 119.79E |
16 January 2013 | 22:02:01 | Descending | 39.29N, 120.87E |
23 January 2013 | 21:57:52 | Descending | 39.16N, 121.88E |
26 January 2013 | 09:56:29 | Ascending | 39.44N, 119.91E |
2 February 2013 | 22:06:14 | Descending | 39.27N, 119.81E |
9 February 2013 | 22:02:01 | Descending | 39.30N, 120.86E |
12 February 2013 | 10:00:38 | Ascending | 39.27N, 118.90E |
16 February 2013 | 21:57:51 | Descending | 39.14N, 121.88E |
19 February 2013 | 09:56:17 | Ascending | 38.76N, 120.08E |
Date (2013) | Time (UTC) | Thickness (cm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Platform | JX1-1 | JZ9-3 | JZ20-2 | JZ25-1S | |
2 January 2013 | 09:55 | 4–7 | 10–25 | ||
6 January 2013 | 21:53 | 6–13 | 10–20 | ||
9 January 2013 | 22:05 | 10–18 | 20–40 | ||
16 January 2013 | 22:01 | 2–7 | 10–20 | 5–20 | |
23 January 2013 | 21:57 | 5–9 | 5–10 | 5–15 | |
26 January 2013 | 09:55 | 5–10 | 4–10 | 3–8 | 5–15 |
2 Fabruary 2013 | 22:05 | 5–10 | 7–25 | 3–12 | 15–30 |
9 February 2013 | 22:01 | 10–30 | 20 | 5–15 | 5–15 |
12 February 2013 | 09:59 | 10–30 | 20 | 5–15 | 10–25 |
16 February 2013 | 21:58 | 10–30 | 15–40 | 10–25 |
Data Set | Bias | Absolute Error | MSE | R |
---|---|---|---|---|
train | 10.8 | 17.6 | 28.2 | 0.64 |
test | −0.65 | 15.7 | 26.9 | 0.64 |
Features: | ||||
Set | Bias (cm) | Abs. Error (cm) | MSE (cm) | R |
Train | 0.25 | 2.89 | 4.13 | 0.71 |
Test | −1.21 | 3.53 | 4.17 | 0.74 |
Features: , | ||||
Train | 0.08 | 2.39 | 3.48 | 0.79 |
Test | −2.97 | 4.08 | 5.27 | 0.62 |
Features: , | ||||
Train | 0.11 | 2.35 | 2.98 | 0.85 |
Test | −0.72 | 3.74 | 4.72 | 0.57 |
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Karvonen, J.; Shi, L.; Cheng, B.; Similä, M.; Mäkynen, M.; Vihma, T. Bohai Sea Ice Parameter Estimation Based on Thermodynamic Ice Model and Earth Observation Data. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030234
Karvonen J, Shi L, Cheng B, Similä M, Mäkynen M, Vihma T. Bohai Sea Ice Parameter Estimation Based on Thermodynamic Ice Model and Earth Observation Data. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(3):234. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030234
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarvonen, Juha, Lijian Shi, Bin Cheng, Markku Similä, Marko Mäkynen, and Timo Vihma. 2017. "Bohai Sea Ice Parameter Estimation Based on Thermodynamic Ice Model and Earth Observation Data" Remote Sensing 9, no. 3: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030234