Plasma 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Is Not Associated with Either Cognitive Function or Academic Performance in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Cognitive Function Tests and Students’ Academic Performance
2.2. Blood Collection and Biochemical Analyses
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Association between 25-OH-D and Cognitive Function
3.2. Association between 25-OH-D and Academic Performance
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
25-OH-D | 25-hydroxy vitamin D |
ASC | age-adjusted standard score |
CAP | College of American Pathologists |
LC-MS/MS | liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry |
PTH | parathyroid hormone |
RCT | randomized control trials |
SP | school performance |
SPM | Standard Progressive Matrices |
VD | vitamin D |
VDR | vitamin D receptors |
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Characteristics | ||
---|---|---|
Age in years, Mean (SD) years | 12.4 | (0.9) |
n | (%) | |
Gender | ||
Male | 674 | (49.2) |
Nationality | ||
Kuwaiti | 1047 | (76.4) |
Non-Kuwait | 323 | (23.6) |
Father’s Education 1 | ||
No formal education | 15 | (1.11) |
Primary/Intermediate | 215 | (16.1) |
Secondary (high school) | 330 | (24.7) |
Diploma | 251 | (18.8) |
University & above | 526 | (39.3) |
Mother’s Education 2 | ||
No formal education | 31 | (2.3) |
Primary/Intermediate | 145 | (10.7) |
Secondary (high school) | 294 | (21.9) |
Diploma | 293 | (21.7) |
University & above | 587 | (43.5) |
Father’s Income 3 (Kuwaiti Dinars) | ||
Less than 500 | 89 | (6.7) |
500 to 1000 | 291 | (22.0) |
1001 to 1500 | 414 | (31.3) |
1501 to 2000 | 213 | (16.1) |
More than 2000 | 164 | (12.4) |
Do not wish to tell | 153 | (11.6) |
Mother’s Employment Status 4 | ||
Housewife | 466 | (34.7) |
Paid employment | 664 | (49.5) |
Others | 212 | (15.8) |
Housing 5 | ||
Rented flat | 499 | (36.9) |
Rented house | 159 | (11.8) |
Owned flat | 55 | (4.1) |
Owned house | 638 | (47.2) |
Vitamin D Status | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | |
25-OH-D levels nmol/L | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 |
[−0.02, 0.08] | [−0.04, 0.07] | [−0.05, 0.06] | [−0.05, 0.06] | [−0.07, 0.05] | |
p-value | 0.23 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.73 |
Q1 (25-OH-D < 19.2 nmol/L) (n = 337) | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
Q2 (25-OH-D ≥ 19.2 to <29.7 nmol/L) (n = 346) | 0.86 | 1.12 | −0.39 | 1.15 | 0.82 |
[−2.65, 4.38] | [−2.32, 4.58] | [−4.28, 3.49] | [−2.29, 4.59] | [−2.82, 4.46] | |
Q3 (25-OH-D from 29.7 to <44.1 nmol/L) (n = 344) | 2.67 | 2.29 | −0.26 | 2.69 | 0.84 |
[−0.86, 6.19] | [−1.43, 6.02] | [−6.25−5.72] | [−1.03, 6.41] | [−3.24, 4.92] | |
Q4 (25-OH-D ≥ 44.1 nmol/L) (n = 343) | 2.91 | 0.95 | −0.70 | 0.50 | −0.42 |
[−0.62, 6.43] | [−3.00, 4.90] | [−7.92, 6.53] | [−3.47, 4.47] | [−4.82, 4.01] | |
p-value | 0.30 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.88 |
Severe deficiency (25-OH-D < 25 nmol/L) (n = 544) | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
Deficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 25 to <50 nmol/L) (n = 572) | 2.28 | 2.52 | 2.70 | 2.71 | 1.36 |
[−0.46, 5.04] | [−0.39, 5.44] | [0.22, 5.63] | [−0.22, 5.63] | [−1.86, 4.59] | |
Insufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 50 to <75 nmol/L) (n = 205) | 1.40 | −0.66 | −0.93 | −0.94 | −1.53 |
[−2.36, 5.16] | [−4.66, 3.34] | [−4.94, 3.09] | [−4.97, 3.08] | [−6.01, 2.94] | |
Sufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 75 nmol/L) (n = 49) | 5.46 | 4.98 | 2.79 | 3.02 | 1.47 |
[−1.39, 12.31] | [−1.96, 11.92] | [−4.16, 9.74] | [−3.93, 9.98] | [−5.96, 8.91] | |
p-value | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.48 |
Vitamin D Status | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | β [95%CI] | |
25-OH-D levels nmol/L | 0.02 | −0.00 | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
[−0.01, 0.06] | [−0.03, 0.03] | [−0.04, 0.03] | [−0.04, 0.03] | [−0.04, 0.03] | |
p-value | 0.22 | 0.94 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.69 |
Q1 (25-OH-D < 19.2 nmol/L) (n = 337) | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
Q2 (25-OH-D ≥19.2 to <29.7 nmol/L) (n = 346) | 1.10 | 1.61 | 2.01 | 1.66 | 1.74 |
[−1.54, 3.74] | [−0.34, 3.57] | [0.01, 4.01] | [−0.42, 3.75] | [−0.33, 3.80] | |
Q3 (25-OH-D from 29.7 to <44.1 nmol/L) (n = 344) | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.94 |
[−2.15, 2.95] | [−1.58, 2.99] | [−1.26, 3.21] | [−1.39, 3.20] | [−1.41, 3.30] | |
Q4 (25-OH-D ≥ 44.1 nmol/L) (n = 343) | 2.60 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 1.40 | 1.67 |
[0.06, 5.25] | [−1.51, 3.14] | [−1.38, 3.38] | [−1.03, 3.83] | [−0.86, 4.19] | |
p-value | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.36 |
Severe deficiency (25-OH-D < 25 nmol/L) (n = 544) | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
Deficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 25 to <50 nmol/L) (n = 572) | −0.30 | −1.36 | −0.84 | −0.99 | −0.94 |
[−2.35, 1.75] | [−3.04, 0.32] | [−2.65, 0.96] | [−2.73, 0.73] | [−2.88, 0.99] | |
Insufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 50 to <75 nmol/L) (n = 205) | 2.30 | −0.34 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.38 |
[−0.33, 4.93] | [−2.46, 1.77] | [−2.51, 1.88] | [−1.89, 2.47] | [−1.97, 2.73] | |
Sufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 75 nmol/L) (n = 49) | 3.10 | −1.71 | −1.27 | −2.12 | −1.99 |
[−0.83, 7.03] | [−5.15, 1.73] | [−5.39, 2.84] | [−5.99, 1.74] | [−5.86, 1.89] | |
p-value | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.78 | 0.35 | 0.45 |
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Rahman, A.; Al-Taiar, A.; Shaban, L.; Al-Sabah, R.; Al-Harbi, A.; Mojiminiyi, O. Plasma 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Is Not Associated with Either Cognitive Function or Academic Performance in Adolescents. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091197
Rahman A, Al-Taiar A, Shaban L, Al-Sabah R, Al-Harbi A, Mojiminiyi O. Plasma 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Is Not Associated with Either Cognitive Function or Academic Performance in Adolescents. Nutrients. 2018; 10(9):1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091197
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Abdur, Abdullah Al-Taiar, Lemia Shaban, Reem Al-Sabah, Anwar Al-Harbi, and Olusegun Mojiminiyi. 2018. "Plasma 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Is Not Associated with Either Cognitive Function or Academic Performance in Adolescents" Nutrients 10, no. 9: 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091197