Dietary Folate Intake Is Negatively Associated with Excess Body Weight in Brazilian Graduates and Postgraduates (CUME Project)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coorte de Universidades MinEiras: Projeto CUME
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.4. Diagnosis of Excess Body Weight and Obesity
2.5. Biological Material Collection
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Consumption of B Vitamins and Contributing Foods
3.2. Folate Intake and Excess Body Weigh
3.3. Serum Folate, Dietary Folate and Homocysteine in Subsample
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics [n (%)] | Without Excess Body Weight | With Excess Body Weight | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
n = 1667 | n = 1028 | ||
Age | |||
<40 years | 1278 (76.7) | 644 (62.6) | <0.001 |
≥40 years | 389 (23.3) | 384 (37.4) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 370 (22.2) | 431 (41.9) | <0.001 |
Female | 1297 (77.8) | 597 (58.1) | |
Civil status | |||
Married or stable union | 775 (46.5) | 557 (54.2) | <0.001 |
Single, separated/divorced, widower | 892 (53.5) | 471 (45.8) | |
Practice of physical activity | |||
Yes | 1306 (78.3) | 744 (72.4) | <0.001 |
No | 361 (21.7) | 284 (27.6) | |
Consumption of alcoholic beverage | |||
Yes | 1207 (72.4) | 781 (76.0) | 0.041 |
No | 460 (27.6) | 247 (24.0) | |
Use of vitamin supplement | |||
Yes | 496 (30.0) | 258 (25.3) | 0.009 |
No | 1155 (70.0) | 760 (74.7) | |
Smoking | |||
Yes | 292 (17.5) | 252 (24.5) | <0.001 |
No | 1375 (82.5) | 776 (75.5) | |
TV time per day | |||
≤1 h | 1015 (60.9) | 513 (49.9) | <0.001 |
>1 h | 651 (39.1) | 515 (50.1) |
Folate | Vitamin B6 | Vitamin B12 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food | (%) | Food | (%) | Food | (%) |
Beans/Lentil | 23.45 | Banana | 11.08 | Cheese | 13.98 |
French Bread | 10.01 | Pork | 5.14 | Beef | 11.97 |
Papaya | 3.93 | Beef | 4.67 | Fish | 8.03 |
Brown bread | 3.46 | Loaf bread | 4.65 | Sardine/Tuna fish | 6.85 |
Loaf bread | 3.43 | Beans/Lentil | 4.35 | Whole milk | 6.66 |
Cheese bread | 3.27 | Cooked potato | 4.22 | Skimmed milk | 6.14 |
Avocado | 3.08 | Natural juice | 3.36 | Egg | 5.71 |
Banana | 2.96 | Orange/Tangerine | 3.32 | Salmon | 4.46 |
Orange/Tangerine | 2.79 | Avocado | 2.56 | Fried snacks | 4.28 |
Cress/Cabbage/Arugula/Spinach | 2.57 | Salmon | 2.42 | Nonfat yogurt | 3.92 |
Sweet bread | 2.05 | Cassava/Yam | 2.26 | Yogurt | 3.23 |
Egg | 1.89 | Beer | 2.25 | Viscera | 2.75 |
Tomato | 1.62 | Brown bread | 2.04 | Semi-skimmed milk | 2.74 |
Pizza | 1.53 | French Bread | 2.01 | Pork | 2.74 |
Lettuce/Chard | 1.43 | Chocolate powder | 1.91 | Pizza | 2.22 |
Chickpeas | 1.40 | Chili | 1.86 | Milk chocolate/Bonbon/Chocolate truffle | 1.56 |
Guava | 1.28 | Skimmed milk | 1.84 | Franfurter/Sousage | 1.58 |
Hot dog/Hamburger | 1.19 | Whole rice | 1.71 | Morning cereal | 1.38 |
Morning cereal | 1.17 | Whole milk | 1.57 | Hot dog/Hamburger | 1.29 |
Beet | 1.16 | Tomato | 1.46 | Ice cream | 1.00 |
Cassava/Yam | 1.16 | Peanut/Chestnuts/Walnuts | 1.38 | - | - |
Peanut/Chestnuts/Walnuts | 1.10 | Apple | 1.32 | - | - |
Beer | 1.04 | Egg | 1.31 | - | - |
- | - | Fish | 1.24 | - | - |
- | - | Papaya | 1.22 | - | - |
- | - | Pizza | 1.11 | - | - |
- | - | Fried snacks | 1.06 | - | - |
- | - | Lettuce/Chard | 1.03 | - | - |
- | - | Morning cereal | 1.00 | - | - |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RP (IC95%) | p Value | RP (IC95%) | p Value | |||
Excess body weight † | ||||||
Folate (μg/d) | ||||||
T1 < 407.95 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 407.95–511.12 | 0.75 (0.67–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | <0.001 | ||
T3 > 511.12 | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | <0.001 | ||
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | ||||||
T1 < 1.50 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 1.50–1.79 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.332 | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 0.999 | ||
T3 > 1.79 | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.032 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.112 | ||
Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | ||||||
T1 < 3.16 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 3.16–4.50 | 0.98 (0.88–1.11) | 0.860 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.570 | ||
T3 > 4.50 | 1.00 (0.90–1.13) | 0.878 | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 0.385 | ||
Obesity † | ||||||
Folate (μg/d) | ||||||
T1 < 407.95 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 407.95–511.12 | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.46–0.81) | 0.001 | ||
T3 > 511.12 | 0.58 (0.45–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.45–0.78) | <0.001 | ||
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | ||||||
T1 <1.50 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 1.50–1.79 | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.382 | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) | 0.608 | ||
T3 >1.79 | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.043 | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.286 | ||
Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | ||||||
T1 <3.16 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 3.16–4.50 | 1.04 (0.78–1.38) | 0.761 | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | 0.122 | ||
T3 > 4.50 | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 0.976 | 1.17 (0.88–1.55) | 0.261 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RP (IC95%) | p Value | RP (IC95%) | p Value | |||
Excess body weight † | ||||||
Male | ||||||
T1 < 453.51 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 453.51–585.39 | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.033 | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.032 | ||
T3 > 585.39 | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 0.024 | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.036 | ||
Female | ||||||
T1 < 388.78 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 388.78–480.99 | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | 0.003 | ||
T3 > 480.99 | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.63–0.87) | <0.001 | ||
Obesity † | ||||||
Male | ||||||
T1 < 453.51 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 453.51–585.39 | 0.58 (0.38–0.88) | 0.012 | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.012 | ||
T3 > 585.39 | 0.51 (0.33–0.80) | 0.003 | 0.50 (0.32–0.79) | 0.003 | ||
Female | ||||||
T1 < 388.78 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
T2 388.78–480.99 | 0.65 (0.44–0.95) | 0.030 | 0.78 (0.52–1.71) | 0.234 | ||
T3 > 480.99 | 0.55 (0.36–0.82) | 0.003 | 0.57 (0.37–0.86) | 0.009 |
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Pereira, G.A.; Bressan, J.; Oliveira, F.L.P.; Sant’Ana, H.M.P.; Pimenta, A.M.; Lopes, L.L.; Hermsdorff, H.H.M. Dietary Folate Intake Is Negatively Associated with Excess Body Weight in Brazilian Graduates and Postgraduates (CUME Project). Nutrients 2019, 11, 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030518
Pereira GA, Bressan J, Oliveira FLP, Sant’Ana HMP, Pimenta AM, Lopes LL, Hermsdorff HHM. Dietary Folate Intake Is Negatively Associated with Excess Body Weight in Brazilian Graduates and Postgraduates (CUME Project). Nutrients. 2019; 11(3):518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030518
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Gabriela A., Josefina Bressan, Fernando Luiz P. Oliveira, Helena Maria P. Sant’Ana, Adriano M. Pimenta, Lílian L. Lopes, and Helen Hermana M. Hermsdorff. 2019. "Dietary Folate Intake Is Negatively Associated with Excess Body Weight in Brazilian Graduates and Postgraduates (CUME Project)" Nutrients 11, no. 3: 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030518