Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions

Kiousi, Despoina E.; Karapetsas, Athanasios; Karolidou, Kyriaki; Panayiotidis, Mihalis I.; Pappa, Aglaia; Galanis, Alex

doi:10.3390/nu11040788

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Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions

by

Despoina E. Kiousi

¹,

Athanasios Karapetsas

^1,†,

Kyriaki Karolidou

¹,

Mihalis I. Panayiotidis

²

,

Aglaia Pappa

¹

and

Alex Galanis

^1,*

¹

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece

²

Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

Current address: MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.

Nutrients 2019, 11(4), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040788

Submission received: 2 March 2019 / Revised: 26 March 2019 / Accepted: 2 April 2019 / Published: 5 April 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits of Traditional and Next Generation Probiotics)

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Abstract

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host. Their positive supplementation outcomes on several gastrointestinal disorders are well defined. Nevertheless, their actions are not limited to the gut, but may also impart their beneficial effects at distant sites and organs. In this regard, in this review article we: (i) comprehensively describe the main mechanisms of action of probiotics at distant sites, including bones, skin, and brain; (ii) critically present their therapeutic potential against bone, skin, and neuronal diseases (e.g., osteoporosis, non-healing wounds and autoimmune skin illnesses, mood, behavior, memory, and cognitive impairments); (iii) address the current gaps in the preclinical and clinical research; and (iv) indicate new research directions and suggest future investigations.

Keywords: probiotics; gastrointestinal; skin; bone; neuronal disease; microbiota

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kiousi, D.E.; Karapetsas, A.; Karolidou, K.; Panayiotidis, M.I.; Pappa, A.; Galanis, A. Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions. Nutrients 2019, 11, 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040788

AMA Style

Kiousi DE, Karapetsas A, Karolidou K, Panayiotidis MI, Pappa A, Galanis A. Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions. Nutrients. 2019; 11(4):788. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040788

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kiousi, Despoina E., Athanasios Karapetsas, Kyriaki Karolidou, Mihalis I. Panayiotidis, Aglaia Pappa, and Alex Galanis. 2019. "Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions" Nutrients 11, no. 4: 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040788

APA Style

Kiousi, D. E., Karapetsas, A., Karolidou, K., Panayiotidis, M. I., Pappa, A., & Galanis, A. (2019). Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions. Nutrients, 11(4), 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040788

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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