Association between Adherence to the Antioxidant-Rich Mediterranean Diet and Sensory Processing Profile in School-Aged Children: The Spanish Cross-Sectional InProS Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Procedure
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Lifestyle of Maternal, Parternal, and Child’s Characteristics
3.2. Association Between Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Prevalence of Atypical Sensory Processing
3.3. Association between Components of KIDMED Index and Atypical Sensory Processing
3.4. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Sensory Profile 3 | p-Value 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Typical: n; % | Atypical: n; % | |||
409; 70.2 | 174; 29.8 | |||
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Age (years), median (IR) | 38 (35, 41) | 38 (35, 41) | 37 (33, 41) | 0.169 × 10−2 |
Country of birth (Spain), % | 84.7 | 89.2 | 74.1 | 0.349 × 10−5 |
Education (university studies), % | 40.8 | 43.8 | 33.9 | 0.054 |
Employment (yes), % | 69.3 | 73.8 | 59.2 | 0.563 × 10−3 |
Paternal characteristics 1 | ||||
Age (years), median (IR) | 40 (37, 43) | 40 (37, 43) | 40 (36, 43) | 0.149 |
Country of birth (Spain), % | 83.3 | 87.6 | 73.0 | 0.936 × 10−4 |
Education (university studies), % | 33.1 | 36.8 | 24.2 | 0.017 |
Employment (yes), % | 89.5 | 89.8 | 88.8 | 0.743 |
Child characteristics | ||||
Age (years), median (IR) | 5 (4, 6) | 5 (4, 6) | 5 (4, 6) | 0.342 |
Sex (female), % | 49.4 | 54.0 | 38.5 | 0.785 × 10−3 |
Body mass index 2, median (IR) | 16.0 (14.5, 17.4) | 15.7 (14.3, 17.4) | 16.0 (15.0, 17.4) | 0.096 |
Sleep (h/day), median (IR) | 10.0 (9.3, 10.3) | 10.0 (9.4, 10.3) | 10.0 (9.3,10.4) | 0.401 |
Sleep quality (poor), % | 10.3 | 4.4 | 24.1 | 0.115 × 10−11 |
TV watching (h/day), median (IR) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.6) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.3) | 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) | 0.291 × 10−4 |
Physical activity (active/very active), % | 61.4 | 58.7 | 67.8 | 0.041 |
Adherence to Mediterranean Diet (KIDMED) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (0–7 Points) | Medium (8 Points) | High (9–12 Points) | p-Trend 1 | Two-Point Increase | |||||||
n Cases | n Cases | PR 2 (95% CI) | p-Value | n Cases | PR 2 (95% CI) | p-Value | n Cases | PR 2 (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
SSP total score (atypical; <155 points) | 100 | 27 | 0.77 (0.54; 1.12) | 0.175 | 47 | 0.83 (0.62; 1.10) | 0.187 | 0.236 | 174 | 0.90 (0.80; 1.02) | 0.097 |
Tactile sensitivity (atypical; <30 points) | 44 | 8 | 0.50 (0.25; 0.99) | 0.049 | 15 | 0.58 (0.34; 0.99) | 0.049 | 0.122 | 67 | 0.81 (0.64; 1.02) | 0.079 |
Taste/smell sensitivity (atypical; <15 points) | 64 | 13 | 0.57 (0.33; 0.99) | 0.048 | 12 | 0.33 (0.19; 0.60) | 0.257 × 10−3 | 0.372 × 10−3 | 89 | 0.71 (0.59; 0.85) | 0.201 × 10−3 |
Movement sensitivity (atypical; <13 points) | 73 | 22 | 0.77 (0.51; 1.17) | 0.225 | 38 | 0.84 (0.60; 1.18) | 0.323 | 0.359 | 133 | 0.91 (0.78; 1.06) | 0.221 |
Underresponsive/seek sensation (atypical; <26 points) | 148 | 56 | 1.03 (0.83; 1.27) | 0.822 | 82 | 0.90 (0.75; 1.09) | 0.291 | 0.520 | 286 | 0.99 (0.92; 1.08) | 0.894 |
Auditory filtering (atypical; <23 points) | 131 | 56 | 1.11 (0.89; 1.39) | 0.357 | 72 | 0.88 (0.71; 1.09) | 0.254 | 0.476 | 259 | 1.02 (0.93; 1.11) | 0.723 |
Low energy/weak (atypical; <26 points) | 47 | 6 | 0.37 (0.16; 0.83) | 0.015 | 19 | 0.79 (0.48; 1.29) | 0.344 | 0.282 | 72 | 0.80 (0.64; 0.99) | 0.049 |
Visual/auditory sensitivity (atypical; <19 points) | 75 | 25 | 0.88 (0.59; 1.30) | 0.513 | 52 | 1.16 (0.86; 1.56) | 0.330 | 0.358 | 152 | 0.96 (0.83; 1.11) | 0.578 |
Atypical Sensory Processing | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accomplishment vs. No Accomplishment | Tactile Sensitivity | Taste/Smell Sensitivity | Low Energy/Weak | |||
(<30 Points) | (<15 Points) | (<26 Points) | ||||
PR 1 (CI 95%) | p-Value | PR 1 (CI 95%) | p-Value | PR 1 (CI 95%) | p-Value | |
Takes a fruit or fruit juice every day | 1.66 (0.94; 2.94) | 0.081 | 2.53 (1.69; 3.80) | 0.712 × 10−5 | 0.55 (0.25; 1.21) | 0.134 |
Has a second fruit every day | 1.54 (0.98; 2.44) | 0.062 | 1.42 (0.94; 2.15) | 0.094 | 0.87 (0.57; 1.33) | 0.515 |
Has fresh or cooked vegetables regularly once a day | 1.61 (1.03; 2.53) | 0.038 | 1.60 (1.08; 2.36) | 0.018 | 1.64 (1.09; 2.46) | 0.018 |
Has fresh or cooked vegetables more than once a day | 1.17 (0.72; 1.89) | 0.526 | 1.49 (0.96; 2.31) | 0.072 | 1.17 (0.74; 1.83) | 0.502 |
Consumes fish regularly (at least 2–3 times per week) | 0.94 (0.56; 1.60) | 0.829 | 1.68 (1.14; 2.48) | 0.009 | 1.19 (0.77; 1.85) | 0.430 |
Goes more than once a week to a fast-food restaurant 2 | 0.72 (0.40; 1.28) | 0.259 | 0.95 (0.54; 1.69) | 0.869 | 0.71 (0.41; 1.23) | 0.224 |
Likes pulses and eats them more than once a week | 1.05 (0.63; 1.74) | 0.853 | 1.87 (1.28; 2.73) | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.75; 1.84) | 0.488 |
Consumes pasta or rice almost every day (≥5 times per week) | 0.91 (0.57; 1.44) | 0.682 | 1.03 (0.70; 1.53) | 0.868 | 1.20 (0.77; 1.85) | 0.421 |
Has cereals or grains (bread, etc.) for breakfast | 1.98 (1.29; 3.05) | 0.002 | 1.37 (0.93; 2.02) | 0.110 | 1.19 (0.74; 1.90) | 0.470 |
Consumes nuts regularly (at least 2–3 times per week) | 0.95 (0.60; 1.51) | 0.830 | 0.64 (0.44; 0.93) | 0.020 | 1.13 (0.74; 1.74) | 0.565 |
Uses olive oil at home | 2.00 (1.02; 3.93) | 0.043 | 2.21 (1.31; 3.73) | 0.003 | 1.97 (1.06; 3.63) | 0.031 |
Skips breakfast 2 | 0.69 (0.30; 1.60) | 0.391 | 0.69 (0.35; 1.37) | 0.285 | 0.92 (0.39; 2.18) | 0.844 |
Has a dairy product for breakfast (yoghurt, milk, etc.) | 0.70 (0.27; 1.85) | 0.478 | 0.40 (0.13; 1.26) | 0.117 | 0.49 (0.19; 1.28) | 0.144 |
Has commercially baked goods or pastries for breakfast 2 | 1.73 (0.86; 3.49) | 0.125 | 1.24 (0.71; 2.17) | 0.449 | 0.59 (0.34; 1.02) | 0.058 |
Takes two yoghurts and/or some cheese (40 g) daily | 0.81 (0.51; 1.31) | 0.390 | 1.08 (0.73; 1.61) | 0.687 | 1.38 (0.90; 2.11) | 0.139 |
Takes sweets and candy several times every day 2 | 1.15 (0.65; 2.06) | 0.628 | 0.82 (0.50; 1.34) | 0.430 | 1.01 (0.63; 1.64) | 0.954 |
Atypical Sensory Processing | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Tactile Sensitivity | Taste/Smell Sensitivity | Low Energy/Weak | |||||||
(<30 Points) | (<15 Points) | (<26 Points) | ||||||||
n | PR 1 (CI 95%) | p-Value | n | PR 1 (CI 95%) | p-Value | n | PR 1 (CI 95%) | p-Value | ||
Complete model | 583 | 67 | 0.81 (0.64; 1.02) | 0.079 | 89 | 0.71 (0.59; 0.85) | 0.201 × 10−3 | 72 | 0.80 (0.64; 0.99) | 0.049 |
Including only boys | 295 | 43 | 1.07 (0.81; 1.41) | 0.620 | 48 | 0.71 (0.56; 0.90) | 0.004 | 35 | 0.85 (0.66; 1.09) | 0.209 |
Including only girls | 288 | 24 | 0.51 (0.32; 0.80) | 0.003 | 41 | 0.74 (0.55; 1.00) | 0.048 | 37 | 0.75 (0.53; 1.06) | 0.103 |
Including only children aged 3–4 | 182 | 27 | 0.73 (0.48; 1.11) | 0.142 | 32 | 0.54 (0.40; 0.73) | 0.734 × 10−4 | 24 | 1.02 (0.69; 1.50) | 0.936 |
Including only children aged 5 | 196 | 22 | 0.81 (0.59; 1.11) | 0.183 | 29 | 0.84 (0.62; 1.14) | 0.267 | 21 | 0.84 (0.54; 1.29) | 0.428 |
Including only children aged 6–7 | 205 | 18 | 0.78 (0.46; 1.33) | 0.366 | 28 | 0.78 (0.55; 1.11) | 0.164 | 27 | 0.63 (0.46; 0.86) | 0.004 |
Excluding poor sleep quality | 461 | 55 | 0.74 (0.58; 0.94) | 0.014 | 69 | 0.68 (0.56; 0.82) | 0.838 × 10−4 | 55 | 0.78 (0.62; 0.99) | 0.042 |
Excluding preterm children | 505 | 53 | 0.83 (0.64; 1.09) | 0.185 | 75 | 0.77 (0.63; 0.93) | 0.006 | 56 | 0.83 (0.64; 1.08) | 0.169 |
Excluding low weight at birth | 537 | 59 | 0.80 (0.62; 1.02) | 0.067 | 77 | 0.71 (0.59; 0.86) | 0.483 × 10−3 | 62 | 0.84 (0.66; 1.06) | 0.132 |
Excluding children with some diseases | 523 | 62 | 0.78 (0.61; 0.99) | 0.049 | 76 | 0.72 (0.58; 0.88) | 0.002 | 66 | 0.83 (0.67; 1.03) | 0.097 |
Adjusted for child body mass index | 460 | 53 | 0.83 (0.65; 1.06) | 0.143 | 67 | 0.72 (0.60; 0.87) | 0.554 × 10−3 | 58 | 0.83 (0.66; 1.05) | 0.118 |
Adjusted for father’s education and country of birth | 523 | 57 | 0.87 (0.68; 1.12) | 0.274 | 81 | 0.70 (0.58; 0.85) | 0.394 × 10−3 | 64 | 0.79 (0.61; 1.02) | 0.073 |
Including only probable atypical sensory processing | 531 | 34 | 0.83 (0.60; 1.15) | 0.261 | 52 | 0.48 (0.37; 0.61) | 0.619 × 10−8 | 28 | 0.63 (0.47; 0.83) | 0.001 |
Including only definitive atypical sensory processing | 546 | 33 | 0.79 (0.58; 1.08) | 0.145 | 37 | 0.87 (0.70; 1.09) | 0.236 | 44 | 1.04 (0.74; 1.46) | 0.809 |
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Navarrete-Muñoz, E.-M.; Fernández-Pires, P.; Navarro-Amat, S.; Hurtado-Pomares, M.; Peral-Gómez, P.; Juárez-Leal, I.; Espinosa-Sempere, C.; Sánchez-Pérez, A.; Valera-Gran, D. Association between Adherence to the Antioxidant-Rich Mediterranean Diet and Sensory Processing Profile in School-Aged Children: The Spanish Cross-Sectional InProS Project. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051007
Navarrete-Muñoz E-M, Fernández-Pires P, Navarro-Amat S, Hurtado-Pomares M, Peral-Gómez P, Juárez-Leal I, Espinosa-Sempere C, Sánchez-Pérez A, Valera-Gran D. Association between Adherence to the Antioxidant-Rich Mediterranean Diet and Sensory Processing Profile in School-Aged Children: The Spanish Cross-Sectional InProS Project. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051007
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarrete-Muñoz, Eva-María, Paula Fernández-Pires, Silvia Navarro-Amat, Miriam Hurtado-Pomares, Paula Peral-Gómez, Iris Juárez-Leal, Cristina Espinosa-Sempere, Alicia Sánchez-Pérez, and Desirée Valera-Gran. 2019. "Association between Adherence to the Antioxidant-Rich Mediterranean Diet and Sensory Processing Profile in School-Aged Children: The Spanish Cross-Sectional InProS Project" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051007
APA StyleNavarrete-Muñoz, E. -M., Fernández-Pires, P., Navarro-Amat, S., Hurtado-Pomares, M., Peral-Gómez, P., Juárez-Leal, I., Espinosa-Sempere, C., Sánchez-Pérez, A., & Valera-Gran, D. (2019). Association between Adherence to the Antioxidant-Rich Mediterranean Diet and Sensory Processing Profile in School-Aged Children: The Spanish Cross-Sectional InProS Project. Nutrients, 11(5), 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051007