Lactational High-Fat Diet Exposure Programs Metabolic Inflammation and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Male Offspring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Husbandry
2.2. Intraperitoneal Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests (IPGTT, ITT)
2.3. Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
2.4. Immunofluorescence Staining
2.5. RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription, Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.6. Adipose Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) Isolation and Flow Cytometry
2.7. Methocellulose Colony Forming Unit Assay
2.8. Bone µCT
2.9. Bone Histology
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Male Lactation HFD Offspring Show Insulin Resistance and Mild Glucose Intolerance on Normal Diet
3.2. Female Offspring Had no Evident Metabolic Changes after Lactational HFD Exposure
3.3. Re-Challenged Male HFD-Lac Offspring Have Increased Fat Mass
3.4. Enhanced Myeloid Inflammation in HFD-Lac Males Challenged to HFD
3.5. HFD Re-Challenge after Exposure to HFD during Lactation Causes Long-Term Bone Loss and Expansion of Bone Marrow Adiposity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward 5′-3′ | Reverse 5′-3′ |
---|---|---|
IR | TTTGTCATGGATGGAGGCTA | CCTCATCTTGGGGTTGAACT |
IRS1 | CGATGGCTTCTCAGACGTG | CAGCCCGCTTGTTGATGTTG |
AdipoQ | GCAGGCATCCCAGGACATC | GCGATACATATAAGCGGCTTCT |
Lep | GAGACCCCTGTGTCGGTTC | CTGCGTGTGTGAAATGTCATTG |
PPARg | GGAAGACCACTCGCATTCCTT | TCGCACTTTGGTATTCTTGGAG |
MCP-1 | TTAAAAACCTGGATCGGAACCAA | GCATTAGCTTCAGATTTACGGGT |
NOS-2 | CCAAGCCCTCACCTACTTCC | CTCTGAGGGCTGACACAAGG |
IL-1b | AAATACCTGTGGCCTTGGGC | CTTGGGATCCACACTCTCCAG |
IL-6 | TAGTCCTTCCTACCCCAATTTCC | TTGGTCCTTAGCCACTCCTTC |
TNFa | TAGCCCACGTCGTAGCAAAC | ACAAGGTACACCCCATCGGC |
Mgl1 | TGAGAAAGGCTTTAAGAACTGGG | GACCACCTGTAGTGATGTGGG |
Arg1 | CTCCAAGCCAAAGTCCTTAGAG | AGGAGCTGTCATTAGGGACATC |
IL-10 | GCTCTTACTGACTGGCATGAG | CGCAGC TCT AGG AGC ATG TG |
GAPDH | TGAAGCAGGCATCTGAGGG | CGAAGGTGGAAGAGTGGGAG |
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Hafner, H.; Chang, E.; Carlson, Z.; Zhu, A.; Varghese, M.; Clemente, J.; Abrishami, S.; Bagchi, D.P.; MacDougald, O.A.; Singer, K.; et al. Lactational High-Fat Diet Exposure Programs Metabolic Inflammation and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Male Offspring. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061393
Hafner H, Chang E, Carlson Z, Zhu A, Varghese M, Clemente J, Abrishami S, Bagchi DP, MacDougald OA, Singer K, et al. Lactational High-Fat Diet Exposure Programs Metabolic Inflammation and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Male Offspring. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061393
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafner, Hannah, Eric Chang, Zach Carlson, Allen Zhu, Mita Varghese, Jeremy Clemente, Simin Abrishami, Devika P. Bagchi, Ormond A. MacDougald, Kanakadurga Singer, and et al. 2019. "Lactational High-Fat Diet Exposure Programs Metabolic Inflammation and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Male Offspring" Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061393