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Nutrients
Volume 11
Issue 8
10.3390/nu11081845
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Communication

Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review

by
Alessandra Mazzocchi
1,
Maria Lorella Giannì
1,2,
Daniela Morniroli
1,2,
Ludovica Leone
1,
Paola Roggero
1,2,
Carlo Agostoni
1,3,*,
Valentina De Cosmi
3 and
Fabio Mosca
1,2
1
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy
3
Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081845
Submission received: 19 July 2019 / Revised: 6 August 2019 / Accepted: 7 August 2019 / Published: 9 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Milk and Lactation)
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Abstract

Breast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development, and optimize health. Among the several beneficial effects associated with prolonged breastfeeding, a 13% decrease in the risk of overweight and obesity has been reported. Recent research has focused on breast milk hormones contributing to the appetite and energy balance regulation and adiposity. Accordingly, we conducted a literature systematic review with the aim to provide an update on the effect of leptin, ghrelin, Insulin Growth Factor 1, adiponectin, and insulin on infants’ and children’s growth and body composition. The revised literature reveals contrasting findings concerning the potential role of all these hormones on modeling growth and fat mass apposition and health outcomes later in life. Further studies are needed to gain further insight into the specific role of these bioactive components in metabolic pathways related to body composition. This could help gain a further insight on infants’ growth, both in physiological and pathological settings.
Keywords: hormones; adipokines; breast milk; growth; body composition; term infant hormones; adipokines; breast milk; growth; body composition; term infant

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mazzocchi, A.; Giannì, M.L.; Morniroli, D.; Leone, L.; Roggero, P.; Agostoni, C.; De Cosmi, V.; Mosca, F. Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081845

AMA Style

Mazzocchi A, Giannì ML, Morniroli D, Leone L, Roggero P, Agostoni C, De Cosmi V, Mosca F. Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8):1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081845

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mazzocchi, Alessandra, Maria Lorella Giannì, Daniela Morniroli, Ludovica Leone, Paola Roggero, Carlo Agostoni, Valentina De Cosmi, and Fabio Mosca. 2019. "Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review" Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081845

APA Style

Mazzocchi, A., Giannì, M. L., Morniroli, D., Leone, L., Roggero, P., Agostoni, C., De Cosmi, V., & Mosca, F. (2019). Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11(8), 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081845

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