Dietary Factors and Tinnitus among Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Questionnaires
2.4. Data Were Collected on Gender and Age
2.4.1. Socioeconomic Status
2.4.2. Parental Education
2.4.3. Noise Annoyance
2.4.4. Sleep
2.4.5. Music Through Earphones
2.4.6. Going Out to Noisy Places
2.4.7. Smoking
2.4.8. Drug Use
2.4.9. Sedatives
2.4.10. Head Injury
2.4.11. Associated Diseases
2.5. Tinnitus Screener
2.6. Dietary Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constant Tinnitus | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid n | No | Yes | Missing | p * | |||
Count | Count | ||||||
% Within Specific. Group | % of Total | % Within Specific Group | % of Total | ||||
Gender | 1003 (77.9%) | 284 (22.1) | 0.029 | ||||
Male | 315 (31.4%) | 262 | 53 | ||||
83.2% | 26.1% | 16.8% | 5.3% | ||||
Female | 688(68.6%) | 607 | 81 | ||||
88.2% | 60.5% | 11.8% | 8.1% | ||||
Age | 1003 (77.9%) | 284 (22.1%) | 0.726 | ||||
15 | 37 (3.7%) | 34 | 3 | ||||
91.9% | 3.4% | 8.1% | 0.3% | ||||
16 | 203 (20.2%) | 180 | 23 | ||||
88.7% | 17.9% | 11.3% | 2.3% | ||||
17 | 258 25.7% | 222 | 36 | ||||
86.0% | 22.1% | 14.0% | 3.6% | ||||
18 | 193 19.2% | 166 | 27 | ||||
86.0% | 16.6% | 14.0% | 2.7% | ||||
19 | 312 31.1% | 267 | 45 | ||||
85.6% | 26.6% | 14.4% | 4.5% | ||||
Perception of Family Income | 1000 (77.7%) | 287 (22.3%) | 0.251 | ||||
Fulfilled needs | 922 (92.2%) | 797 | 125 | ||||
86.4% | 79.7% | 13.6% | 12.5% | ||||
Unfulfilled needs | 78 (7.8%) | 71 | 7 | ||||
91.0% | 7.1% | 9.0% | 0.7% | ||||
Parental education | |||||||
Father (High school) | 991 (77.0%) | 384 | 68 | 296 (23.0%) | 0.170 | ||
85.0% | 38.7% | 15.0% | 6.9% | ||||
Father (College) | 991 (77.0%) | 474 | 65 | 296 (23.0%) | |||
87.9% | 47.8% | 12.1% | 6.6% | ||||
Mother (High school) | 994 (77.2%) | 424 | 74 | 293 (22.8%) | 0.170 | ||
85.1% | 42.7% | 14.9% | 7.4% | ||||
Mother (College) | 994 (77.2%) | 437 | 59 | 293 (22.8%) | |||
88.1% | 44.0% | 11.9% | 5.9% |
Constant Tinnitus | |||
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
Potential confounders | |||
Gender (Male = 1; Female = 2) | 0.660 | (0.453–0.960) | 0.030 |
Exposure to noise at home (1 = Little; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Much) | 0.860 | (0.629–1.177) | 0.346 |
Exposure to noise at school (1 = Little; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Much) | 0.892 | (0.708–1.123) | 0.331 |
Night sleep duration (per hour) (1 = ≤6 h; 2 = 6–8 h; 3 = ≥8 h) | 0.874 | (0.636–1.200) | 0.405 |
Using earphones (per hour) (1 = ≤1 h; 2 = 1–3 h; 3 = ≥3 h) | 1.182 | (0.904–1.545) | 0.222 |
Going out to noisy places (1 = 3 times a month or less; 2 = once a week or more) | 1.489 | (0.963–2.301) | 0.073 |
Smoking status (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.044 | (0.658–1.657) | 0.854 |
Drugs use (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 2.461 | (0.964–6.402) | 0.065 |
Sedatives use (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 0.768 | (0.343–1.720) | 0.520 |
Head injury (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.141 | (0.789.–1.651) | 0.484 |
Ear infections (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 0.626 | (0.406–0.964) | 0.034 |
Anxiety or depression (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.077 | (0.682–1.702) | 0.750 |
Hypertension (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.234 | (0.566–2.689) | 0.596 |
Thyroid gland disorder (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.051 | (0.779–1.418) | 0.747 |
Sinus infection (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 0.846 | (0.537–1.331) | 0.469 |
Anemia (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 0.776 | (0.177–3.400) | 0.737 |
Constant Tinnitus | |||
---|---|---|---|
Food Type Intake | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
Supplements in the form of multivitamin complexes (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.023 | (0.664–1.574) | 0.919 |
Sodas (0 = Never; 1 = Weekly; 2 = Every day; 3 = Few times daily) | 1.249 | (1.014–1.538) | 0.036 |
Energy drinks (0 = Never; 1 = Weekly; 2 = Every day; 3 = Few times daily) | 0.906 | (0.636–1.290) | 0.583 |
Daily coffee intake (0 = None; 1 = One or two; 2 = Thee or more) | 1.373 | (0.944–1.998) | 0.097 |
Daily water intake (1 = <1 L; 2 = Between 1–2 L; 3 = ≥More than 2 L) | 1.208 | (0.947–1.542) | 0.128 |
Beer (0 = Never; 1 = <1 L; 2 = More than 1 L) | 0.923 | (0.700–1.216) | 0.568 |
Wine (0 = Never; 1= <1/2 L; 2 = More than l/2 L) | 0.898 | (0.672–1.200) | 0.467 |
Spirits (0 = Never; 1= <1/2 L; 2 = More than l/2 L) | 0.985 | (0.762–1.274) | 0.911 |
Milk (0 = Don’t drink a milk; 1 = Drink milk with <1% m. fat; 2 = Drink milk with >1% m. fat) | 0.897 | (0.730–1.102) | 0.301 |
Margarine (0 = Monthly or less; 1 = Weekly; 2 = Every day) | 1.204 | (0.889–1.631) | 0.230 |
Fast food (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 1.355 | (1.011.–1.816) | 0.042 |
Fish (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 1.004 | (0.699–1.442) | 0.984 |
Eggs (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 0.733 | (0.525–1.023) | 0.067 |
Ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 1.043 | (0.815–1.335) | 0.737 |
Artificial sweeteners (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 0.920 | (0.667–1.270) | 0.614 |
Type of bread (1 = Whole grain bread; 2 = White bread) | 1.715 | (1.115–2.638) | 0.014 |
Pastries from the bakery (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 1.051 | (0.779–1.418) | 0.747 |
French fries (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 1.380 | (0.989–1.926) | 0.058 |
Fresh fruits (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 0.637 | (0.462–0.879) | 0.006 |
Fresh vegetables (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 0.244 | (0.173–0.343) | <0.001 |
Snacks (1 = Monthly or less; 2 = Weekly; 3 = Every day) | 1.124 | (0.806–1.568) | 0.490 |
Salting food (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 1.399 | (0.874–2.240) | 0.162 |
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Tomanic, M.; Belojevic, G.; Jovanovic, A.; Vasiljevic, N.; Davidovic, D.; Maksimovic, K. Dietary Factors and Tinnitus among Adolescents. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113291
Tomanic M, Belojevic G, Jovanovic A, Vasiljevic N, Davidovic D, Maksimovic K. Dietary Factors and Tinnitus among Adolescents. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113291
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomanic, Milena, Goran Belojevic, Ana Jovanovic, Nadja Vasiljevic, Dragana Davidovic, and Katarina Maksimovic. 2020. "Dietary Factors and Tinnitus among Adolescents" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113291
APA StyleTomanic, M., Belojevic, G., Jovanovic, A., Vasiljevic, N., Davidovic, D., & Maksimovic, K. (2020). Dietary Factors and Tinnitus among Adolescents. Nutrients, 12(11), 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113291