Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Alliin
2.2. Diets
2.3. Animals
2.4. Metabolic Tests
2.4.1. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test (IITT)
2.4.2. Cholesterol and Triglycerides Test
2.5. Serum Cytokines Measurement
2.6. Histological Examination and Hematoxylin–Eosin Staining
2.7. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Alliin Does Not Affect Body Weight but Significatively Improves Glucose Tolerance
3.2. The Obese Group Treated with Alliin Had Smaller Adipocyte Size Than the Obese Control Group
3.3. Alliin Significantly Decreased Gene Expression from Epididymal Adipose Tissue and Protein Serum Levels of Adipocytokines Leptin and Resistin.
3.4. Obesity-Related Serum Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations Were Decreased or Homogenized by Alliin
3.5. The mRNA Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Liver Was Not Modified by Alliin
4. Discussion
4.1. Alliin Reduces the Adipocyte Size and Improves Metabolism Leading to Homeostasis of Adipose Tissue
4.2. Alliin Showed a Relevant Anti-Inflammatory Potential in the Low-Grade Inflammatory State in Obesity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AUC | Area Under the Curve |
cDNA | complementary DNA |
DIO | Diet-Induced Obesity model |
ERK | Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases |
FG | Fasting Glucose |
GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
GIP | Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide |
GLP-1 | Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 |
GPx | Glutathione Peroxidase |
H&E | Hematoxylin & Eosin |
HFD | High-Fat Diet group |
HFD+A | High-Fat Diet + Alliin treatment group |
IITT | Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test |
IKK | IκB kinase complex |
IL-6 | Interleukine-6 |
IRS | Insulin Receptor Substrate proteins |
JNK | Jun kinase |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
MCP-1 | Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 |
mRNA | messenger RNA |
OGTT | Oral Glucose Tolerance Test |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PP | Pancreatic Polypeptide |
PPARγ | Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma |
PPY | Pancreatic Polypeptide Y |
RNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
RT-qPCR | Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction |
SOD1 | Superoxide dismutase |
STD | Standard Diet group |
STD+A | Standard Diet + Alliin treatment group |
TG | Triglycerides |
TNFα | Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha |
TLR4 | Toll-Like Receptor 4 |
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Gene | Forward | Reverse | Product | Temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leptin | GTCTTATGTTCAAGCAGTGCC | TGAAGCCCAGGAATGAAGT | 150 | 58 °C |
Resistin | CCCACGGGATGAAGAACCTTT | CACGCTCACTTCCCCGACAT | 372 | 63 °C |
MCP-1 | GGTGTCCCAAAGAAGCTGTAG | CTGAAGACCTTAGGGCAGATG | 161 | 61 °C |
TNFα | GCTGAGCTCAAACCCTGGTA | CGGACTCCGCAAAGTCTAAG | 118 | 63 °C |
Catalase | GCAGATACCTGTGAACTGTC | GTAGAATGTCCGCACCTGAG | 229 | 59 °C |
GPX | GTCCACCGTGTATGCCTTCT | TCTGCAGATCGTTCATCTCG | 152 | 60 °C |
SOD1 | TGGTGGTCCATGAGAAACAA | GTTTACTGCGCAATCCCAAT | 115 | 61 °C |
GAPDH | TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA | ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC | 452 | 63 °C |
STD | STD+A | HFD | HFD+A | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 152.75 ± 3.19 | 153.36 ± 2.91 | 159.50 ± 5.19 | 165.64 ± 14.71 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 104.40 ± 14.78 | 131.20 ± 22.31 | 147.30 ± 36.29 | 155.00 ± 33.97 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 109.20 ± 17.62 | 112.20 ± 14.31 | 132.70 ± 27.04 | 118.50 ± 27.86 |
AUC of ITT | 11,014 ± 1512 | 10,549 ± 1,212 | 9,119 ± 1,723 | 11,134 ± 4,977 |
AUC of OGTT * | 15,506 ± 2124 | 17,220 ± 2,099 | 21,458 ± 4,697 * | 17,618 ± 3,285 * |
Body weight (g) | 26.33 ± 2.34 | 26.81 ± 1.94 | 41.20 ± 5.00 | 38.90 ± 4.94 |
Epididymal adipose tissue weight (g) | 0.66 ± 0.14 | 0.78 ± 0.067 | 2.65 ± 0.60 | 2.48 ± 0.42 |
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Sánchez-Sánchez, M.A.; Zepeda-Morales, A.S.M.; Carrera-Quintanar, L.; Viveros-Paredes, J.M.; Franco-Arroyo, N.N.; Godínez-Rubí, M.; Ortuño-Sahagun, D.; López-Roa, R.I. Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice. Nutrients 2020, 12, 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030624
Sánchez-Sánchez MA, Zepeda-Morales ASM, Carrera-Quintanar L, Viveros-Paredes JM, Franco-Arroyo NN, Godínez-Rubí M, Ortuño-Sahagun D, López-Roa RI. Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030624
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Sánchez, Marina A., Adelaida Sara Minia Zepeda-Morales, Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar, Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes, Noel Noé Franco-Arroyo, Marisol Godínez-Rubí, Daniel Ortuño-Sahagun, and Rocío Ivette López-Roa. 2020. "Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice" Nutrients 12, no. 3: 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030624
APA StyleSánchez-Sánchez, M. A., Zepeda-Morales, A. S. M., Carrera-Quintanar, L., Viveros-Paredes, J. M., Franco-Arroyo, N. N., Godínez-Rubí, M., Ortuño-Sahagun, D., & López-Roa, R. I. (2020). Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice. Nutrients, 12(3), 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030624