A Regionalized Genome-Based Mexican Diet Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects at Risk for Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Anthropometric Assessment
2.4. Laboratory Tests
2.5. Features of the Regionalized GENOMEX Diet
2.6. Dietary Assessment
2.7. Genetic Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Genetic Profile of DRAG Polymorphisms
3.3. Metabolic and Anthropometric Response to the Regionalized GENOMEX Diet
3.4. Metabolic and Anthropometric Response to Diet in Relation to the Genetic Profile of DRAG Polymorphisms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GENOMEX Diet | Study Subjects (Baseline) | p | Reference Values [39] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | ||||
Total energy (kcal) | 1453.6 ± 113.0 | 2332.4 ± 853.0 | <0.001 | − |
Protein (%) | 20.1 ± 2.5 | 17.6 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | 15–20 |
Total fat (%) | 31.6 ± 5.1 | 31.3 ± 7.8 | 0.808 | 25–30 |
SFAs (%) | 5.6 ± 3.9 | 9.0 ± 3.9 | <0.001 | <7 |
MUFAs (%) | 11.5 ± 3.6 | 10.6 ± 4.0 | 0.208 | 10–15 |
PUFAs (%) | 8.3 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 7–10 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 155.7 ± 105.3 | 300.4 ± 186.6 | <0.001 | <200 |
Carbohydrates (%) | 52.7 ± 4.7 | 53.4 ± 9.0 | 0.642 | 50–55 |
Fiber (g/d) | 32.0 ± 6.9 | 25.1 ± 11.7 | 0.001 | 25–38 |
Micronutrients | ||||
Folates (µg/d of DFE) | 301.0 ± 130.5 | 246.1 ± 164.6 | 0.022 | 300–600 |
Vitamin A (µg/d) | 1342.9 ± 961.1 | 1198.5 ± 991.6 | 0.396 | 900 |
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 269.3 ± 135.2 | 155.1 ± 117.5 | <0.001 | 90 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 16.6 ± 73.5 | 0.392 | 15 |
Thiamin (mg/d) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.007 | 1.1–1.2 |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.009 | 1.1–1.3 |
Niacin (mg/d) | 14.2 ± 5.4 | 20.6 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | 16 |
Pyridoxine (mg/d) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.009 | 1.7 |
Cobalamin (µg/d) | 2.1 ± 5.3 | 7.2 ± 20.5 | 0.138 | 2.4 |
Pantothenic acid (mg/d) | 8.4 ± 21.6 | 6.1 ± 15.3 | 0.522 | 5 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1121.1 ± 428.9 | 1180.8 ± 588.3 | 0.454 | 1000 |
Iron (mg/d) | 14.8 ± 2.9 | 17.6 ± 6.7 | 0.018 | 8–18 |
Sodium (mg/d) | 1111.8 ± 481.3 | 1911.3 ± 1107.6 | <0.001 | 1500 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 2888.2 ± 614.3 | 3001.9 ± 1078.2 | 0.534 | 4700 |
Selenium (µg/d) | 45.0 ± 18.4 | 52.8 ± 22.1 | 0.020 | 55 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 721.7 ± 216.2 | 909.9 ± 419.0 | 0.011 | 700 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 367.1 ± 123.4 | 339.3 ± 175.2 | 0.359 | 310–420 |
Zinc (mg/d) | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 10.8 ± 6.8 | <0.001 | 8–11 |
LCT-13910 C>T | MTHFR 677 C>T | ABCA1 R230C | APOE ε2, ε3, ε4 | AMY1 Copies | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 28 (75.7) | CC | 19 (51.4) | RR | 28 (75.7) | E2/E2 | 0 (0.0) | 6.27 ± 2.9 | |
E2/E3 | 2 (5.4) | ||||||||
CT | 8 (21.6) | CT | 13 (35.1) | RC | 9 (24.3) | E2/E4 | 0 (0.0) | ||
E3/E3 | 28 (75.7) | ||||||||
TT | 1 (2.7) | TT | 5 (13.5) | CC | 0 (0.0) | E3/E4 | 7 (18.9) | ||
E4/E4 | 0 (0.0) | ||||||||
C | 64 (86.5) | C | 51 (68.9) | R | 65 (87.8) | ε2 | 2 (2.7) | <6 | 18 (48.6) |
T | 10 (13.5) | T | 23 (31.1) | C | 9 (12.2) | ε3 | 65 (87.8) | ≥6 | 19 (51.4) |
ε4 | 7 (9.5) | ||||||||
HWE | 0.371 | 0.137 | 0.352 | 0.588 | --- |
Baseline | 14 Weeks | 24 Weeks | Total Change | p * | p ** | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometrics | ||||||
Weight (kg) | 80.4 ± 18.5 | 74.5 ± 16.3 | 75.0 ± 16.6 | 5.3 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 ± 5.6 | 27.9 ± 5.1 | 28.0 ± 5.1 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 94.8 ± 14.7 | 88.5 ± 13.6 | 88.7 ± 14.1 | 5.9 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Body water (kg) | 34.8 ± 8.4 | 35.2 ± 7.0 | 35.0 ± 6.8 | −0.2 ± 3.8 | 0.794 | 0.780 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 12.9 ± 2.5 | 12.7 ± 2.6 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.447 | 0.091 |
Fat mass (kg) | 29.2 ± 11.4 | 23.9 ± 9.6 | 24.6 ± 10.1 | 4.6 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Body fat (%) | 35.6 ± 7.0 | 31.3 ± 7.1 | 31.9 ± 7.9 | 3.7 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
EBW (kg) | 15.7 ± 10.4 | 9.8 ± 9.5 | 10.6 ± 10.3 | 5.3 ± 7.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
EFM (kg) | 15.8 ± 10.4 | 10.1 ± 9.1 | 10.5 ± 10.2 | 5.3 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Normal weight ղ (%) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (30.3) | 12 (36.4) | −12 (36.4) | − | < 0.001 |
Overweight ղ (%) | 20 (60.6) | 13 (39.4) | 10 (30.3) | 10 (30.3) | − | 0.013 |
Obesity ղ (%) | 13 (39.4) | 8 (24.2) | 11 (33.3) | 2 (6.06) | − | 0.609 |
Biochemicals | ||||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 89.0 ± 10.5 | 86.1 ± 11.4 | 84.3 ± 6.6 | 4.7 ± 8.7 | 0.326 | 0.004 |
Insulin (µU/mL) | 15.0 ± 15.8 | 8.1 ± 4.0 | 8.9 ± 4.9 | 5.5 ± 14.2 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
HOMA-IR | 3.6 ± 4.8 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 4.3 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
TC (mg/dL) | 185.2 ± 39.0 | 184.6 ± 38.0 | 187.5 ± 34.1 | −3.4 ± 30.0 | 0.830 | 0.516 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 151.5 ± 88.3 | 115.9 ± 47.4 | 108.5 ± 44.7 | 43.0 ± 60.6 | 0.003 | < 0.001 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 41.2 ± 9.0 | 41.6 ± 6.8 | 43.2 ± 7.3 | −0.8 ± 5.8 | 0.790 | 0.503 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 112.0 ± 37.8 | 117.8 ± 32.2 | 124.8 ± 29.6 | −14.3 ± 32.7 | 0.091 | 0.035 |
VLDL-c (mg/dL) | 31.8 ± 21.5 | 23.5 ± 9.4 | 23.3 ± 11.3 | 9.0 ± 19.7 | 0.068 | 0.004 |
ALT (IU/L) | 25.3 ± 15.9 | 21.8 ± 14.4 | 22.4 ± 14.7 | 2.6 ± 14.0 | 0.203 | 0.327 |
AST (IU/L) | 21.4 ± 10.5 | 20.8 ± 16.2 | 20.1 ± 11.4 | 1.2 ± 6.8 | 0.033 | 0.295 |
GGT (IU/L) | 27.5 ± 22.5 | 23.2 ± 16.6 | 25.2 ± 21.9 | 2.3 ± 10.7 | 0.060 | 0.110 |
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Ojeda-Granados, C.; Panduro, A.; Rivera-Iñiguez, I.; Sepúlveda-Villegas, M.; Roman, S. A Regionalized Genome-Based Mexican Diet Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects at Risk for Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2020, 12, 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030645
Ojeda-Granados C, Panduro A, Rivera-Iñiguez I, Sepúlveda-Villegas M, Roman S. A Regionalized Genome-Based Mexican Diet Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects at Risk for Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):645. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030645
Chicago/Turabian StyleOjeda-Granados, Claudia, Arturo Panduro, Ingrid Rivera-Iñiguez, Maricruz Sepúlveda-Villegas, and Sonia Roman. 2020. "A Regionalized Genome-Based Mexican Diet Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects at Risk for Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases" Nutrients 12, no. 3: 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030645