The Association between Seafood Intake and Fecundability: Analysis from Two Prospective Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Seafood and Marine Fatty Acid Intake
2.3. Assessment of Time to Pregnancy
2.4. Assessment of Covariates
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Seafood Intake (g/week) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snart Foraeldre (n = 2709) | PRESTO (n = 5127) | |||||||
<50 | 50–99 | 100–199 | ≥200 | <50 | 50–99 | 100–199 | ≥200 | |
Number of women (n) | 316 | 509 | 1117 | 767 | 2343 | 1257 | 1020 | 507 |
Age, mean (years) | 28.4 | 28.8 | 28.9 | 29.4 | 29.6 | 30.3 | 30.5 | 30.7 |
Body mass index, mean (kg/m2) | 25.0 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 27.9 | 26.8 | 26.5 | 26.6 |
Energy, mean (kcal/day) | 1675 | 1714 | 1824 | 2097 | 1466 | 1572 | 1718 | 1842 |
Current smoker (%) | 6.8 | 8.3 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.0 |
Parous (%) | 32.0 | 32.0 | 33.2 | 31.1 | 34.8 | 30.8 | 28.2 | 21.3 |
Alcohol intake, mean (drinks/week) | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.0 |
Physical activity, mean (METs/week) | 64.9 | 62.8 | 59.7 | 71.9 | 31.9 | 34.5 | 38.3 | 43.6 |
Last contraceptive: hormonal (%) | 57.6 | 60.9 | 59.5 | 54.1 | 39.2 | 38.4 | 38.1 | 37.1 |
Intercourse (frequency/week) (%) | ||||||||
≤1 | 44.1 | 41.7 | 39.2 | 36.8 | 40.3 | 42.5 | 41.6 | 36.2 |
2–3 | 43.6 | 46.0 | 47.2 | 46.9 | 45.4 | 43.0 | 45.3 | 48.7 |
≥4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 16.3 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 13.1 | 15.1 |
Daily multivitamin use (%) | 65.3 | 66.7 | 70.0 | 75.5 | 81.4 | 84.7 | 86.6 | 87.4 |
Fish oil supplement intake (%) | 17.6 | 19.7 | 17.9 | 21.2 | 16.4 | 21.2 | 20.3 | 24.8 |
Healthy diet indices, NRDS/HEI (mean) | 979 | 1015 | 1033 | 1062 | 63.1 | 67.1 | 69.0 | 71.0 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages/week (mean) | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 |
White/non-Hispanic (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 88.4 | 86.5 | 85.8 | 82.9 |
Education, years (%) | ||||||||
≤12 | 10.0 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.6 |
13–15 | 21.4 | 15.3 | 12.9 | 11.9 | 22.7 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 13.4 |
16 | 36.5 | 38.4 | 37.7 | 37.8 | 33.7 | 36.8 | 35.4 | 31.2 |
≥17 | 32.0 | 42.9 | 44.7 | 46.7 | 39.3 | 45.2 | 47.0 | 52.7 |
Income, DKK/month or USD/year (%) | ||||||||
<25,000/<50,000 | 16.1 | 12.8 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 16.1 | 13.3 | 15.1 |
25,000–39,999/50,000–99,999 | 24.3 | 22.2 | 21.2 | 22.8 | 42.2 | 37.6 | 36.7 | 32.7 |
40,000–64,999/100,000–149,999 | 39.6 | 45.6 | 43.3 | 41.8 | 24.4 | 31.0 | 28.8 | 24.4 |
≥65,000/≥150,000 | 20.0 | 19.3 | 23.4 | 23.0 | 14.6 | 15.4 | 21.3 | 27.8 |
Snart Foraeldre | PRESTO | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Pregnancies | No. of Cycles | FR a | 95% CI a | FR b | 95% CI b | No. of Pregnancies | No. of Cycles | FR a | 95% CI a | FR b | 95% CI b | |
Total seafood, g/week | ||||||||||||
<50 | 201 | 1070 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | 1425 | 9847 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
50–99 | 356 | 1844 | 1.02 | 0.87–1.20 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 | 830 | 5014 | 1.11 | 1.03–1.20 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.14 |
100–199 | 745 | 3980 | 1.00 | 0.87–1.15 | 0.94 | 0.81–1.08 | 688 | 4125 | 1.11 | 1.02–1.21 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.14 |
≥200 | 516 | 2715 | 1.03 | 0.88–1.20 | 0.94 | 0.79–1.10 | 324 | 2090 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.19 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.13 |
Total unfried seafood, g/week c | ||||||||||||
<20 | 978 | 6839 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | ||||||
20–49 | 676 | 4440 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.15 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.13 | ||||||
50–99 | 748 | 4511 | 1.12 | 1.02–1.22 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.15 | ||||||
100–199 | 591 | 3557 | 1.11 | 1.01–1.22 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.15 | ||||||
≥200 | 274 | 1729 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.23 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.17 | ||||||
Total fried seafood, g/week c | ||||||||||||
None | 1726 | 11,079 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | ||||||
1–4 | 593 | 3615 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.10 | 1.02 | 0.94–1.11 | ||||||
5–19 | 676 | 4573 | 0.94 | 0.87–1.02 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.05 | ||||||
≥20 | 272 | 1809 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | ||||||
Shellfish, g/week | ||||||||||||
None | 107 | 655 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | 1388 | 9347 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
1–9 | 880 | 4472 | 1.19 | 0.99–1.43 | 1.22 | 1.01–1.46 | 724 | 4471 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.15 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.10 |
10–49 | 768 | 4181 | 1.10 | 0.91–1.33 | 1.16 | 0.96–1.41 | 890 | 5501 | 1.07 | 0.99–1.16 | 1.02 | 0.94–1.10 |
≥50 | 63 | 301 | 1.23 | 0.93–1.63 | 1.21 | 0.91–1.61 | 265 | 1757 | 1.00 | 0.89–1.13 | 0.96 | 0.85–1.09 |
Unfried shellfish, g/week c | ||||||||||||
None | 1494 | 10,052 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | ||||||
1–9 | 881 | 5449 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.15 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 | ||||||
10–19 | 374 | 2246 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.22 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 | ||||||
≥20 | 518 | 3329 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.12 | 0.98 | 0.89–1.07 | ||||||
Fried shellfish, g/week c | ||||||||||||
None | 2306 | 14,764 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | ||||||
1–4 | 558 | 3548 | 0.98 | 0.91–1.07 | 0.98 | 0.90–1.06 | ||||||
5–9 | 341 | 2245 | 0.98 | 0.88–1.09 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.11 | ||||||
≥10 | 62 | 519 | 0.79 | 0.62–1.00 | 0.77 | 0.61–0.98 | ||||||
Fish oil supplementation | ||||||||||||
No | 1480 | 7746 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | 2622 | 17,134 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
Yes | 338 | 1863 | 0.97 | 0.87–1.08 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.06 | 645 | 3942 | 1.04 | 0.96–1.13 | 0.98 | 0.91–1.06 |
Snart Foraeldre | PRESTO | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g/week | No. of Pregs | No. of Cycles | FR a | 95% CI a | FR b | 95% CI b | g/week | No. of Pregs | No. of Cycles | FR a | 95% CI a | FR b | 95% CI b | |
Total marine fatty acids, percentile | ||||||||||||||
<25th | <1.00 | 448 | 2358 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | <0.37 | 775 | 5293 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
25th–49th | 1.00–1.83 | 458 | 2484 | 0.96 | 0.86–1.08 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.04 | 0.37–0.60 | 779 | 5595 | 0.96 | 0.87–1.05 | 0.93 | 0.85–1.02 |
50th–74th | 1.84–2.91 | 469 | 2411 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.15 | 0.98 | 0.87–1.10 | 0.61–1.03 | 845 | 5116 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.18 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 |
75th–89th | 2.92–4.30 | 266 | 1434 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.11 | 0.92 | 0.80–1.06 | 1.04–1.64 | 534 | 2977 | 1.16 | 1.05–1.28 | 1.07 | 0.97–1.19 |
≥90th | ≥4.31 | 177 | 922 | 1.03 | 0.88–1.21 | 1.00 | 0.85–1.18 | ≥1.65 | 334 | 2095 | 1.04 | 0.93–1.17 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 |
EPA percentile | ||||||||||||||
<25th | <0.29 | 448 | 2330 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | <0.09 | 752 | 5401 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
25th–49th | 0.29–0.52 | 455 | 2540 | 0.94 | 0.83–1.05 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.02 | 0.09–0.16 | 806 | 5453 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.15 | 1.03 | 0.94–1.13 |
50th–74th | 0.53–0.82 | 467 | 2413 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.14 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | 0.17–0.31 | 846 | 5195 | 1.12 | 1.03–1.23 | 1.07 | 0.98–1.17 |
75th–89th | 0.83–1.19 | 267 | 1441 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.09 | 0.91 | 0.79–1.05 | 0.32–0.54 | 537 | 2923 | 1.22 | 1.11–1.35 | 1.13 | 1.02–1.26 |
≥90th | ≥1.20 | 181 | 885 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.27 | 1.06 | 0.90–1.25 | ≥0.55 | 326 | 2104 | 1.08 | 0.96–1.21 | 1.00 | 0.89–1.13 |
DPA percentile | ||||||||||||||
<25th | <0.07 | 457 | 2376 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | <0.07 | 776 | 5407 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
25th–49th | 0.07–1.13 | 446 | 2484 | 0.95 | 0.84–1.06 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.04 | 0.07 | 838 | 5226 | 1.08 | 0.98–1.17 | 1.08 | 0.98–1.19 |
50th–74th | 1.14–0.21 | 468 | 2389 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.15 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 | 0.08–0.11 | 797 | 5328 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.12 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.18 |
75th–89th | 0.22–0.33 | 266 | 1444 | 0.96 | 0.84–1.11 | 0.92 | 0.80–1.06 | 0.12–0.15 | 512 | 3101 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.21 | 1.07 | 0.97–1.19 |
≥90th | ≥0.34 | 181 | 916 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.22 | ≥0.16 | 344 | 2014 | 1.13 | 1.01–1.27 | 1.08 | 0.96–1.21 |
DHA percentile | ||||||||||||||
<25th | <0.64 | 450 | 2353 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref | <0.20 | 769 | 5306 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
25th–49th | 0.64–1.17 | 458 | 2478 | 0.96 | 0.85–1.07 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.04 | 0.20–0.36 | 784 | 5570 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.06 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.03 |
50th–74th | 1.18–1.86 | 468 | 2405 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.14 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | 0.37–0.61 | 840 | 5159 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.18 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.11 |
75th–89th | 1.87–2.78 | 264 | 1454 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.09 | 0.90 | 0.78–1.04 | 0.62–0.96 | 535 | 2947 | 1.18 | 1.07–1.30 | 1.09 | 0.98–1.21 |
≥90th | ≥2.79 | 178 | 919 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.21 | 1.01 | 0.86–1.18 | ≥0.97 | 339 | 2094 | 1.07 | 0.95–1.20 | 1.00 | 0.89–1.12 |
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Share and Cite
Wise, L.A.; Willis, S.K.; Mikkelsen, E.M.; Wesselink, A.K.; Sørensen, H.T.; Rothman, K.J.; Tucker, K.L.; Trolle, E.; Vinceti, M.; Hatch, E.E. The Association between Seafood Intake and Fecundability: Analysis from Two Prospective Studies. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082276
Wise LA, Willis SK, Mikkelsen EM, Wesselink AK, Sørensen HT, Rothman KJ, Tucker KL, Trolle E, Vinceti M, Hatch EE. The Association between Seafood Intake and Fecundability: Analysis from Two Prospective Studies. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082276
Chicago/Turabian StyleWise, Lauren A., Sydney K. Willis, Ellen M. Mikkelsen, Amelia K. Wesselink, Henrik Toft Sørensen, Kenneth J. Rothman, Katherine L. Tucker, Ellen Trolle, Marco Vinceti, and Elizabeth E. Hatch. 2020. "The Association between Seafood Intake and Fecundability: Analysis from Two Prospective Studies" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082276