Functional Abdominal Pain and Nutritional Status of Children. A School-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Statistical Analysis
2.2. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample
3.2. Nutritional Status
3.3. Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders
3.4. Relationship between Nutritional Status and FAPDs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FAPD | Functional abdominal pain disorder |
IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome |
FD | Functional dyspepsia |
FAP—NOS | Functional abdominal pain—not otherwise specified |
FGID | Functional gastrointestinal disorder |
BMI | Body mass index |
OR | Odds ratio |
WHO | World Health Organization |
CI | Confidence interval |
FODMAPs | Fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols |
References
- Starfield, B.; Katz, H.; Gabriel, A.; Livingston, G.; Benson, P.; Hankin, J.; Horn, S.; Steinwachs, D. Morbidity in childhood—A longitudinal view. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984, 310, 824–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Starfield, B.; Hoekelman, R.A.; McCormick, M.; Benson, P.; Mendenhall, R.C.; Moynihan, C. Who provides health care to children and adolescents in the United States? Pediatrics 1984, 74, 991–997. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Nurko, S.; Di Lorenzo, C. Functional abdominal pain: Time to get together and move forward. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2008, 47, 679–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hyams, J.S.; Di Lorenzo, C.; Saps, M.; Shulman, R.J.; Staiano, A.; van Tilburg, M. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: Child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2016, 130, 1527–1537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chey, W.D. The role of food in the functional gastrointestinal disorders: Introduction to a manuscript series. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 108, 694–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pawłowska, K.; Umławska, W.; Iwańczak, B. A Link between Nutritional and Growth States in Pediatric Patients with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. J. Pediatrics 2018, 199, 171–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galai, T.; Moran-Lev, H.; Cohen, S.; Ben-Tov, A.; Levy, D.; Weintraub, Y.; Yerushalmy-Feler, A. Higher prevalence of obesity among children with functional abdominal pain disorders. BMC Pediatrics 2020, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Phatak, U.P.; Pashankar, D.S. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in obese and overweight children. Int. J. Obes. 2014, 38, 1324–1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chumpitazi, B.P.; Weidler, E.M.; Lu, D.Y.; Tsai, C.M.; Shulman, R.J. Self-Perceived Food Intolerances Are Common and Associated with Clinical Severity in Childhood Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2016, 116, 1458–1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Motil, K.J.; Grand, R.J.; Davis-Kraft, L.; Ferlic, L.L.; Smith, E.O. Growth failure in children with inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective study. Gastroenterology 1993, 105, 681–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, S.A.; Oloyede, H.; Gold, B.D.; Mohammed, A.; Elser, H.E. Clinical Characteristics of Disaccharidase Deficiencies Among Children Undergoing Upper Endoscopy. J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2018, 66, S56–S60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wijga, A.H.; Scholtens, S.; Bemelmans, W.J.; de Jongste, J.C.; Kerkhof, M.; Schipper, M.; Smit, H.A. Comorbidities of obesity in school children: A cross-sectional study in the PIAMA birth cohort. BMC Public Health 2010, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bonilla, S.; Wang, D.; Saps, M. Obesity predicts persistence of pain in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Int. J. Obes. 2010, 35, 517–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schwartz, I.D. Failure to thrive: An old nemesis in the new millennium. Pediatr. Rev. 2000, 21, 257–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Irwin, C.E.; Adams, S.H.; Park, M.J.; Newacheck, P.W. Preventive Care for Adolescents: Few Get Visits and Fewer Get Services. Pediatrics 2009, 123, e565–e572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saps, M.; Adams, P.; Bonilla, S.; Chogle, A.; Nichols-Vinueza, D. Parental report of abdominal pain and abdominal pain–related functional gastrointestinal disorders from a community survey. J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012, 55, 707–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saps, M.; Seshadri, R.; Sztainberg, M.; Schaffer, G.; Marshall, B.M.; Di Lorenzo, C. A prospective school-based study of abdominal pain and other common somatic complaints in children. J. Pediatr. 2009, 154, 322–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mei, Z.; Grummer-Strawn, L.M.; Pietrobelli, A.; Goulding, A.; Goran, M.I.; Dietz, W.H. Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 978–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Helba, M.; Binkovitz, L.A. Pediatric body composition analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pediatric Radiol. 2009, 39, 647–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
All Participants n = 1030 | Cases of FAPDs n = 58 | |
---|---|---|
Mean Age/years | 13.9 +/− 1.9 | 14.8 +/− 2.0 |
Age range/years | 10–18 | 10–18 |
Age groups | ||
Elementary school | 263 (25.5) | 10 (17.2) |
Adolescent | 767 (74.5) | 48 (82.8) |
Sex | ||
Female | 531 (51.6) | 44 (75.9) |
Male | 499 (48.4) | 14 (24.1) |
Race | ||
“Mixed” | 390 (58.3) | 43 (74.1) |
White | 176 (26.3) | 7 (12.1) |
African | 79 (11.8) | 7 (12.1) |
Indigenous | 24 (3.6) | 1 (1.7) |
Weight according to WHO | ||
Normal | 713 (69.2) | 45 (77.6) |
Overweight/obese | 293 (28.4) | 13 (22.5) |
Obese | 95 (9.2) | 2 (3.5) |
Overweight | 198 (19.2) | 11 (19.0) |
Underweight | 24 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Moderate underweight | 19 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) |
Severe underweight | 5 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Height according to WHO | ||
Normal | 991 (96.2) | 56 (96.5) |
Short stature | 32 (3.1) | 2 (3.5) |
Moderate short stature | 31 (3.0) | 2 (3.5) |
Severe short stature | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Tall | 7 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) |
Abdominal circumference according to WHO | ||
Normal | 993 (96.4) | 56 (96.5) |
Abdominal obesity | 37 (3.6) | 2 (3.5) |
OR | CI 95% | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Groups | |||
Elementary school age | 1.00 | ||
Adolescent | 1.64 | 0.80–3.70 | 0.1594 |
Sex | |||
Male | 1.00 | ||
Female | 3.47 | 1.83–6.95 | 0.0000 |
Race | |||
“Mixed” | 1.00 | ||
White | 0.25 | 0.04–0.79 | 0.0134 |
African | 0.68 | 0.13–2.21 | 0.5311 |
Indigenous | 0.64 | 0.01–4.12 | 0.6649 |
Weight according to WHO | |||
Normal | 1.00 | ||
Malnutrition | 0.64 | 0.31–1.24 | 0.1716 |
Obese/overweight | 0.73 | 0.35–1.41 | 0.3344 |
Obese | 0.34 | 0.03–1.34 | 0.1245 |
Overweight | 1.00 | 0.46–2.02 | 0.9847 |
Underweight | n/a | ||
Severe underweight | n/a | ||
Moderate underweight | n/a | ||
Height according to WHO | |||
Normal | 1.00 | ||
Abnormal height | n/a | ||
Short stature | 1.19 | 0.13–5.02 | 0.8118 |
Moderate short stature | 1.19 | 0.13–5.02 | 0.8118 |
Severe short stature | n/a | ||
Tall | n/a | ||
Abdominal circumference according to WHO | |||
Normal | 1.00 | ||
Abdominal obesity | 0.94 | 0.10–3.90 | 0.9436 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fifi, A.C.; Velasco-Benitez, C.; Saps, M. Functional Abdominal Pain and Nutritional Status of Children. A School-Based Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092559
Fifi AC, Velasco-Benitez C, Saps M. Functional Abdominal Pain and Nutritional Status of Children. A School-Based Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092559
Chicago/Turabian StyleFifi, Amanda C., Carlos Velasco-Benitez, and Miguel Saps. 2020. "Functional Abdominal Pain and Nutritional Status of Children. A School-Based Study" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092559