Serum Vitamin D Affected Type 2 Diabetes though Altering Lipid Profile and Modified the Effects of Testosterone on Diabetes Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Laboratory Measurements
2.4. Ascertainment of Cases
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Associations of Serum 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2 and Total 25(OH)D with Glucose Metabolism
3.3. Sensitivity Analyses
3.4. Mediation Effects
3.5. Interaction Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Variables | NGT | IFG | T2DM | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFG vs. NGT | T2DM vs. NGT | ||||
Subjects, n | 897 | 913 | 849 | ||
Age, (years) | 61 (54, 66) | 61 (54, 66) | 61 (54, 66) | 0.961 | 0.970 |
Male, n (%) | 344 (38.35) | 352 (38.55) | 324 (38.16) | 0.929 | 0.936 |
BMI, (kg/m2) | 23.42 (21.18, 25.75) | 24.22 (22.12, 26.53) | 25.43 (23.48, 27.68) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.700 | 0.038 | |||
Never smoking | 667 (74.36) | 692 (75.79) | 625 (73.62) | ||
Previous smoker | 57 (6.35) | 59 (6.46) | 80 (9.42) | ||
Current smoker | 173 (19.29) | 162 (17.74) | 144 (16.96) | ||
Alcohol intake, n (%) | 0.506 | 0.298 | |||
Never drinking | 737 (82.16) | 766 (83.90) | 675 (79.51) | ||
Previous drinker | 48 (5.35) | 49 (5.37) | 58 (6.83) | ||
Current drinker | 112 (12.49) | 98 (10.73) | 116 (13.66) | ||
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.520 | 0.040 | |||
Low | 213 (23.75) | 238 (26.07) | 245 (28.86) | ||
Mediate | 453 (50.50) | 446 (48.85) | 388 (45.70) | ||
High | 231 (25.75) | 229 (25.08) | 216 (25.44) | ||
Average monthly individual income, n (%) | 0.228 | 0.309 | |||
<500, CNY | 352 (39.24) | 381 (41.73) | 345 (40.64) | ||
500~, CNY | 279 (31.10) | 294 (32.20) | 236 (27.80) | ||
1000~, CNY | 266 (29.65) | 238 (26.07) | 268 (31.57) | ||
Level of education, n (%) | 0.749 | 0.515 | |||
Never attended school | 238 (26.53) | 228 (24.97) | 207 (24.38) | ||
Primary school | 271 (30.21) | 281 (30.78) | 255 (30.03) | ||
Junior secondary and above | 388 (43.26) | 404 (44.25) | 387 (45.58) | ||
Family history of T2DM, n (%) | 15 (1.67) | 14 (1.53) | 45 (5.30) | 0.814 | <0.001 |
SBP, (mmHg) | 118.00 (108.00, 131.00) | 121.00 (110.00, 134.00) | 125.00 (114.00, 138.00) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
PP, (mmHg) | 45.00 (39.00, 53.00) | 49.00 (42.00, 57.00) | 47.00 (39.00, 56.00) | 0.022 | <0.001 |
TC, (mmol/L) | 4.60 (0.80) | 4.83 (4.25, 5.44) | 4.79, (4.21, 5.50) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
TG, (mmol/L) | 1.41 (1.00, 1.95) | 1.64 (1.11, 2.31) | 1.92 (1.34, 2.94) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
HDL-C, (mmol/L) | 1.37 (1.16, 1.62) | 1.32 (1.12, 1.57) | 1.23 (1.02, 1.47) | 0.010 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, (mmol/L) | 2.82 (0.71) | 3.00 (2.47, 3.50) | 2.83 (0.95) | <0.001 | 0.583 |
FPG, (mmol/L) | 4.94 (0.46) | 5.30 (4.89, 5.82) | 7.94 (7.00, 10.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
HbA1c, (%) | 5.30 (5.10, 5.50) | 5.90 (5.70, 6.00) | 7.40 (6.60, 8.90) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
INS, (uIU/mL) | 11.94 (9.31, 15.20) | 12.59 (9.86, 16.33) | 14.12 (11.40, 18.52) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Testosterone, (ng/mL) | |||||
Male | 2.30 (1.70, 3.00) | 2.00 (1.40, 2.70) | 1.80 (1.30, 2.50) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Female | 0.10 (0.02, 0.10) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.10) | 0.10 (0.10, 0.10) | 0.053 | <0.001 |
25(OH)D3, (ng/mL) | 23.07 (19.02, 28.00) | 22.07 (18.09, 27.03) | 22.87 (18.30, 28.04) | <0.001 | 0.182 |
25(OH)D2, (ng/mL) | 7.60 (6.04, 9.84) | 6.46 (5.43, 7.85) | 6.30 (5.23, 7.80) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
25(OH)D, (ng/mL) | 31.12 (26.29, 37.50) | 29.26 (24.61, 34.23) | 29.77 (24.84, 35.51) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Variables | Male ORs (95% CIs) | Female ORs (95% CIs) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D | Ln-Testosterone | p for Interaction | Vitamin D | Ln-Testosterone | p for Interaction | |
IFG | ||||||
25(OH)D3 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) * | - | - | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | - | - |
25(OH)D2 | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) * | - | - | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) * | - | - |
25(OH)D | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) * | - | - | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) * | - | - |
Ln-testosterone | - | 0.82 (0.63, 1.10) | - | - | 1.12 (0.99, 1.28) | - |
25(OH)D3 + Ln-testosterone | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) * | 0.87 (0.66, 1.13) | - | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.28) | - |
25(OH)D2 + Ln-testosterone | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) * | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) | - | 0.86 (0.81, 0.90) * | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) * | - |
25(OH)D + Ln-testosterone | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) * | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | - | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) * | 1.12 (0.98, 1.28) | - |
25(OH)D3 + Ln-testosterone + 25(OH)D3 × Ln-testosterone | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 1.10 (0.47, 2.58) | 0.559 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 1.57 (1.02, 2.42) | 0.109 |
25(OH)D2 + Ln-testosterone + 25(OH)D2 × Ln-testosterone | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) * | 0.77 (0.29, 2.01) | 0.739 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.44) | 0.370 |
25(OH)D + Ln-testosterone + 25(OH)D × Ln-testosterone | 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) * | 0.98 (0.33, 2.95) | 0.906 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00)* | 1.51 (0.91, 2.50) | 0.224 |
T2DM | ||||||
25(OH)D3 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | - | - | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | - | - |
25(OH)D2 | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88) * | - | - | 0.86 (0.81, 0.90) * | - | - |
25(OH)D | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) * | - | - | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) * | - | - |
Ln-testosterone | - | 0.76 (0.58, 1.00) | - | - | 1.61 (1.38, 1.87) * | - |
25(OH)D3 + Ln-testosterone | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | - | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.61 (1.38, 1.88) * | - |
25(OH)D2 + Ln-testosterone | 0.83 (0.77, 0.88) * | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | - | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90) * | 1.62 (1.38, 1.89) * | - |
25(OH)D + Ln-testosterone | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) * | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | - | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.60 (1.37, 1.86) * | - |
25(OH)D3 + Ln-testosterone + 25(OH)D3 × Ln-testosterone | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.85 (0.37, 1.98) | 0.838 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 2.51 (1.45, 4.37) * | 0.099 |
25(OH)D2 + Ln-testosterone + 25(OH)D2 × Ln-testosterone | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) * | 0.64 (0.25, 1.65) | 0.582 | 0.66 (0.55, 0.79) * | 3.14 (1.99, 4.96) * | 0.002 |
25(OH)D + Ln-testosterone + 25(OH)D × Ln-testosterone | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) * | 0.68 (0.24, 1.95) | 1.006 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) * | 3.14 (1.68, 5.88) * | 0.028 |
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Wang, L.; Liu, X.; Hou, J.; Wei, D.; Liu, P.; Fan, K.; Zhang, L.; Nie, L.; Li, X.; Huo, W.; et al. Serum Vitamin D Affected Type 2 Diabetes though Altering Lipid Profile and Modified the Effects of Testosterone on Diabetes Status. Nutrients 2021, 13, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010090
Wang L, Liu X, Hou J, Wei D, Liu P, Fan K, Zhang L, Nie L, Li X, Huo W, et al. Serum Vitamin D Affected Type 2 Diabetes though Altering Lipid Profile and Modified the Effects of Testosterone on Diabetes Status. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010090
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lulu, Xue Liu, Jian Hou, Dandan Wei, Pengling Liu, Keliang Fan, Li Zhang, Luting Nie, Xing Li, Wenqian Huo, and et al. 2021. "Serum Vitamin D Affected Type 2 Diabetes though Altering Lipid Profile and Modified the Effects of Testosterone on Diabetes Status" Nutrients 13, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010090